The Courtiers' Anatomists
Animals and Humans in Louis XIV's Paris
University of Chicago Press, 2015
Cloth: 978-0-226-24766-3 | Electronic: 978-0-226-24833-2
DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226248332.001.0001
Cloth: 978-0-226-24766-3 | Electronic: 978-0-226-24833-2
DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226248332.001.0001
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ABOUT THIS BOOKAUTHOR BIOGRAPHYREVIEWSTABLE OF CONTENTS
ABOUT THIS BOOK
The Courtiers' Anatomists is about dead bodies and live animals in Louis XIV's Paris--and the surprising links between them. Examining the practice of seventeenth-century anatomy, Anita Guerrini reveals how anatomy and natural history were connected through animal dissection and vivisection. Driven by an insatiable curiosity, Parisian scientists, with the support of the king, dissected hundreds of animals from the royal menageries and the streets of Paris. Guerrini is the first to tell the story of Joseph-Guichard Duverney, who performed violent, riot-inducing dissections of both animal and human bodies before the king at Versailles and in front of hundreds of spectators at the King's Garden in Paris. At the Paris Academy of Sciences, meanwhile, Claude Perrault, with the help of Duverney’s dissections, edited two folios in the 1670s filled with lavish illustrations by court artists of exotic royal animals.
Through the stories of Duverney and Perrault, as well as those of Marin Cureau de la Chambre, Jean Pecquet, and Louis Gayant, The Courtiers' Anatomists explores the relationships between empiricism and theory, human and animal, as well as the origins of the natural history museum and the relationship between science and other cultural activities, including art, music, and literature.
Through the stories of Duverney and Perrault, as well as those of Marin Cureau de la Chambre, Jean Pecquet, and Louis Gayant, The Courtiers' Anatomists explores the relationships between empiricism and theory, human and animal, as well as the origins of the natural history museum and the relationship between science and other cultural activities, including art, music, and literature.
AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY
Anita Guerrini is Horning Professor in the Humanities and professor of history in the School of History, Philosophy, and Religion at Oregon State University. She is the author of Experimenting with Humans and Animals: From Galen to Animal Rights and Obesity and Depression in the Enlightenment: The Life and Times of George Cheyne.
REVIEWS
"Guerrini ably shows how anatomy emerged as a science within the institutional and courtly spaces of Louis XIV's France. Her beautifully illustrated and richly woven account explores the relationship between the emerging fashion for dissection and the mechanical philosophy, showing how and why dead bodies were enrolled into the wider transformation of European learning in the seventeenth century. Navigating between the pan-European Republic of Letters which made and disseminated new anatomical knowledge, and the promise and constraints of courtly patronage, Guerrini displays an assured grasp of her subject."
— E. C. Spary, University of Cambridge"Guerrini’s research has uncovered a wealth of information on the key figures of the time and their endeavors, from the early contacts among Jean Pecquet, Adrien Auzout, and Blaise Pascal, to the lecturing style of Joseph-Guichard Duverney. The Courtiers’ Anatomists provides by far the most detailed account of the French anatomists’ researches, relying on a subtle and far-reaching analysis of extensive manuscript sources ranging from the reports of the French Académie to Duverney’s handwritten notes."
— Domenico Bertoloni Meli, Indiana University"The history of seventeenth-century French science has suffered considerable neglect. Both the richness and the complexity of Guerrini’s The Courtiers’ Anatomists suggest why this is so: the context she explores requires both a mastery of the intellectual tradition throughout history and a deep familiarity with the sciences and scientific practices across Europe. Guerrini deftly weaves a complex history of many interconnected traditions, grounded in French professional and familial networks, court practices, and patronage. Thoroughly incorporating the natural sciences into the Scientific Revolution, The Courtiers’ Anatomists offers an important amplification of our understanding of scientific practices in the early modern period."
— Kathleen Wellman, Southern Methodist University"In Guerrini's hands, the history of science and medicine in early modern Paris was simultaneously a history of fairy tales and opera, dogs and chameleons, artists and knife-makers, labyrinth-making and oratory. It is a fascinating book that is a must-read for historians of anatomy and of early modern science and medicine, and will be accessible and gripping for readers well beyond those fields."
— Carla Nappi, New Books in History"The early science of living creatures developed along lines quite different from those of astronomy, physics, and chemistry. Guerrini describes how the study of animals grew and developed in 17th-century Paris. According to the author, dissection “has a justifiable claim to be the most widespread and significant scientific activity” of the century, and Paris became the center for the dissection of animals of all sorts—from humans to ostriches and even an elephant. Focusing principally on the remarkably diverse and numerous dissections performed by Joseph-Guichard Duverney and on the subsequent emergence of Claude Perrault’s lavishly illustrated Histoire des animaux, Guerrini outlines the many ways in which patronage, humanistic scholarship, art, experimentation, and new theories of mechanical science interacted in fruitful ways to advance the study of animal life. The text is clearly written and thoughtfully illustrated and includes over 60 pages of notes and bibliography. Recommended."
— Choice"This work is original in its documentation as much as in its form and content....Its historical breadth is unprecedented insofar as its topic is that of 'animals and humans' in Grand Siècle Paris. In Guerrini’s book we find...to borrow from Louis-Sebastien Mercier, the Tableau de Paris of the Grand Siècle. Guerrini crosses practices with events, rather than crossing disciplines. Without a doubt, the results exceed her expectations."
— Bulletin of the History of Medicine“Details from the dissections and anecdotes range from the serious to the fascinating, the comical, and the downright gory….Nearly seven hundred endnotes and a bibliography listing around two hundred primary sources and over four hundred secondary sources will make this book a major resource for years to come for those interested in the histories of anatomy and natural history, menageries, paper zoos, and the intersections of knowledge, collection, and entertainment in the Paris of Louis XIV.”
— American Historical Review“In this engrossing book, the culmination of a succession of innovative articles published over the past 15 years, Anita Guerrini makes a fresh and thought-provoking assessment of human and animal anatomy as it was practised in the Paris of Louis XIV. She describes hurried dissections of decomposing animals from the King’s menageries at Vincennes and Versailles; experimentation, notably in blood-transfusion, upon living dogs; exploration of human and animal cadavers in the style of William Harvey; a grandiose scheme to record and publish (with illustrations) a comprehensive anatomical and physiological history of animals; and attempts to constrain men of intellect to publish their findings anonymously, to become a compagnie existing for the greater glorification of the monarch. The importance of the book, however, lies in the author’s scrutiny of the work of the anatomists of the Paris Academy of Sciences, in particular Claude Perrault, Jean Pecquet, Louis Gayant, and Joseph-Guichard Duverney.”
— Archives of Natural History“As a cultural historian, Guerrini draws on the practices of dissection performed by Paris anatomists as well as the artistic and printing practices used to record and represent their activities. Her profound and rigorous study is based on original research and a wide range of printed and manuscript sources. Guerrini shows how dissection and comparative anatomy were key to the development of the experimental methods of the new science. But The Courtiers’ Anatomists not only tells the story of the epistemic and moral value of animals and how they became an object of study in their own right. It is also a book about the rise of the new science and how royal and court patronage promoted unique ways of knowing in early modern France.”
— Canadian Journal of History"The Courtiers’ Anatomists is a welcome addition to the history of science and medicine, and to the history of the age of Louis XIV...Guerrini adds a new twist to our understanding of the political culture of Old Regime France by enriching Sharon Kettering’s classic conception of patronage, and by articulating a nuanced role for animals in the broader propaganda process..."
— Early Science and MedicineTABLE OF CONTENTS
A Note on Names, Dates, and Other Matters
Abbreviations Used in the Notes
List of Illustrations
Introduction - Anita Guerrini
ONE / Anatomists and Courtiers - Anita Guerrini
TWO / The Anatomical Origins of the Paris Academy of Sciences - Anita Guerrini
THREE / The Animal Projects of the Paris Academy of Sciences - Anita Guerrini
FOUR / The Histoire des animaux - Anita Guerrini
FIVE / Perrault, Duverney, and Animal Mechanism - Anita Guerrini
SIX / The Courtiers’ Anatomist: Duverney at the Jardin du roi - Anita Guerrini
Conclusion - Anita Guerrini
Epilogue: The Afterlife of the Histoire des animaux - Anita Guerrini
Acknowledgments
Notes
Bibliography
Index