Marathon running performance closely related to the several physiological and performance variables such as maximal oxygen uptake, running economy, and peak velocity. It is well known that muscle damage has a negative impact on the physiological and performance variables. Thus, restarting training or participating in the race in a state where recovery is inadequate may cause injury and loss of race performance. The aims of this review article are to (1) summarize the previous studies that investigated effects of a marathon race on muscle damage and physiological and performance variables, (2) discuss the middle and long term effects of marathon races on physical condition, (3) suggest the practical strategy for some runners that participate in consecutive races within a short period.