¹ “Anthropology and the Empire,” Times, 17 Jan. 1925: 11.

² The spelling of Malinowski's first name, Bronisław, has been anglicized in accordance with his own contemporary, and later, scholarly usage.

³ London School of Economics, Bronislaw Malinowski Papers [henceforth “Malinowski Papers,” followed by the box number and a description], 9/3, “Races of the Empire: Useful and Useless Anthropology.”

⁴ Stocking, George W. Jr., “Radcliffe-Brown and British Social Anthropology,” in Stocking, George W. Jr., ed., Functionalism Historicized: Essays on British Social Anthropology (Madison, 1984), 131–91Google Scholar. See also Kuper, Adam, Anthropology and Anthropologists: The British School in the Twentieth Century, 4th ed. (London, 2015)Google Scholar; and Kuklick, Henrika, “Personal Equations: Reflections on the History of Fieldwork, with Special Reference to Sociocultural Anthropology,” Isis 102, 1 (2011): 1–33 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed, 17–32.

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⁶ See the letters contained in Elliot Smith's file in Rockefeller Archive Center, Rockefeller Foundation Record Group 1.1, Series 401.AD, box 33. Kuklick, “British Tradition,” 71. On the LSRM's funding of anthropological research and transformations within the Rockefeller philanthropies, see Perkins, Alfred, Edwin Rogers Embree: The Julius Rosenwald Fund, Foundation Philanthropy, and American Race Relations (Bloomington, 2011), 49–78 Google Scholar.

⁷ The literature is large. For some of the most important interventions, see the essays collected in Asad, Talal, ed., Anthropology & the Colonial Encounter (Amherst, 1998 [1973])Google Scholar; Bush, Barbara, Imperialism, Race and Resistance: Africa and Britain, 1919–1945 (London, 1999), 33–38 Google Scholar; Fabian, Johannes, Time and the Other: How Anthropology Makes Its Object (New York, 1983)Google Scholar; Pels, Peter and Salemink, Oscar, Colonial Subjects: Essays on the Practical History of Anthropology (Ann Arbor, 1999)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Stocking, George W. Jr., “Maclay, Kubary, Malinowski—Archetypes from the Dreamtime of Anthropology,” in Stocking, George W. Jr., ed., Colonial Situations: Essays on the Contextualization of Ethnographic Knowledge (Madison, 1991), 9–74 Google Scholar.

⁸ Quoted in Stocking, “Archetypes,” 53; Mantena, Karuna, Alibis of Empire: Henry Maine and the Ends of Liberal Imperialism (Princeton, 2010), 14, 83–88 Google Scholar, 177–78.

⁹ For a helpful distinction between politics as a struggle for the coercive power of the state and the politics of struggling for academic attention space, see Collins, Randall, “On the Acrimoniousness of Intellectual Disputes,” Common Knowledge 8, 1 (2002): 47–70 CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 65. For a similar distinction between reforming interventions as actor categories versus concepts of ideology, see the discussion by Quentin Skinner in Pallares-Burke, Maria Lúcia G., The New History: Confessions and Conversations (Oxford, 2002), 220–21Google Scholar.

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¹¹ For a recent appraisal of the politics and ideology of indirect rule, see Mamdani, Mahmood, Define and Rule: Native as Political Identity (Cambridge, Mass., 2012)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. For a circumspect study of the practices of African administrators with reference to theories of indirect rule, see Prior, Christopher, Exporting Empire: Africa, Colonial Officials and the Construction of the British Imperial State, c. 1900–39 (Manchester, 2013), 147–65CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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¹³ For an introduction to some of these debates about development, see “Introduction,” in Hodge, Joseph M., Hödl, Gerald, and Kopf, Martina, eds., Developing Africa: Concepts and Practices in Twentieth-Century Colonialism (Manchester, 2014), 1–34 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Grant, Kevin, “Trust and Self-Determination: Anglo-American Ethics of Empire and International Government,” in Bevir, Mark and Trentmann, Frank, eds., Critiques of Capital in Modern Britain and America: Transatlantic Exchanges 1800 to the Present Day (Basingstoke, 2002), 151–73CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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¹⁸ Raymond Buell to Edmund Day, 8 May 1930; and Day to Buell, 13 May 1930, excerpt from Day letter to Selskar Gunn, 21 Aug. 1930, Rockefeller Archive Center, Rockefeller Foundation Record Group 1.1, Series 400 F, box 51, fol. 673.

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²⁰ Bronislaw Malinowski, “Race and Labour,” Listener, 16 July 1930, Supplement 8, v. For correspondence about the piece, see Malinowski Papers, 12/1, B. E. Nicolls to Bronislaw Malinowski, 20 June 1930.

²¹ Malinowski, Bronislaw, “Practical Anthropology,” Africa 2, 1 (1929): 22–38 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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²³ On Malinowski's egotism and institutional adroitness, see Mills, David, Difficult Folk? A Political History of Social Anthropology (New York, 2008), 35–39 Google Scholar. Malinowski never missed a chance to disparage Elliot Smith and most other anthropologists. See, for example, “Interview between John Van Sickle and Malinowski,” Rockefeller Archive Center, Rockefeller Foundation Record Group 1.1, 400 F, box 51, fol. 673.

²⁴ Report of the Joint Committee on Closer Union in East Africa (London, 1931)Google Scholar, vol. 1, 34.

²⁵ Ibid., 811.

²⁶ Luongo, Katherine, Witchcraft and Colonial Rule in Kenya, 1900–1955 (Cambridge, 2011)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, esp. 82–87. Helen Tilley takes a different view, arguing that social scientists bolstered public uncertainties about imperialism in the case's aftermath, in Africa as a Living Laboratory (Chicago, 2011)Google Scholar, ch. 6, esp., 311.

²⁷ Rex v. Kumwaka wa Mulumbi & 69 others, Kenya Supreme court, Law Reports of Kenya, 1932, XIV (Nairobi, 1933), 139.

²⁸ Frederick Lord Lugard, “Witchcraft in Africa,” Times, 20 Apr. 1932: 15.

²⁹ “Magic and Administration in Africa,” Nature, 129, 3269 (1932): 629–31CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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³¹ Malinowski Papers, 9/3, “Memorandum on Colonial Research—Christmas 1927,” 14.

³² Malinowski Papers, 21/11, Law lecture dated “Tuesday Oct. 17” (no year given).

³³ Meyer Fortes to Bronislaw Malinowski, 25 Aug. 1936, Cambridge University Library, Meyer Fortes Papers, 8405/1/45.

³⁴ Law Reports of Kenya, 1932, XIV, 139.

³⁵ Malinowski, Bronislaw, Argonauts of the Western Pacific: An Account of Native Enterprise and Adventure in the Archipelagoes of Melanesian New Guinea (London, 1978 [1922]), 116Google Scholar; and Crime and Custom in Savage Society (Totowa, 1967 [1926]), 60–61 Google Scholar. For the fullest expression of Malinowski's theories about magic, see Appendix 1 in his Coral Gardens and Their Magic: A Study of the Methods of Tilling the Soil and of Agricultural Rites in the Trobriand Islands, 2 vols. (London, 1935)Google Scholar vol. 1.

³⁶ On Tylor and Frazer, see Stocking, After Tylor, chs. 2 and 4; and Tambiah, Stanley, Magic, Science, Religion, and the Scope of Rationality (Cambridge, 1990)Google Scholar. A helpful introduction to these themes from an interdisciplinary standpoint can be found in Tuori, Kaius, Lawyers and Savages: Ancient History and Legal Realism in the Making of Legal Anthropology (Abingdon, 2014)Google Scholar, ch. 4.

³⁷ Firth, Raymond, Primitive Economics of the New Zealand Maori (London, 1929), xiiiGoogle Scholar.

³⁸ Malinowski, Crime and Custom, 2.

³⁹ Here the epithet “primitive” is used in its historical, rather than contemporary sense. For a discussion about interwar anthropologists’ use of the concept “primitive,” see Ferguson, James, “Anthropology and Its Evil Twin: ‘Development’ in the Constitution of the Discipline,” in Cooper, Frederick and Packard, Randall M., eds., International Development and the Social Sciences: Essays on the History and Politics of Knowledge (Berkeley, 1997), 150–75Google Scholar, 170 n4; and Kuper, Adam, The Reinvention of Primitive Society: Transformations of a Myth, 2d ed. (London, 2005)Google Scholar.

⁴⁰ Malinowski, Argonauts, 10.

⁴¹ Malinowski, Crime and Custom, 54.

⁴² Ibid., 53.

⁴³ Ibid., 67.

⁴⁴ Allen, Carleton Kemp, Law in the Making, 2d ed. (Oxford, 1930), 13Google Scholar.

⁴⁵ Malinowski Papers, 21/5, “Excerpts from and Comments on Law in the Making C. K. Allen,” 25 June 1938.

⁴⁶ Ibid.

⁴⁷ Kenya Gazette, 13 May 1925, 384–85.

⁴⁸ For a discussion of these themes in relation to law and law-making, see Moore, Sally Falk, “Treating Law as Knowledge: Telling Colonial Officers What to Say to Africans about Running ‘Their Own’ Native Courts,” Law & Society Review 26, 1 (1992): 11–46 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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⁵⁴ Ibid., 94.

⁵⁵ Malinowski, “Applied Anthropology,” 24.

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⁵⁷ Malinowski Papers, 6/8, “Colonial Administration Class: Discussion of Miss Perham's Paper, 9 May 1933.”

⁵⁸ Ibid.

⁵⁹ Kuklick, Savage Within, 183; Ranger, T. O., “From Humanism to the Science of Man: Colonialism in Africa and the Understanding of Alien Societies,” Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Fifth Series, 26 (1976): 115–41CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 119.

⁶⁰ London School of Economics, Audrey Richards Papers, 17/4, transcript of recorded September 1982 interview with E. Shils, corrected typescript.

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⁶⁵ Joseph Hodge persuasively argues that public health and anxieties about demography and labor were by far the most important matters capturing the attention of those imperialists and administrators who were interested in welfare and development in the period. See his Triumph of the Expert: Agrarian Doctrines of Development and the Legacies of British Colonialism (Athens, 2007), ch. 4.

⁶⁶ Linstrum, Ruling Minds, 2.

⁶⁷ Malinowski Papers, 6/8, transcript: “Colonial Administration Class: Discussion of Miss Perham's Paper, 9 May 1933.”

⁶⁸ On the League and opposition to settler colonialism see Pedersen, Susan, “Settler Colonialism at the Bar of the League of Nations,” Elkins, Caroline and Pedersen, Susan, eds., Settler Colonialism in the Twentieth Century: Projects, Practices, Legacies (London, 2005), 113–34Google Scholar. For the influence of the league on discourses of welfare, see Hodge, Triumph of the Expert, 118ff; Pedersen, Guardians, 9; and (in Pedersen) anthropology: 303, 317; and development: 29, 124, 131, 258, 198, 403; and on trusteeship, Mandates and international law, especially: 75–76.

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⁷⁵ Lucy Mair makes this case in Protection of Minorities, ch. 2. On the League and problems of sovereignty, see Pedersen, Guardians, ch. 7; and Callahan, Michael D., A Sacred Trust: The League of Nations and Africa, 1929–1946 (Brighton, 2004), 40–45 Google Scholar, and on mandates and indirect rule, 102–10. For a pungent contemporary formulation of sovereignty as a matter of untrammeled “decisionism,” see Schmitt, Carl, The Concept of the Political, Schwab, George, trans. (Chicago, 1996)Google Scholar; and, in the realm of international law, Schmitt, Carl, “Forms of Modern Imperialism in International Law,” in Legg, Stephen, ed., Spatiality, Sovereignty and Carl Schmitt: Geographies of the Nomos, Hannah, Matthew, trans. (London, 2011)Google Scholar, esp. 31.

⁷⁶ Malinowski, Bronislaw, “A New Instrument for the Interpretation of Law, Especially Primitive,” Yale Law Journal 51, 8 (1942): 1237–54CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 1248. Malinowski travelled to Yale in 1940 and spent the last year of his life teaching classes on jurisprudence with the legal “realist” William Underhill Moore.

⁷⁷ Ibid., 1250.

⁷⁸ Hann, C. M. and Hart, Keith, Economic Anthropology: History, Ethnography, Critique (Cambridge, 2011), 51Google Scholar. For a general historical survey situating Malinowski in a tradition of jurisprudential thinking, see Freeman, Michael and Napier, David, “Introduction: Law and Anthropology,” Current Legal Issues—Law and Anthropology 12 (2009): 1–12 Google Scholar, 2–3.

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⁸³ Stocking, “Dreamtime,” 65.

⁸⁴ Malinowski Papers, 11/5, “Dynamics of Contemporary Diffusion,” B. Malinowski pamphlet, n.d., corrected in pencil.

⁸⁵ On the relationship between Malinowski and Kenyatta, see Berman, Bruce and Lonsdale, John, “Custom, Modernity, and the Search for Kihooto: Kenyatta, Malinowski, and the Making of Facing Mount Kenya ,” in Tilley, Helen and Gordon, Robert, eds., Ordering Africa: Anthropology, European Imperialism and the Politics of Knowledge (Manchester, 2010), 173–98Google Scholar. For an argument that links Malinowski's cultural nationalism with a critique of political nationalism in the context of his Polish identity, see Gellner, Ernest, “The Political Thought of Bronislaw Malinowski,” Current Anthropology 28, 4 (1987): 557–59CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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⁸⁸ Malinowski, Bronislaw, A Diary in the Strict Sense of the Term, Guterman, Norbert, trans. (New York, 1967)Google Scholar. The source for Malinowski's statement about “caricatures” may have been Lugard's Dual Mandate, which quotes the “father of pan-Africanism” E. W. Blyden to this effect, 82 n7.

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⁹⁰ Ferguson, James, “Formalities of Poverty: Thinking about Social Assistance in Neoliberal South Africa,” African Studies Review 50, 2 (2007): 71–86 CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 73–74; I thank Jacob Dlamini for pointing out this reference to me. See also Hetherington, Penelope, British Paternalism in Africa, 1920–1970 (London, 1978)Google Scholar, ch. 5. In his final publication, given first as a talk at the historically African American Fisk University, Malinowski maintained race as a component of his analysis, not as a biological fact, but as a sociological construction: Malinowski, Bronislaw, “The Pan-African Problem of Culture Contact,” American Journal of Sociology 48, 6 (1943): 649–65CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 653. For a discussion of anthropology's contributions toward the dissociation of race from biology in this period, see Barkan, Elazar, The Retreat of Scientific Racism: Changing Concepts of Race in Britain and the United States between the World Wars (Cambridge, 1992)Google Scholar.

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⁹² McHugh, Paul G., Aboriginal Societies and the Common Law: A History of Sovereignty, Status and Self-Determination (Oxford, 2004), 49CrossRefGoogle Scholar. The concept of an “empire of uniformity” is a reference to Tully, James, Strange Multiplicity: Constitutionalism in an Age of Diversity (Cambridge, 1995)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, which McHugh cites on page 40.

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⁹⁴ Philip Pettit argues that functionalists are particularly prone to portray the resilience of social systems; “Functional Explanation and Virtual Selection,” British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 47, 2 (1996): 291–302 CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 298.

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¹⁰⁴ Malinowski's arguments about “applied” anthropology have led to functionalist anthropology increasingly appearing in genealogies of postwar paradigms of development and modernization: Cooper, Frederick, “Development, Modernization, and the Social Sciences in the Era of Decolonization: The Examples of British and French Africa,” Revue d'Histoire des Sciences Humaines 10, 1 (2004): 9–38 CrossRefGoogle Scholar, esp. 12–15; L'Estoile, Benoît de, “The ‘Natural Preserve of Anthropologists’: Social Anthropology, Scientific Planning and Development,” Social Science Information 36, 2 (1997): 343–76CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 365–66; Escobar, Arturo, “Anthropology and the Development Encounter: The Making and Marketing of Development Anthropology,” American Ethnologist 18, 4 (1991): 658–82CrossRefGoogle Scholar, esp. 661–62; Grillo, R. D., “Applied Anthropology in the 1980s: Retrospect and Prospect,” in Grillo, R. D. and Rew, Alan, eds., Social Anthropology and Development Policy (London, 1985), 1–36 Google Scholar ; Hodge, Triumph of the Expert, ch. 4.

¹⁰⁵ For the “expressive” reasoning of the justices in the Kamba case, see Law Reports of Kenya, 1932, esp. 139. For a classic statement of retributionist versus utilitarian accounts of justice, see Hart, H.L.A., “Prolegomenon to the Principles of Punishment,” in Punishment and Responsibility: Essays in the Philosophy of Law (Oxford, 1970) 1–27 Google Scholar. For a statement of “expressive” theories of punishment, see Feinberg, Joel, “The Expressive Function of Punishment,” in Doing & Deserving: Essays in the Theory of Responsibility (Princeton, 1970)Google Scholar.

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