Open Access, Peer-reviewed
eISSN 2951-3146
    Korean J Community Nutr. 2013 Feb;18(1):77-87. Korean.
    Published online Feb 28, 2013.
    https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2013.18.1.77
    Copyright © 2013 The Korean Society of Community Nutrition
    Original Article

    Nutritional Evaluation and Its Relation to the Risk of Metabolic Syndrome according to the Consumption of Cooked Rice and Cooked Rice with Multi-grains in Korean Adults: Based on 2007-2008 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

    Soo-Hyun Son, Hwa-Jung Lee,1 Kyong Park, Tae-Youl Ha,2 and Jung-Sook Seo
      • Department of Food & Nutrition, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Korea.
      • 1Department of Statistics, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Korea.
      • 2Korea Food Research Institute, Gyeonggi, Korea.
    • Corresponding author: Jung-Sook Seo, Department of Food and Nutrition, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Korea. Tel: (053) 810-2875, Fax: (053) 810-4768, Email: jsseo@ynu.ac.kr
    Received January 07, 2013; Revised February 15, 2013; Accepted February 25, 2013.

    This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

    Abstract

    This study was conducted to investigate the nutrient intakes of subjects by quartile of percent energy intake from cooked rice, consumption of cooked rice mixed with multi-grains and to evaluate rice consumption in relation to the risk of metabolic syndrome. The subjects were 5,830 males and females aged between 20~64 years based on 2007-2008 KNHNES data. Levels of percent energy intake from cooked rice were classified into 4 groups (Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4 groups: 25% of each) using data of 24-hour recall method from KNHNES. Using medical examination and questionnaire, subjects were classified according to diagnostic criteria of metabolic syndrome. The subjects with higher age, being married, lower education, lower economic level were more likely to take higher percent energy intake from cooked rice. Quartile Q3 of percent energy intake from cooked rice tended to show higher Index of Nutritional Quality (INQ) for fiber, calcium, iron, potassium and vitamin A. INQ of protein, dietary fiber, calcium, thiamin, phosphorus, potassium, riboflavin, niacin and vitamin C by consumption of cooked rice mixed with multi-grains was higher than that by consumption of cooked white rice when adjusted for age. No association with a risk for metabolic syndrome was found for quartile of percent energy intake from cooked rice or cooked rice mixed with multi-grains compared to cooked white rice after adjusting for energy, gender, age, BMI, alcohol, smoking, income and physical activity. In conclusion, consumption of over 54% energy intake from cooked rice or only cooked white rice showed relatively low INQs, but was not associated with a higher risk for metabolic syndrome.

    Keywords
    Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; cooked rice-based diet; cooked rice mixed with multi-grains; nutrient intake; metabolic syndrome

    Tables

    Table 1
    General characteristics of the subjects by quartile of percent energy intake from cooked rice in KNHANES (2007~2008)

    Table 2
    Mean daily INQ1) of the total subjects by quartile of percent energy intake from cooked rice in KNHANES (2007~2008)2)

    Table 3
    Mean daily INQ1) of male and female subjects by quartile of percent energy intake from cooked rice in KNHANES (2007~2008)2)

    Table 4
    Mean daily INQ1) of the total subjects by consumption of cooked rice mixed with multi-grains in KNHANES (2007~2008)2)

    Table 5
    Mean daily INQ1) of age group by consumption of cooked rice mixed with multi-grains in KNHANES (2007~2008)

    Table 6
    Odds ratio and 95% CI for metabolic syndrome and metabolic risk factors by quartile of percent energy intake from cooked rice in KNHANES (2007~2008)

    Table 7
    Odds ratio and 95% CI for metabolic syndrome and metabolic risk factors by consumption of cooked rice mixed with multi-grains in KNHANES (2007~2008)

    Notes

    This research was supported by iPET (Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agricultural, Forestry and Fisheries), Ministry for Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Republic of Korea.

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    MeSH Terms
    Aged
    Ascorbic Acid
    Calcium
    Dietary Proteins
    Energy Intake
    Female
    Humans
    Iron
    Male
    Motor Activity
    Niacin
    Nutrition Surveys
    Nutritive Value
    Phosphorus
    Potassium
    Riboflavin
    Smoke
    Smoking
    Surveys and Questionnaires
    Vitamin A
    Metrics
    Share
    Tables
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