非晶合金中的流变单元

王峥; 汪卫华

doi:10.7498/aps.66.176103

摘要

非晶合金是一类具有诸多优异性能的先进金属材料，同时也是研究非晶态物质的模型体系.最近，大量的实验和模拟证据显示，在非晶合金中可能存在类似晶体中缺陷的“流变单元”，这些动力学单元和非晶合金的的流变、物理、力学性能密切关联.本文主要综述了流变单元提出的背景、实验证据、流变单元的特征、激活与演化过程、相互作用以及相关的理论.文中提供了大量实验证据证明流变单元模型不仅可以帮助理解非晶态物质中如形变、玻璃转变、弛豫动力学以及非晶结构和性能的关系等重要的基本物理问题，而且可以指导非晶合金性能的调控和设计，获得性能优异的非晶合金材料.

关键词:

Abstract

Metallic glass is a promising metallic material with many unique properties, and also considered as a model system to study the mysteries of amorphous materials. Recently, many experimental and simulation results supported the existence of “flow unit” in metallic glass. In this paper, we review the background, the theoretical and experimental evidences of flow unit model. Flow units are considered as those loosely packed regions embedded inside the elastic matrix and behave like viscous liquid. Compared with the matrix, flow unit regions have low modulus and strength, low viscosity, high atomic mobility and stand in the saddle points on energy landscape. Therefore, flow units can be treated as dynamical defects in metallic glass. The feature, activation and evolution process of flow unit region in metallic glass as well as their correlation with property in metallic glass are also reviewed. Through dynamical mechaincal methods like dynamical mechanical spectra and stress relaxation, flow unit region and its properties can be distinguished and studied. A three-parameter physical model is proposed to describe the mechnical behaivors of flow units. The activations and evolutions of flow unit under different temperature and strain conditions are studied. A three-stage evolution process is found and the relation with mechanical performance and relaxation behavior is established. The characteristics of flow units are also related to various properties of metallic glass, like plasticity, strength, fracture and boson peaks. By using the thermal, mechanical and high pressure aging procedues, the properties of metallic glass can be manipulated as desired through adjusting the density of flow units. We show that the flow unit model not only helps to understand the mechanism behind many long-standing issues like deformation, glass transition dynamic relaxations, and the connection between strucutre and properties and performance of metallic glasses, but also is crucial for tuning and designing the properties of metallic glasses.

Keywords:

作者及机构信息

王峥,
汪卫华

1.
中国科学院物理研究所, 北京 100190

通信作者: 王峥, wangzhenglofty@gmail.com;whw@iphy.ac.cn ; 汪卫华, wangzhenglofty@gmail.com;whw@iphy.ac.cn

基金项目: 国家重点基础研究发展计划（批准号：2015CB856800）、国家自然科学基金（批准号：51271195，5141101072）和中国科学院前沿局重点项目资助的课题.

Authors and contacts

1.
Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China

Corresponding author: Wang Zheng, wangzhenglofty@gmail.com;whw@iphy.ac.cn ; Wang Wei-Hua, wangzhenglofty@gmail.com;whw@iphy.ac.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2015CB856800), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51271195, 5141101072), and the Key Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences.

参考文献

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[68]	Wang C, Yang Z Z, Ma T, Sun Y T, Yin Y Y, Gong Y, Gu L, Wen P, Zhu P, Long Y W, Yu X H, Jin C Q, Wang W H, Bai H Y 2017 Appl. Phys. Lett. 110 111901

施引文献

[1]	Macfarlane A, Martin G 2011 The Glass Bathyscaphe: How Glass Changed the World (Profile Books)
[2]	Wang W H 2013 Prog. Phys. 33 177 (in Chinese) [汪卫华 2013 物理学进展 33 177]
[3]	Turnbull D 1952 J. Chem. Phys. 20 411
[4]	Klement W, Willens R, Duwez P 1960 Nature 187 869
[5]	Wang W H 2012 Prog. Mater. Sci. 57 487
[6]	Greer A, Ma E 2007 MRS Bull. 32 611
[7]	Liu Y H, Wang D, Nakajima K, Zhang W, Hirata A, Nishi T, Inoue A, Chen M 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 106 125504
[8]	Wagner H, Bedorf D, Kchemann S, Schwabe M, Zhang B, Arnold W, Samwer K 2011 Nat. Mater. 10 439
[9]	Hirth J P 1968 Theory of Dislocations (New York., Mcgraw Hill Book Company)
[10]	Cohen M H, Turnbull D 1959 J. Chem. Phys. 31 1164
[11]	Spaepen F 1977 Acta Metall. 25 407
[12]	Schuh C A, Hufnagel T C, Ramamurty U 2007 Acta Mater. 55 4067
[13]	Argon A 1979 Acta Metall. 27 47
[14]	Falk M, Langer J 1998 Phys. Rev. E 57 7192
[15]	Johnson W, Samwer K 2005 Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 195501
[16]	Schall P, Weitz D A, Spaepen F 2007 Science 318 1895
[17]	Ichitsubo T, Matsubara E, Yamamoto T, Chen H, Nishiyama N, Saida J, Anazawa K 2005 Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 245501
[18]	Keys A S, Abate A R, Glotzer S C, Durian D J 2007 Nat. Phys. 3 260
[19]	Richert R 2010 Eur. Phys. J. Spec. Top. 189 223
[20]	Debenedetti P G, Stillinger F H 2001 Nature 410 259
[21]	Johari G P, Goldstein M 1970 J. Chem. Phys. 53 2372
[22]	Ngai K, Lunkenheimer P, Leon C, Schneider U, Brand R, Loidl A 2001 J. Chem. Phys. 115 1405
[23]	Kê T S 1949 J. Appl. Phys. 20 274
[24]	Hu L N, Yue Y 2008 J. Phys. Chem. B 112 9053
[25]	Yu H B, Wang W H, Samwer K 2013 Mater. Today 16 183
[26]	Yu H B, Wang W H, Bai H Y, Samwer K 2014 Natl. Sci. Rev. 1 429
[27]	Wang Z, Yu H B, Wen P, Bai H Y, Wang W H 2011 J. Phys. : Condens. Matter 23 142202
[28]	Zhu Z G, Li Y, Wang Z, Gao X Q, Wen P, Bai H Y, Ngai K, Wang W H 2014 J. Chem. Phys. 141 084506
[29]	Luo P, Lu Z, Zhu Z G, Li Y Z, Bai H Y, Wang W H 2015 Appl. Phys. Lett. 106 031907
[30]	Xue R J, Zhao L, Zhang B, Bai H Y, Wang W H, Pan M X 2015 Appl. Phys. Lett. 107 241902
[31]	Wang Z 2013 Ph. D. Dissertation (Beijing: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences) (in Chinese) [王峥 2013 博士学位论文 (北京: 中国科学院大学)]
[32]	Wang W H 2014 Sci. China: Phys. Mech. Astron. 4 6 (in Chinese) [汪卫华 2014 中国科学: 物理学力学天文学 4 6]
[33]	Liu S T, Jiao W, Sun B A, Wang W H 2013 J. Non-Cryst. Solids 3 76
[34]	Wang Z, Sun B A, Bai H Y, Wang W H 2014 Nat. Commun. 5 5823
[35]	Wang Z, Wen P, Huo L S, Bai H Y, Wang W H 2012 Appl. Phys. Lett. 101 121906
[36]	Huo L S, Zeng J, Wang W H, Liu C T, Yang Y 2013 Acta Mater. 61 4329
[37]	Huo L S 2013 Ph. D. Dissertation (Beijing: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences) (in Chinese) [霍利山 2013 博士学位论文 (北京: 中国科学院大学)]
[38]	Makarov A, Khonik V, Mitrofanov Y P, Granato A, Joncich D, Khonik S 2013 Appl. Phys. Lett. 102 091908
[39]	Li Y Z, Zhao L Z, Wang C, Lu Z, Bai H Y, Wang W H 2015 J. Chem. Phys. 143 041104
[40]	Lacks D J, Osborne M J 2004 Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 255501
[41]	Guan P, Chen M, Egami T 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 104 205701
[42]	Lu Z, Yang X, Sun B A, Li Y, Chen K, Wang W H, Bai H Y 2017 Scr. Mater. 130 229
[43]	Liu S T, Wang Z, Peng H, Yu H, Wang W H 2012 Scr. Mater. 67 9
[44]	Sun Y T, Cao C, Huang K, Shi J, Zhao L, Li M, Bai H, Gu L, Zheng D, Wang W H 2016 Intermetallics 74 31
[45]	Krausser J, Samwer K H, Zaccone A 2015 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 112 13762
[46]	Wang Z, Ngai K, Wang W H 2015 J. Appl. Phys. 118 034901
[47]	Jiang H Y, Luo P, Wen P, Bai H Y, Wang W H, Pan M 2016 J. Appl. Phys. 120 145106
[48]	Yue Y, Angell C A 2004 Nature 427 717
[49]	Jiao W, Wen P, Peng H, Bai H Y, Sun B A, Wang W 2013 Appl. Phys. Lett. 102 101903
[50]	Cao X F, Gao M, Zhao L, Wang W H, Bai H Y 2016 J. Appl. Phys. 119 084906
[51]	Zhao L Z, Xue R, Li Y, Wang W H, Bai H Y 2015 J. Appl. Phys. 118 244901
[52]	Ge T P, Gao X, Huang B, Wang W H, Bai H Y 2015 Intermetallics 67 47
[53]	Ge T P, Wang W H, Bai H Y 2016 J. Appl. Phys. 119 204905
[54]	Zhao L Z, Xue R, Zhu Z, Lu Z, Axinte E, Wang W H, Bai H Y 2014 J. Appl. Phys. 116 103516
[55]	Lewandowski J, Wang W H, Greer A 2005 Philos. Mag. Lett. 85 77
[56]	Wang D, Zhao D, Ding D, Bai H Y, Wang W H 2014 J. Appl. Phys. 115 123507
[57]	Xi X K, Zhao D, Pan M X, Wang W H, Wu Y, Lewandowski J 2005 Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 125510
[58]	Gao M, Ding D, Zhao D, Bai H Y, Wang W H 2014 Mater. Sci. Eng. A 617 89
[59]	Gao M, Cao X, Ding D, Wang B, Wang W H 2017 Mater. Sci. Eng. A 686 65
[60]	Huang B, Bai H Y, Wang W H 2014 J. Appl. Phys. 115 153505
[61]	Wang D, Zhu Z, Xue R, Ding D, Bai H Y, Wang W H 2013 J. Appl. Phys. 114 173505
[62]	Xue R J, Wang D, Zhu Z, Ding D, Zhang B, Wang W H 2013 J. Appl. Phys. 114 123514
[63]	Yu H B, Tylinski M, Guiseppi-Elie A, Ediger M, Richert R 2015 Phys. Rev. Lett. 115 185501
[64]	Lu Z, Jiao W, Wang W H, Bai H Y 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 113 045501
[65]	Yu H B, Shen X, Wang Z, Gu L, Wang W H, Bai H Y 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 015504
[66]	Ketov S, Sun Y, Nachum S, Lu Z, Checchi A, Beraldin A, Bai H Y, Wang W H, Louzguine-Luzgin D, Carpenter M, Greer A L 2015 Nature 524 200
[67]	Xue R J, Zhao L Z, Shi C, Ma T, Xi X, Gao M, Zhu P W, Wen P, Yu X H, Jin C Q, Pan M X, Wang W H, Bai H Y 2016 Appl. Phys. Lett. 109 221904
[68]	Wang C, Yang Z Z, Ma T, Sun Y T, Yin Y Y, Gong Y, Gu L, Wen P, Zhu P, Long Y W, Yu X H, Jin C Q, Wang W H, Bai H Y 2017 Appl. Phys. Lett. 110 111901

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