Oligonucleotides have been gaining considerable attention as promising and effective candidate therapeutics against various diseases. This special issue is aimed at providing a better understanding of the recent progress in the development of oligonucleotide-based therapeutics to encourage further research and innovation in this field to achieve these advancements. Several Japanese scientists have been invited to contribute to this issue by describing their recent findings, overviews, insights, or commentaries on rational designing of therapeutic oligonucleotide molecules and their novel delivery technologies, especially nanocarrier systems.