Anim Biosci > Volume 35(11); 2022 > Article |
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CONFLICT OF INTEREST
We certify that there is no conflict of interest with any financial organization regarding the material discussed in the manuscript.
FUNDING
This work was supported by Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (IPET) through Agricultural Microbiome R&D Program (916004-2), funded by Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea. This work was also supported by Gyeongsang National University Grant in 2021.
Item | Content |
---|---|
Ingredient (%) | |
Corn | 33.17 |
Barley | 8.00 |
Soybean meal | 10.00 |
Dehulled soybean meal | 10.00 |
Wheat bran | 3.00 |
Limestone | 0.30 |
Sweet whey | 12.56 |
Lactose | 4.20 |
Fish meal | 5.00 |
Fermented soybean | 4.15 |
Sucrose | 3.00 |
Soy oil | 3.00 |
Organic acids | 0.70 |
Monocalcium phosphate | 1.20 |
Salt | 0.30 |
Vitamin premix1) | 0.15 |
Mineral premix2) | 0.20 |
Others3) | 0.77 |
Total4) | 99.70 |
Nutritional composition | |
Digestible energy (Mcal/kg) | 3.50 |
Crude protein (%) | 18.50 |
Ether extract (%) | 4.50 |
Lysine (%) | 1.52 |
1) Provided per kg: 1,500 IU vitamin A, 2,000 IU vitamin D3, 65 IU vitamin E, 1.5 mg vitamin K, 1.0 mg thiamin, 6 mg riboflavin, 20 mg pantothenic acid, 25 mg niacin, 1.5 mg vitamin B6, 1 mg folic acid, 25 μg vitamin B12, 25 μg biotin, and 150 mg choline.
2) Provided per kg: 100 mg Zn (125-ppm ZnO), 160 mg Cu, 200 mg Fe, 40 mg Mn, 1 mg I, 0.15 mg Co, and 0.4 mg Se.
3) Provided per total weight: 0.1% choline-HCl, 0.347% L-lysine-HCl (78%), 0.150% DL-methionine (99%), 0.114% L-threonine (99%), 0.009% L-tryptophan, and 0.05% ethoxyquin.
4) Four experimental diets were supplemented with 3,000 mg ZnO, a combination of microbial agents, and 0 to 0.30% corn to make 100.00 for the sum of percentages. See Table 2 for details of supplementation of the dietary treatments.
Item | NC (Basal) | PC (ZnO) | EF-BP | |
---|---|---|---|---|
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ST | EC | |||
Zinc oxide (%) | 0.30 | |||
EF1) (%) | 0.10 | 0.10 | ||
BP lytic to ST2) (%) | 0.10 | |||
BP lytic to EC3) (%) | 0.10 | |||
Corn | 0.30 | 0.10 | 0.10 |
Item | NC (Basal) | PC (ZnO) | EF-BP | SEM | Contrast: p-value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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ST | EC | EF-BP vs NC | EF-BP vs PC | ST vs EC | ||||
Body weight (kg) | ||||||||
Day 0 | 5.23 | 5.78 | 5.54 | 5.52 | 0.27 | 0.38 | 0.47 | 0.96 |
Day 7 | 6.41 | 7.33 | 6.69 | 6.73 | 0.36 | 0.52 | 0.18 | 0.94 |
Day 14 | 8.83 | 9.60 | 8.93 | 9.12 | 0.42 | 0.69 | 0.28 | 0.75 |
ADG (g) | ||||||||
Days 0–7 | 169 | 221 | 164 | 172 | 27 | 0.97 | 0.12 | 0.84 |
Days 7–14 | 345 | 325 | 321 | 343 | 23 | 0.64 | 0.80 | 0.47 |
Days 0–14 | 257 | 273 | 242 | 258 | 20 | 0.78 | 0.34 | 0.59 |
ADFI (g) | ||||||||
Days 0–7 | 252 | 295 | 219 | 244 | 23 | 0.48 | 0.03 | 0.45 |
Days 7–14 | 606 | 685 | 573 | 575 | 37 | 0.49 | 0.02 | 0.98 |
Days 0–14 | 429 | 490 | 396 | 409 | 28 | 0.44 | 0.02 | 0.74 |
Gain:feed | ||||||||
Days 0–7 | 0.664 | 0.750 | 0.730 | 0.702 | 0.070 | 0.55 | 0.70 | 0.78 |
Days 7–14 | 0.573 | 0.484 | 0.562 | 0.605 | 0.036 | 0.82 | 0.04 | 0.41 |
Days 0–14 | 0.602 | 0.566 | 0.611 | 0.633 | 0.037 | 0.66 | 0.23 | 0.67 |
Fecal consistency score2) | ||||||||
Day 0 | 1.14 | 1.14 | 1.00 | 1.29 | 0.11 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.15 |
Day 7 | 1.29 | 1.43 | 1.43 | 1.57 | 0.11 | 0.49 | 0.82 | 0.69 |
Day 14 | 1.29 | 1.14 | 1.14 | 1.29 | 0.11 | 0.77 | 0.77 | 0.61 |
Overall3) | 1.24 | 1.24 | 1.19 | 1.38 | 0.12 | 0.75 | 0.75 | 0.28 |
NC, negative control; PC, positive control; EF, Enterococcus faecium; BP, bacteriophage; ST, Salmonella typhimurium; EC, Escherichia coli; SEM, standard error of the mean; ADG, average daily gain; ADFI, average daily feed intake.
1) Weanling pigs were fed the basal diet supplemented with none (NC), 3,000 mg ZnO/kg (PC), or 1×1010 colony-forming units of EF plus BP (EF-BP) lytic to ST [1×108 plaque-forming units (PFU)/kg] or lytic to each of enterotoxigenic EC F4, F5, and F18 types (EC; 1×106 PFU each/kg) for 14 days. Data are means of seven piglets.
NC, negative control; PC, positive control; EF, Enterococcus faecium; BP, bacteriophage; ST, Salmonella typhimurium; EC, Escherichia coli; SEM, standard error of the mean; VH, villus height; CD, crypt depth.
1) Weanling pigs were fed the basal diet supplemented with none (NC), 3,000 mg ZnO/kg (PC), or 1×1010 colony-forming units of EF plus BP (EF-BP) lytic to ST [1×108 plaque-forming units (PFU)/kg] or lytic to each of enterotoxigenic EC F4, F5, and F18 types (EC; 1×106 PFU each/kg) for 14 days. Data are means of seven piglets.
Item | NC(Basal) | PC (ZnO) | EF-BP | SEM | Contrast: p-value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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ST | EC | EF-BP vs NC | EF-BP vs PC | ST vs EC | ||||
Body weight (kg) | ||||||||
Day 0 | 7.02 | 6.69 | 7.04 | 6.73 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.62 | 0.36 |
Day 7 | 7.56 | 7.59 | 7.78 | 7.23 | 0.29 | 0.89 | 0.81 | 0.18 |
Day 14 | 9.40 | 9.81 | 9.90 | 9.48 | 0.36 | 0.53 | 0.78 | 0.43 |
ADG (g) | ||||||||
Days 0–7 | 81 | 141 | 101 | 75 | 20 | 0.77 | 0.03 | 0.36 |
Days 7–14 | 252 | 317 | 303 | 321 | 21 | 0.02 | 0.83 | 0.55 |
Days 0–14 | 166 | 223 | 202 | 198 | 17 | 0.12 | 0.28 | 0.88 |
ADFI (g) | ||||||||
Days 0–7 | 168 | 166 | 168 | 161 | 16 | 0.89 | 0.97 | 0.76 |
Days 7–14 | 302 | 335 | 374 | 370 | 24 | 0.04 | 0.23 | 0.90 |
Days 0–14 | 234 | 250 | 269 | 260 | 13 | 0.08 | 0.39 | 0.64 |
Gain:feed | ||||||||
Days 0–7 | 0.464 | 0.729 | 0.498 | 0.437 | 0.105 | 0.98 | 0.07 | 0.69 |
Days 7–14 | 0.933 | 0.980 | 0.820 | 0.865 | 0.094 | 0.45 | 0.26 | 0.74 |
Days 0–14 | 0.753 | 0.891 | 0.747 | 0.764 | 0.057 | 0.98 | 0.08 | 0.84 |
Fecal consistency score2) | ||||||||
Day 0 | 1.06z | 1.00y | 1.06y | 1.15y | 0.03 | 0.46 | 0.08 | 0.22 |
Day 7 | 1.94x | 1.53x | 1.53x | 1.81x | 0.07 | 0.14 | 0.42 | 0.17 |
Day 14 | 1.52y | 1.31x | 1.19y | 1.26y | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.54 | 0.65 |
Overall3) | 1.51 | 1.28 | 1.26 | 1.41 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.45 | 0.10 |
NC, negative control; PC, positive control; EF, Enterococcus faecium; BP, bacteriophage; ST, Salmonella typhimurium; EC, Escherichia coli; SEM, standard error of the mean; ADG, average daily gain; ADFI, average daily feed intake.
1) Weanling pigs were fed the basal diet supplemented with none (NC), 3,000 mg ZnO/kg (PC), or 1×1010 colony-forming units of EF plus BP (EF-BP) lytic to ST [1×108 plaque-forming units (PFU)/kg] or lytic to each of enterotoxigenic EC F4, F5, and F18 types (EC; 1×106 PFU each/kg) for 14 days. Data are means of four replicates of eight piglets.