Compared with healthy people, cancer patients are more likely to experience negative emotions such as anxiety and depression[16]. A large Canadian study on mental disorders in 10153 cancer patients[17] showed that 19% had clinical anxiety symptoms, 22.6% had subclinical anxiety symptoms, 12.9% reported clinical depression symptoms, and 16.5% reported subclinical depression symptoms. Therefore, it is important to find treatment that can improve the psychological problems of cancer patients to improve their prognosis. Palay et al[17] found that breast and prostate are common cancer types with high survival rate, and such cancer survivors have some psychological distress, so they developed ICBT to improve the anxiety and depression symptoms of cancer patients in their daily life. The study began with screening of cancer patients at cancer hospitals and controlled follow-up of patients after initial treatment for symptoms of anxiety and depression in their daily lives. A total of 206 cancer patients were recruited for the study. These participants were randomly assigned to either the intervention group or the waiting control group for 10 wk each, with follow-up at week 5 (T2/mid-intervention), week 10 (T3/post-treatment), and week 34 (T4/6 mo post-treatment). The ICBT intervention program for improving anxiety and depression symptoms in cancer patients was developed by clinical psychologists who modified the original face-to-face CBT manual[19,20]. It lasted for 1 wk and consisted of eight modules, each consisting of written materials and audio exercises, writing tasks, examples of cancer patients, and expert videos. Participants completed a weekly training diary and mailed it to a therapist, who gave corresponding asynchronous written feedback[21]. The basic points of this treatment plan are as follows: (1) Nine therapists: Eight CBT-trained masters in psychology and one experienced psychologist; (2) Supervision: Based on written feedback from therapists to participants, a manual reminder guide was developed, undertaken by therapist assistants, to urge participants to complete online questionnaires at stages T2, T3 and T4. If participants do not complete the questionnaire within 1 wk, they will receive three reminder emails, and if they do not respond, a research assistant will call to ask the reason; (3) Treatment compliance: To improve compliance of participants, researchers will give gifts or bonuses to participants at the middle and end of treatment as incentives; and (4) Internet platform: This is a website compatible with smart phones, and patients carry out daily exercises through their personal accounts. The waiting control group was given a cancer hospital health manual and followed up with a questionnaire at four time points. The study used the State-trait Anxiety Scale, the Patient Health Depression Questionnaire and the World Health Organization Quality of Life Index questionnaire[22-24] (Figure 1).

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Figure 1 Application and effect of internet-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy in cancer survivors.

This study found that 5 wk after intervention, anxiety and depression in the ICBT group were significantly lower than those in the waiting control group[25], indicating that anxiety and depression were improved immediately after intervention. Model fitting analysis showed that depression scores were in line with a log-linear curve, indicating that the improvement in the ICBT group occurred at the beginning of the study and continued to improve over a period of time. At the 6-mo follow-up assessment, the improvement in anxiety and depression was 2.35 times greater in the ICBT group than in the waiting control group, and was effective in maintaining its effect on patients’ negative mood. A meta-analysis showed that mindfulness-based behavioral therapy can be used as a basic treatment for emotional rehabilitation of cancer[26], while interventions provided by the internet may alleviate the suffering of cancer survivors who are unable to access face-to-face psychotherapy[27] (Figure 1).

Sleep deprivation can have significant effects on daily functioning, mood, and self-management in cancer survivors. Sheikhzadeh et al[28] developed ICBT for breast cancer patients with insomnia by combining mindfulness meditation and CBT for insomnia. The study used two parallel randomized controlled trials in which 50 patients with cancer insomnia were recruited from 10 hospitals and randomly assigned 1:1 to a mindfulness intervention group or an education-only control group. The mindfulness intervention included a 6-wk online self-directed learning module that covered mindfulness meditation, sleep challenges, and behavioral strategies for improving sleep. The intervention strategy focused on using mindfulness as a sleep self-management technique to increase total sleep time and sleep efficiency. The development of the intervention module was published online. Each module each week contains instructional content on sleep and mindful meditation, using interactive text, video and audio meditation. Each module lasts about 20 min and can be completed at a time of the participant’s choosing. There is also a message board for interaction with other participants and researchers[29]. During the day, patients communicate with researchers via text or email to obtain support. Reminders to complete daily sleep diaries and weekly modules were sent to participants at intervals by text message or email. During the study, participants completed an online or paper sleep diary each morning, which was modified to include symptoms of sleep disturbances and reports of daily meditation practices. At the end of the second week of the program, weekly feedback reports on adherence to the participants’ personally recommended sleep schedules were provided via email. The control group was given only health education and no mindfulness or meditation (Figure 1).

The study found that ICBT significantly improved insomnia symptoms. After 6 wk of intervention, 71.2% of patients in the intervention group had sustained significant improvement in insomnia and fatigue symptoms. This study innovatively addressed sleep problems in cancer survivors, using a self-managed study design and methodology that was both available and cost-effective for a large number of cancer survivors, and larger randomized controlled trials can be conducted in the future to guide and refine intervention regimens (Figure 1).

Fatigue is a symptom commonly experienced by cancer survivors at all stages of disease development. Survivors identified fatigue as an important problem that was not adequately addressed by healthcare providers[30]. Fatigue has a greater negative impact on functioning and health-related quality of life than other symptoms such as pain or depression[31-33]. Mak et al[34] selected 100 cancer patients with severe fatigue symptoms from 160 patients diagnosed with cancer according to inclusion and exclusion criteria for an 8-wk randomized controlled trial. The project was developed based on MacDonald and O’Hara’s 10 elements of mental health[35], with resources for mental health promotion from the World Health Organization and government reports from the United Kingdom and Australia[36,37]. ICBT courses include didactic reading (such as transmitting Buddhist views on the nature of human suffering), experiential learning (such as guided meditation), and everyday life applications (such as developing an awareness of how attachment to letting go of a person can lead to inner peace). In order to improve the user experience, the project improved on the basis of the preliminary design. Weekly health tracking, built-in multimedia in each class, and dynamic content display made the content more interactive. The page and content color coordination, theme consistent graphics, and easy navigation made the web page more aesthetically attractive. The project incorporated the core concepts of traditional Buddhism, including discernment, compassion, impermanence, interdependence and nonattachment. By incorporating our mindfulness training into a traditional Buddhist foundation, the training program was designed to help participants build their own foundation of practice. Such an intention will lay the foundation for continuous and regular practice and may potentially influence the outcome of practice[38,39]. Participants were also given videos of stretching exercises, body scans, and audio of sitting meditation to guide them through the exercises. During the intervention, participants were given worksheets that included a mood diary, cognitive reconstruction, and a healthy lifestyle program to record their responses. All content was developed by members of the research team, who were clinical psychologists and mindfulness practitioners. The control group received routine nursing (Figure 1).

The study used the Cancer Related Fatigue Scale and the European Organization for Cancer Research and Treatment Quality of Life Scale to assess patients’ quality of life and fatigue symptoms. The results showed that ICBT could significantly reduce cancer-induced fatigue and improve the quality of life of patients. The web page was designed reasonably, and course of treatment was moderate, with good patient feedback and high treatment compliance. Compared with face-to-face interventions, internet-based interventions are more accessible and affordable, and have the potential to satisfy the need to promote and prevent mental health in community settings and are worth scaling up in the future (Figure 1).

High dropout rate and poor compliance. Since ICBT courses are carried out in a standardized content and structured format, and therapists are not able to provide timely feedback and adjust the program according to the patient’s response, this affects patient compliance[40]. Many complex problems in practice. Implementation of ICBT in five different European countries faced issues such as how to integrate it into the mental health care system, how to recruit patients, how to ensure the quality of the work of therapists, and how to provide long-term sustainable ICBT treatment[41]. Many influencing factors are unclear. At present, there are few studies on factors affecting treatment outcomes. One study explored the influencing factors from the content of emails from patients and therapists, and found that affirmation, encouragement, and self-exposure by therapists had a positive impact on treatment outcomes[42].