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Quantum guidelines for solid-state spin defects

Nature Reviews Materials volume 6, pages 906–925 (2021)Cite this article

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An Author Correction to this article was published on 14 October 2021

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Abstract

Defects with associated electron and nuclear spins in solid-state materials have a long history relevant to quantum information science that goes back to the first spin echo experiments with silicon dopants in the 1950s. Since the turn of the century, the field has rapidly spread to a vast array of defects and host crystals applicable to quantum communication, sensing and computing. From simple spin resonance to long-distance remote entanglement, the complexity of working with spin defects is fast increasing, and requires an in-depth understanding of the defects’ spin, optical, charge and material properties in this modern context. This is especially critical for discovering new relevant systems for specific quantum applications. In this Review, we expand upon all the key components of solid-state spin defects, with an emphasis on the properties of defects and of the host material, on engineering opportunities and on other pathways for improvement. This Review aims to be as defect and material agnostic as possible, with some emphasis on optical emitters, providing broad guidelines for the field of solid-state spin defects for quantum information.

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Fig. 1: Spin defects in the solid state for quantum information science.
Fig. 2: Electron spin relaxation and coherence.
Fig. 3: Electron and nuclear spin control.
Fig. 4: Optical properties of spin defects in the solid state.
Fig. 5: Considerations for optical coherence.
Fig. 6: Charge state properties of solid-state defects.
Fig. 7: Defect host material considerations.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Jaewook Lee and Huijin Park for their help in cross-checking the CCE predictions, Hideo Ohno, Tomasz Dietl, Fumihiro Matsukura and Shunsuke Fukami for fruitful discussion, and Michael Solomon and Grant Smith for reviewing the manuscript. This work was primarily supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences, Materials Sciences and Engineering Division (G.W., F.J.H., C.P.A. and D.D.A.). H.S. was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (nos. 2018R1C1B6008980, 2018R1A4A1024157 and 2019M3E4A1078666). G.G. was supported by AFOSR FA9550-19-1-0358. S.K. was supported by Marubun Research Promotion Foundation, RIEC through Overseas Training Program for Young Profession and Cooperative Research Projects, MEXT through the Program for Promoting the Enhancement of Research Universities and JSPS Kakenhi nos. 19KK0130 and 20H02178. A.G. was supported by the Hungarian NKFIH grant no. KKP129866 of the National Excellence Program of Quantum-coherent materials project, no. 2017-1.2.1-NKP-2017-00001 of the National Quantum Technology Program, no. 127902 of the EU QuantERA Nanospin project, no. 127889 of the EU QuantERA Q_magine project and by the European Commission of EU H2020 Quantum Technology Flagship project ASTERIQS (grant no. 820394), as well as the EU H2020 FETOPEN project QuanTELCO (grant no. 862721).

Author information

Author notes

  1. These authors contributed equally: Gary Wolfowicz, F. Joseph Heremans, Christopher P. Anderson

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Molecular Engineering and Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA

    Gary Wolfowicz, F. Joseph Heremans, Giulia Galli & David D. Awschalom

  2. Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA

    Gary Wolfowicz, F. Joseph Heremans, Christopher P. Anderson, Giulia Galli & David D. Awschalom

  3. Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA

    Christopher P. Anderson & David D. Awschalom

  4. Laboratory for Nanoelectronics and Spintronics, Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan

    Shun Kanai

  5. Division for the Establishment of Frontier Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan

    Shun Kanai

  6. Center for Science and Innovation in Spintronics, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan

    Shun Kanai

  7. Center for Spintronics Research Network, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan

    Shun Kanai

  8. Department of Physics and Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea

    Hosung Seo

  9. Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary

    Adam Gali

  10. Department of Atomic Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary

    Adam Gali

  11. Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA

    Giulia Galli

Authors
  1. Gary Wolfowicz
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  2. F. Joseph Heremans
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  3. Christopher P. Anderson
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  4. Shun Kanai
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  5. Hosung Seo
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  6. Adam Gali
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  7. Giulia Galli
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  8. David D. Awschalom
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the preparation of the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Gary Wolfowicz.

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Wolfowicz, G., Heremans, F.J., Anderson, C.P. et al. Quantum guidelines for solid-state spin defects. Nat Rev Mater 6, 906–925 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-021-00306-y

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