In Modern Nature,Lynn K. Nyhart traces the emergence of a “biological perspective” in late nineteenth-century Germany that emphasized the dynamic relationships among organisms, and between organisms and their environment. Examining this approach to nature in light of Germany’s fraught urbanization and industrialization, as well the opportunities presented by new and reforming institutions, she argues that rapid social change drew attention to the role of social relationships and physical environments in rendering a society—and nature—whole, functional, and healthy.

This quintessentially modern view of nature, Nyhart shows, stood in stark contrast to the standard naturalist’s orientation toward classification. While this new biological perspective would eventually grow into the academic discipline of ecology, Modern Nature locates its roots outside the universities, in a vibrant realm of populist natural history inhabited by taxidermists and zookeepers, schoolteachers and museum reformers, amateur enthusiasts and nature protectionists.

Probing the populist beginnings of animal ecology in Germany, Nyhart unites the history of popular natural history with that of elite science in a new way. In doing so, she brings to light a major orientation in late nineteenth-century biology that has long been eclipsed by Darwinism.

Lynn K. Nyhart is professor of history of science at the University of Wisconsin–Madison and author of Biology Takes Form: Animal Morphology and the German University, 1800–1900, also published by the University of Chicago Press.

“Modern Nature is a wonderful book. Lynn Nyhart’s lucid prose, breadth of scholarship, overall historical sweep, and wealth of insights combine to produce a model study. A highly original work.”

“Lynn Nyhart brings a dazzling range of knowledge to this rich account of German natural history and biology at the end of the nineteenth century. Museums and zoos have rarely looked so significant before. Moving fluently from the art of making animal exhibits for popular education to the rise of populist, community-based ideas that led to ecological thought, her story explores the growing conviction that a love for nature was a defining feature of the German national character. Every page adds exciting new angles to our understanding of the ways that science got done in the past.”

“In this highly innovative book, Lynn Nyhart shows how a series of ‘practical natural historians,’ including taxidermists, museum curators, zookeepers, and elementary school teachers rejected what they deemed lifeless classificatory science in favor of a dynamic and integrated biological understanding of nature. Nyhart shows how this new perspective both ‘trickled out’ and ‘trickled up,’ and in the process transformed both scholarly and popular views of the natural world. Full of carefully considered insights into the interactions between practical naturalists, specialized scientists, and nineteenth-century German cultural institutions, Modern Nature tells a wonderfully rich and extremely important story. This exemplary contribution to the cultural history of science should also be a must-read for scholars of German history, museum studies, intellectual history, and German studies.”

“In Modern Nature, Lynn Nyhart retrieves from the dark well of history a popular or ‘populist’ biology that flourished a century ago on the cultural fringes of German academic science—in museums, zoos, and secondary schools. Unlike elite zoology, ‘Naturkunde,’ or nature studies, depicted animals as living communities in actual environments. Its advocates—curators, taxidermists, teachers, writers—took pains to relate science to the lived experience of ordinary citizens. Their humanized, public science has much relevance to contemporary environmentalism. It’s an eye-opening and a compelling story.”

“Ecology, Nyhart argues in her absorbing new study, developed in German cultural institutions in the public sphere, such as museums, libraries, and botanical and zoological gardens, rather than in the elite realm of university science. Instead of treating the different facets of ‘popular’ separately, she offers us a common history that integrates them into one powerful cultural force capable of changing the face of ‘elite’ science. Setting her analysis of the practical naturalists firmly into the social and cultural context of late nineteenth-century Germany, Nyhart has produced a major contribution to our understanding of how a new biological perspective became integrated into modern science. This book is a must read.”

"[Nyhart's] discussion of the populist origins of ecology in Germany will appeal to historians and philosophers of biology."—Choice

"This is a wonderful book. It is carefully researched; its claims, large and small, are meticulously documented; it introduces historians of nineteenth and early twentieth century biology to original themes, and although focused on events in Germany, it makes challenging comparisons between what happened there and parallel developments in the contemporary Anglo-American scene. The creative artist – well, I really mean historian of biology, Lynn Nyhart, – is well known for her previous work in the history of German biology, but my verbal slip in identifying her vocation is, of course, intentional. The writing of a convincing and lasting history is as much art as it is rigorous documentation. It is the construction of a narrative that is general as well as detailed, broad as well as narrow, and contains a novel combination of facts, a new interpretation, and an overview that is persuasive and important. All of this comes together in Nyhart’s new book."