¹ This was the official journal of the Industrial Welfare Society. It was first published in 1918 as the Boy’s Welfare Journal, renamed the Journal of Industrial Welfare in 1920 and subsequently shortened to Industrial Welfare in 1922. The correct title is given in the footnotes, but the journal is referred to as Industrial Welfare throughout the main body of the text for clarity.

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¹⁷ Ministry of Munitions, Health of Munition Workers Committee Final Report, Cd. 9065 (1918), 15.

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⁶⁴ Ministry of Munitions, Health of Munition Workers Committee Final Report, “Section IX: Food and Canteens,” 51–61.

⁶⁵ Ministry of Munitions, Canteen Construction and Equipment, Cd. 8199 (1916).

⁶⁶ Ministry of Munitions, Health of Munition Workers Committee Final Report, 54, 56.

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⁶⁹ Cromley, Elizabeth, “Domestic Space Transformed, 1850–2000,” in Architectures: Modernisms and After, ed. Ballantyne, Andrew (Oxford, 2004), 163–201CrossRefGoogle Scholar, esp. 176–77; and Neiswander, The Cosmopolitan Interior, 17.

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⁷⁸ For an overview of bathroom design, see Lupton, Ellen and Miller, J. Abbott, The Bathroom, the Kitchen, and the Aesthetics of Waste: A Process of Elimination (New York, 1992), 25–39Google Scholar.

⁷⁹ Local Government Boards for England and Wales, and Scotland, Report of the Committee to Consider Questions of Building Construction in Connection with the Provision of Dwellings for the Working Classes in England and Wales, and Scotland, and Report upon Methods of Securing Economy and Dispatch in the Provision of Such Dwellings, Cd. 9191 (1918), 27.

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¹⁰⁰ Annual Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories and Workshops for the Year 1919, Cmd. 941 (1920), 124. Until 1938, the inspectorate listed separately the number of factories (distinguished by a supply of electricity) and the number of workshops. The 1919 figure includes 135,454 factories and 145,737 workshops.

¹⁰¹ Lee, John, The Principles of Industrial Welfare (London, 1924), 2Google Scholar. Lee was the controller of the Central Telegraph Office and the first editor of the Journal of Public Administration.

¹⁰² Annual Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories and Workshops for the Year 1919, 87; Annual Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories and Workshops for the Year 1925, Cmd. 2714 (1926), 96–98.

¹⁰³ “Industrial Medical Service (Factories),” statement of government policy sent by the Ministry of Labour and National Service to Vincent Tewson, 30 August 1948, TUC Archive, MRC, MS 292/142/1.

¹⁰⁴ These cases were detailed in Industrial Welfare in the 1920s; for example, H.S., “When Does Employment Cease?” 7 (March 1925): 281, and “Accident on the Way to Work—When Does Employment Commence?” 8 (August 1926): 273.

¹⁰⁵ Kerr, C. U., “Welfare in a Lancashire Food Factory,” Industrial Welfare 7 (April 1925): 130–34Google Scholar.

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¹¹⁶ Advertisement, Crosse & Blackwell, The Times, 8 June 1914, 4.

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¹²⁰ Advertisement, Ovaltine, The Times, 11 January 1926, 16.

¹²¹ Proud, Welfare Work, 108–9.

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¹²⁴ “Guide Handbook for the Beeston Factory,” undated, ca. 1950s, Beeston, Boots Company Archive.

¹²⁵ Advertisement, British Commercial Gas Association, The Times, 18 October 1929, 9.

¹²⁶ Advertisement, British Electrical Development Association, The Times, 29 November 1938, 8; italics in original text.

¹²⁷ Advertisement, Gas Light & Coke Company, The Times, 9 November 1927, 6; italics in original text.

¹²⁸ On new materials and factory construction, see Stratton and Trinder, Industrial Archaeology, 7–14.

¹²⁹ “Utopian Factory Opened—Machinery Makes for Leisure—Industrial Crystal Palace,” Aberdeen Evening Express, 28 July 1933. Press cuttings, Beeston, Boots Company Archive.

¹³⁰ For a description of the Boots factory design, see Darley, Factory, 122–28.

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¹⁴⁹ Lane, F. W., “The Economic Aspects of Industrial Psychology,” in Industrial Psychology, ed. Myers, C. S. (1929; rev. ed., London, 1944), 219–30Google Scholar, quote on 226.

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¹⁵⁸ Ryan, The Ideal Home, 34. The 1884 International Health Exhibition set a precedent for later exhibitions, although the displays on housing emphasized health and hygiene rather than utility and convenience. Adams, Architecture in the Family Way, esp. chap. 1.

¹⁵⁹ Jeremy Aynsley, “Displaying Designs for the Domestic Interior in Europe and America, 1850–1950,” in Imagined Interiors, 190–215, esp. 205–7.

¹⁶⁰ Provision of Dwellings for the Working Classes in England and Wales, and Scotland, 25.

¹⁶¹ Lupton and Miller, The Bathroom, the Kitchen, 41–64, quote on 41.

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¹⁶⁶ Discussed in more detail in Long, Vicky, The Rise and Fall of the Healthy Factory: The Politics of Industrial Health in Britain, 1914–60 (Houndmills, 2010), chaps. 2 and 3Google Scholar.

¹⁶⁷ C. U. Kerr, “Welfare Work in a Lancashire Asbestos Factory,” Industrial Welfare, April 1928, 109–14. On Turner Brothers, see Tweedale, Geoffrey, Magic Mineral to Killer Dust: Turner & Newall and the Asbestos Hazard (Oxford, 2000), 11–22Google Scholar.

¹⁶⁸ See, e.g., Lewis, Brian, “So Clean”: Lord Leverhulme, Soap and Civilization (Manchester, 2008), esp. chap. 4Google Scholar; and Robertson, Emma, Chocolate, Women and Empire: A Social and Cultural History (Manchester, 2009), 9, 120–22Google Scholar.

¹⁶⁹ Annual Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories and Workshops for the Year 1930, Cmd. 3297 (1931), 11. This point has also been made by Helen Jones: see “Employers’ Welfare Schemes and Industrial Relations in Inter-War Britain,” Business History 25, no. 1 (March 1983): 61–75CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹⁷⁰ Thomas Legge, “Factories Bill,” typescript dated 1 February 1927, TUC Archive, TUC Research Department, MS 292C/140/1.