Research Article
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Year 2022, Volume: 25 Issue: 3, 22 - 30, 01.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.5541/ijot.1077697

Abstract

References

  • International Geothermal Association -IGA (2020). Geothermal outlook in East Africa: Perspective for Geothermal Development. (Presentation by P. Omenda, Director IGA; Consultant). Available: https://www.irena.org/publications/20 20/Nov/Geothermal-Development-in- Eastern-Africa. (accessed October 14, 2020)
  • E. M. Abraham, E. E. Nikitnam, “Review of geothermal energy research in Nigeria: The Geoscience Front,” International Journal of Earth Science and Geophysics, 3, 1 – 10, 2017.
  • I.M. Okiyi, S.I. Ibeneme, E.Y. Obiora, S.O. Onyekuru, A.I. Selemo, “Evaluation of geothermal energy resources in parts of southeastern sedimentary basin, Nigeria,” Ife Journal of Science, 23(1), 195 -211, 2021.
  • R. G. Vaughan, L. P. Keszthelyi, J. B. Lowenstern, C. Jaworowski, H. Heasler, “Use of ASTER and MODIS thermal infrared data to quantify heat flow and hydrothermal change at Yellowstone National Park,” Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 233– 234, 72-89, 2012
  • D. T. Hodder, “Application of remote sensing to geothermal prospecting,” Geothermics. 2, 368-380, 1970.
  • P. Ungemach, R. Hidalgo, J. S. Sanchez, “Multiple Use Assessment of the Madrid Basin (Spain) Geothermal Potential,” Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2010 Bali, Indonesia, 25-29 2010
  • A. Chiasson, “The economic, environmental, and social benefits of geothermal use in the eastern United States,” Geo-Heat Center Quarterly Bulletin, 30(2), 1-5, 2011.
  • E.M. Abraham, E.E. Nkitnam, “Review of Geothermal Energy Research in Nigeria: The Geoscience Front,” Int J Earth Sci Geophys 3, 15-19, 2017.
  • Geoscience Australia, Geothermal Geology, Available: http://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/energy/resources/geothermal-energy-resources/geothermal-geology (Accessed October 14, 2019)
  • M.E. Emetere, U. Okoro, B. Etete, and G. Okunbor, “Free energy option and its relevance to improve domestic energy demands in southern Nigeria,” Energy Reports, 2, 229–236, 2016.
  • M.E. Emetere, “Modified satellite remote sensing technique for hydrocarbon deposit detection,” Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 181, 106228, 2019.
  • M. Gwadera, B. Larwa, and K. Kupie, “Undisturbed Ground Temperature—Different Methods of Determination,” Sustainability, 9, 2055, 2017.
  • Y. Li, S. Geng, X. Han, H. Zhang, F. Peng, “Performance evaluation of borehole heat exchanger in multilayered subsurface,” Sustainability, 9, 356, 2017.
  • C.O. Popiel, J. Wojtkowiak, “Temperature distributions of ground in the urban region of Poznan City,” Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci., 51, 135–148, 2013.
  • M. Badache, P. Eslami-Nejad, M. Ouzzane, Z. Aidoun, “A new modeling approach for improved ground temperature profile determination,” Renew. Energy, 85, 436–444, 2016.
  • I. Sarbu, C. Sebarchievici, “General review of ground-source heat pump systems for heating and cooling of buildings,” Energy Build, 70, 441–454, 2014.
  • P. Ungemach, M. Papachristou and M. “Antics (2007), Renewability versus Sustainability. A Reservoir Management Approach,” Proceedings European Geothermal Congress. Available: http://www.geothermal-energy.org/pdf/IGAstandard/EGC/2007/216.pdf
  • A. J. Purdy, J. B. Fisher, M. L. Goulden, J. S. Famiglietti, “Ground heat flux: An analytical review of 6 models evaluated at 88 sites and globally,” JGR: Biogeosciences, 121(12), 3045-3059, 2016.
  • E. C. Robertson, “Thermal Properties of Rocks, United States Department of The Interior Geological Survey,” Virginia, Open-File Report, 88-441, 1988.
  • H. N. Pollack, D. S. Chapman, “On the regional variation of heat flow, geothermal, and the thickness of the lithosphere,” Tectonophysics, 38, 279-296, 1977.
  • M.L.W. Tuttle, R.R. Charpentier, M.E. Brownfield, “The Niger Delta Petroleum System: Niger Delta Province, Nigeria, Cameroon, and Equatorial Guinea, Africa,” Available: https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/ofr-99-0050/OF99-50H/OF99-50H.pdf (Accessed 5th Oct., 2019)
  • R. Caby, J.M. Boesse, “Pan African Nappe System in southwest Nigeria: The Ife-Ilesha schist belt,” J. Afr. Earth Sci., 33, 211-225, 2001.
  • A. Ibrahim, A. Toyin, Z.J. Sanni, “Geological Characteristics and Petrographic Analysis of Rocks of Ado-Awaiye and its Environs, Southwestern Nigeria,” International Journal of Applied Science and Mathematical Theory, 1(8), 28-47, 2015.
  • H.M. Sadiq, A. Zarma, “Depth to Magnetic Sources Using Spectral Analysis of High Resolution Aeromagnetic Data Over Machina and Environs, Northeastern Nigeria,” Journal of Geography and Geology, 11, 70-78, 2019.
  • N.G. Obaje, “Geology and mineral resources of Nigeria,” Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York, 221, 2009.
  • A.F. Folorunso, E.A. Ayolabi, S. Ariyo, “Geological mapping, petrological study and structural analysis of Precambrian basement complex rocks in part of Ago-Iwoye Southwestern Nigeria,” International Research Journal of Geology and Mining, 3(1), 19-30, 2013.
  • A. I. Chinwuko, U.A. Danbatta, I. Shaibu, M.O. Ovwasa, A.M. Shuaibu, “Geological Mapping of Basement Rocks in Federal University Gusau And Its Environs, Zamfara State, Northwestern Nigeria,” IOSR Journal of Applied Geology and Geophysics, 6(1), 32-42, 2018.
  • H.R. Anderson and W. Ogilbee, “Aquifers in the Sokoto Basin, Northwestern Nigeria, With a Description of the General Hydrogeology of the Region,” Geological Survey Water-Supply, 1757, 1-79, 1973.
  • O.A. Boboye, A.F Abimbola, “Hydrocarbon Potential of the Lithostratigraphic Units in Late Cenomanian-Early Paleocene Shale, Southwestern Chad Basin,” World Applied Sciences Journal, 7 (5), 567-573, 2009.
  • Jotscroll (2019), “The Benue Trough and Economic Importance,” Available: https://www.jotscroll.com/forums/3/posts/153/the-benue-trough-and-economic-importance.html (Accessed 12th October, 2019).
  • M.S. Kolawole, M. Onimisi, S.B. Olobaniyi, “Field occurrence and structural characteristics of basement rocks around Kabba-bunu area in part of Kabba-Lokoja-Igarra Schist belt, southwestern Nigeria,” Global Journal of Pure And Applied Sciences, 23, 263-274, 2017.
  • J. Ajadi, S.S. Dada, P.N. Nnabo, B.A. Owoeye, “Lithostructural description and metallogeny of Alagbede gold deposit, West Central Nigeria,” Journal of Environment and Earth Science, 8(5), 115-132, 2018.
  • E.A. Igwe, J.A. Yakubu, I.U. Ileagu, “Investigation of Mambila Plateau In North Central Part of Nigeria For Potential Minerals Using Aeromagnetic Method,” IOSR Journal of Applied Geology and Geophysics, 6, 10-22, 2018.
  • O. I. Ejeh, C.F. Ugbe, “Fracture systems in the younger granite rocks around four, northern Nigeria: Product of residual stress?” Global Journal of Geological Sciences, 8, 57-64, 2010.
  • M. O. Lekdukun, F. A. Akpah and F. X. O. Ugodulunwa, “A Geoelectrical Investigation of Groundwater Potentials in Dorowa and its Environs, Plateau State, North Central Nigeria, Journal of Geography,” Environment and Earth Science International, 2(2), 65-76, 2015.
  • I.Y. Tanko, M. Adam, P.D. Dambring, “Field Features And Mode Of Emplacement of Pegmatites of Keffi Area, North Central Nigeria,” International Journal Of Scientific & Technology Research, 4, 214-229, 2015.
  • M.F. Coolbaugh, C. Kratt, A. Fallacaro, W.M. Calvin, J.V. Taranik, “Detection of geothermal anomalies using Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) thermal infrared images at Bradys Hot Springs, Nevada, USA,” Remote Sensing of Environment. 106(3), 350-359, 2007.
  • J.C. Thouret, “Volcanic geomorphology—an overview,” Earth- Science Rev, 47 (1–2), 95–131, 1999.
  • M. Kervyn, F. Kervyn, R. Goossens, S.K. Rowland, G.G.J. Ernst, “Mapping volcanic terrain using high-resolution and 3D satellite remote sensing,” Geol Soc, 2007, 5–30, 1999.
  • C. Garibaldi, G.F. Laurent, G.F. Laurent, l. Jean-Marc, P. Ledru, “Thermal anomalies and geological structures in the Provence basin: Implications for hydrothermal circulations at depth,” Bulletin de la Societe Geologique de France, 181(4), 363-376, 2010.
  • C. Garibaldi, L. Guillou-Frottier, J-MLardeaux, V. Bouchot, “Combination of Numerical Tools to Link Deep Temperatures, Geological Structures and Fluid Flow in Sedimentary Basins: Application to the Thermal Anomalies of the Provence Basin (South-East France),” World Geothermal Congress, 7, 00496212, 2010.
  • M. Xiaoping and K. Li, “Main Controlling Factors of Regional High Geothermal Anomaly,” 43rd Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering Stanford University, Stanford, California, SGP-TR-213, 2018.
  • M.A. Ema, M.L. Kolawole, C.E. Amobi, A. Owens, A.M. Kehinde, A.L. Aminu, “Spectral analysis of aeromagnetic data for geothermal energy investigation of Ikogosi Warm Spring - Ekiti State, southwestern Nigeria,” Geothermal Energy, 2(1), 6, 2014.
  • T. Suleiman, F. N. Okeke, N.D. Obiora, “Spectral Analysis of High-Resolution Aeromagnetic Data for Geothermal Energy Reconnaissance across Sokoto Basin, Northwest, Nigeria,” Journal of the Earth and Space Physics, 46(4), 147-158, 2021.
  • E.O. Grace, M.L. Kolawole, A.A. Lawal, “Spectral analysis of aeromagnetic data for geothermal investigation of Wikki Warm Spring, north-east Nigeria,” Geothermics, 50, 85-90, 2014.

Geothermal Well Exploration in Nigeria Using Remote Sensing and Modified Thermal Equations

Year 2022, Volume: 25 Issue: 3, 22 - 30, 01.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.5541/ijot.1077697

Abstract

Based on the preliminary evidence of volcanoes, hot springs, and Geysers in parts of Nigeria, it is proposed that deep geothermal wells can be found in Nigeria. This research uses thermal anomalies zones to identify types of geothermal wells in Nigeria, i.e., using remote sensing and modified thermal equations. The remote sensing dataset includes the ground heat flux (GHF) dataset from Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) of 28 years; sediment thickness dataset from EarthData; and surface geology from LANDSAT. The thermal transport model was used to narrow potential locations across Nigeria using the ground heat flux and sediment thickness, while the surface geology was used to confirm the deep geothermal zones. Four GHF patterns were discovered in Nigeria. The research shows that the deep geothermal wells might be located in Plateau, Bauchi, Gombe, Taraba, Ekiti, Kogi, Benue, Nassarawa, and Taraba. Also, the medium-depth geothermal wells may be located in Sokoto, Zamfara, Kastina, Kwara, Oyo, and Jigawa States. It was revealed that the southern parts of Nigeria have lots of shallow geothermal wells. The deep geothermal wells can be found in the Chad Basin and Benue trough, while the medium-depth geothermal wells can be found in the Sokoto basin, Bida basin, and parts of the lower Benue trough. It is recommended that further ground trotting exploration be carried out in the identified geographical locations.

References

  • International Geothermal Association -IGA (2020). Geothermal outlook in East Africa: Perspective for Geothermal Development. (Presentation by P. Omenda, Director IGA; Consultant). Available: https://www.irena.org/publications/20 20/Nov/Geothermal-Development-in- Eastern-Africa. (accessed October 14, 2020)
  • E. M. Abraham, E. E. Nikitnam, “Review of geothermal energy research in Nigeria: The Geoscience Front,” International Journal of Earth Science and Geophysics, 3, 1 – 10, 2017.
  • I.M. Okiyi, S.I. Ibeneme, E.Y. Obiora, S.O. Onyekuru, A.I. Selemo, “Evaluation of geothermal energy resources in parts of southeastern sedimentary basin, Nigeria,” Ife Journal of Science, 23(1), 195 -211, 2021.
  • R. G. Vaughan, L. P. Keszthelyi, J. B. Lowenstern, C. Jaworowski, H. Heasler, “Use of ASTER and MODIS thermal infrared data to quantify heat flow and hydrothermal change at Yellowstone National Park,” Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 233– 234, 72-89, 2012
  • D. T. Hodder, “Application of remote sensing to geothermal prospecting,” Geothermics. 2, 368-380, 1970.
  • P. Ungemach, R. Hidalgo, J. S. Sanchez, “Multiple Use Assessment of the Madrid Basin (Spain) Geothermal Potential,” Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2010 Bali, Indonesia, 25-29 2010
  • A. Chiasson, “The economic, environmental, and social benefits of geothermal use in the eastern United States,” Geo-Heat Center Quarterly Bulletin, 30(2), 1-5, 2011.
  • E.M. Abraham, E.E. Nkitnam, “Review of Geothermal Energy Research in Nigeria: The Geoscience Front,” Int J Earth Sci Geophys 3, 15-19, 2017.
  • Geoscience Australia, Geothermal Geology, Available: http://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/energy/resources/geothermal-energy-resources/geothermal-geology (Accessed October 14, 2019)
  • M.E. Emetere, U. Okoro, B. Etete, and G. Okunbor, “Free energy option and its relevance to improve domestic energy demands in southern Nigeria,” Energy Reports, 2, 229–236, 2016.
  • M.E. Emetere, “Modified satellite remote sensing technique for hydrocarbon deposit detection,” Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 181, 106228, 2019.
  • M. Gwadera, B. Larwa, and K. Kupie, “Undisturbed Ground Temperature—Different Methods of Determination,” Sustainability, 9, 2055, 2017.
  • Y. Li, S. Geng, X. Han, H. Zhang, F. Peng, “Performance evaluation of borehole heat exchanger in multilayered subsurface,” Sustainability, 9, 356, 2017.
  • C.O. Popiel, J. Wojtkowiak, “Temperature distributions of ground in the urban region of Poznan City,” Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci., 51, 135–148, 2013.
  • M. Badache, P. Eslami-Nejad, M. Ouzzane, Z. Aidoun, “A new modeling approach for improved ground temperature profile determination,” Renew. Energy, 85, 436–444, 2016.
  • I. Sarbu, C. Sebarchievici, “General review of ground-source heat pump systems for heating and cooling of buildings,” Energy Build, 70, 441–454, 2014.
  • P. Ungemach, M. Papachristou and M. “Antics (2007), Renewability versus Sustainability. A Reservoir Management Approach,” Proceedings European Geothermal Congress. Available: http://www.geothermal-energy.org/pdf/IGAstandard/EGC/2007/216.pdf
  • A. J. Purdy, J. B. Fisher, M. L. Goulden, J. S. Famiglietti, “Ground heat flux: An analytical review of 6 models evaluated at 88 sites and globally,” JGR: Biogeosciences, 121(12), 3045-3059, 2016.
  • E. C. Robertson, “Thermal Properties of Rocks, United States Department of The Interior Geological Survey,” Virginia, Open-File Report, 88-441, 1988.
  • H. N. Pollack, D. S. Chapman, “On the regional variation of heat flow, geothermal, and the thickness of the lithosphere,” Tectonophysics, 38, 279-296, 1977.
  • M.L.W. Tuttle, R.R. Charpentier, M.E. Brownfield, “The Niger Delta Petroleum System: Niger Delta Province, Nigeria, Cameroon, and Equatorial Guinea, Africa,” Available: https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/ofr-99-0050/OF99-50H/OF99-50H.pdf (Accessed 5th Oct., 2019)
  • R. Caby, J.M. Boesse, “Pan African Nappe System in southwest Nigeria: The Ife-Ilesha schist belt,” J. Afr. Earth Sci., 33, 211-225, 2001.
  • A. Ibrahim, A. Toyin, Z.J. Sanni, “Geological Characteristics and Petrographic Analysis of Rocks of Ado-Awaiye and its Environs, Southwestern Nigeria,” International Journal of Applied Science and Mathematical Theory, 1(8), 28-47, 2015.
  • H.M. Sadiq, A. Zarma, “Depth to Magnetic Sources Using Spectral Analysis of High Resolution Aeromagnetic Data Over Machina and Environs, Northeastern Nigeria,” Journal of Geography and Geology, 11, 70-78, 2019.
  • N.G. Obaje, “Geology and mineral resources of Nigeria,” Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York, 221, 2009.
  • A.F. Folorunso, E.A. Ayolabi, S. Ariyo, “Geological mapping, petrological study and structural analysis of Precambrian basement complex rocks in part of Ago-Iwoye Southwestern Nigeria,” International Research Journal of Geology and Mining, 3(1), 19-30, 2013.
  • A. I. Chinwuko, U.A. Danbatta, I. Shaibu, M.O. Ovwasa, A.M. Shuaibu, “Geological Mapping of Basement Rocks in Federal University Gusau And Its Environs, Zamfara State, Northwestern Nigeria,” IOSR Journal of Applied Geology and Geophysics, 6(1), 32-42, 2018.
  • H.R. Anderson and W. Ogilbee, “Aquifers in the Sokoto Basin, Northwestern Nigeria, With a Description of the General Hydrogeology of the Region,” Geological Survey Water-Supply, 1757, 1-79, 1973.
  • O.A. Boboye, A.F Abimbola, “Hydrocarbon Potential of the Lithostratigraphic Units in Late Cenomanian-Early Paleocene Shale, Southwestern Chad Basin,” World Applied Sciences Journal, 7 (5), 567-573, 2009.
  • Jotscroll (2019), “The Benue Trough and Economic Importance,” Available: https://www.jotscroll.com/forums/3/posts/153/the-benue-trough-and-economic-importance.html (Accessed 12th October, 2019).
  • M.S. Kolawole, M. Onimisi, S.B. Olobaniyi, “Field occurrence and structural characteristics of basement rocks around Kabba-bunu area in part of Kabba-Lokoja-Igarra Schist belt, southwestern Nigeria,” Global Journal of Pure And Applied Sciences, 23, 263-274, 2017.
  • J. Ajadi, S.S. Dada, P.N. Nnabo, B.A. Owoeye, “Lithostructural description and metallogeny of Alagbede gold deposit, West Central Nigeria,” Journal of Environment and Earth Science, 8(5), 115-132, 2018.
  • E.A. Igwe, J.A. Yakubu, I.U. Ileagu, “Investigation of Mambila Plateau In North Central Part of Nigeria For Potential Minerals Using Aeromagnetic Method,” IOSR Journal of Applied Geology and Geophysics, 6, 10-22, 2018.
  • O. I. Ejeh, C.F. Ugbe, “Fracture systems in the younger granite rocks around four, northern Nigeria: Product of residual stress?” Global Journal of Geological Sciences, 8, 57-64, 2010.
  • M. O. Lekdukun, F. A. Akpah and F. X. O. Ugodulunwa, “A Geoelectrical Investigation of Groundwater Potentials in Dorowa and its Environs, Plateau State, North Central Nigeria, Journal of Geography,” Environment and Earth Science International, 2(2), 65-76, 2015.
  • I.Y. Tanko, M. Adam, P.D. Dambring, “Field Features And Mode Of Emplacement of Pegmatites of Keffi Area, North Central Nigeria,” International Journal Of Scientific & Technology Research, 4, 214-229, 2015.
  • M.F. Coolbaugh, C. Kratt, A. Fallacaro, W.M. Calvin, J.V. Taranik, “Detection of geothermal anomalies using Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) thermal infrared images at Bradys Hot Springs, Nevada, USA,” Remote Sensing of Environment. 106(3), 350-359, 2007.
  • J.C. Thouret, “Volcanic geomorphology—an overview,” Earth- Science Rev, 47 (1–2), 95–131, 1999.
  • M. Kervyn, F. Kervyn, R. Goossens, S.K. Rowland, G.G.J. Ernst, “Mapping volcanic terrain using high-resolution and 3D satellite remote sensing,” Geol Soc, 2007, 5–30, 1999.
  • C. Garibaldi, G.F. Laurent, G.F. Laurent, l. Jean-Marc, P. Ledru, “Thermal anomalies and geological structures in the Provence basin: Implications for hydrothermal circulations at depth,” Bulletin de la Societe Geologique de France, 181(4), 363-376, 2010.
  • C. Garibaldi, L. Guillou-Frottier, J-MLardeaux, V. Bouchot, “Combination of Numerical Tools to Link Deep Temperatures, Geological Structures and Fluid Flow in Sedimentary Basins: Application to the Thermal Anomalies of the Provence Basin (South-East France),” World Geothermal Congress, 7, 00496212, 2010.
  • M. Xiaoping and K. Li, “Main Controlling Factors of Regional High Geothermal Anomaly,” 43rd Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering Stanford University, Stanford, California, SGP-TR-213, 2018.
  • M.A. Ema, M.L. Kolawole, C.E. Amobi, A. Owens, A.M. Kehinde, A.L. Aminu, “Spectral analysis of aeromagnetic data for geothermal energy investigation of Ikogosi Warm Spring - Ekiti State, southwestern Nigeria,” Geothermal Energy, 2(1), 6, 2014.
  • T. Suleiman, F. N. Okeke, N.D. Obiora, “Spectral Analysis of High-Resolution Aeromagnetic Data for Geothermal Energy Reconnaissance across Sokoto Basin, Northwest, Nigeria,” Journal of the Earth and Space Physics, 46(4), 147-158, 2021.
  • E.O. Grace, M.L. Kolawole, A.A. Lawal, “Spectral analysis of aeromagnetic data for geothermal investigation of Wikki Warm Spring, north-east Nigeria,” Geothermics, 50, 85-90, 2014.
There are 45 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Energy Systems Engineering (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Moses Emetere

Publication Date September 1, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 25 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Emetere, M. (2022). Geothermal Well Exploration in Nigeria Using Remote Sensing and Modified Thermal Equations. International Journal of Thermodynamics, 25(3), 22-30. https://doi.org/10.5541/ijot.1077697
AMA Emetere M. Geothermal Well Exploration in Nigeria Using Remote Sensing and Modified Thermal Equations. International Journal of Thermodynamics. September 2022;25(3):22-30. doi:10.5541/ijot.1077697
Chicago Emetere, Moses. “Geothermal Well Exploration in Nigeria Using Remote Sensing and Modified Thermal Equations”. International Journal of Thermodynamics 25, no. 3 (September 2022): 22-30. https://doi.org/10.5541/ijot.1077697.
EndNote Emetere M (September 1, 2022) Geothermal Well Exploration in Nigeria Using Remote Sensing and Modified Thermal Equations. International Journal of Thermodynamics 25 3 22–30.
IEEE M. Emetere, “Geothermal Well Exploration in Nigeria Using Remote Sensing and Modified Thermal Equations”, International Journal of Thermodynamics, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 22–30, 2022, doi: 10.5541/ijot.1077697.
ISNAD Emetere, Moses. “Geothermal Well Exploration in Nigeria Using Remote Sensing and Modified Thermal Equations”. International Journal of Thermodynamics 25/3 (September 2022), 22-30. https://doi.org/10.5541/ijot.1077697.
JAMA Emetere M. Geothermal Well Exploration in Nigeria Using Remote Sensing and Modified Thermal Equations. International Journal of Thermodynamics. 2022;25:22–30.
MLA Emetere, Moses. “Geothermal Well Exploration in Nigeria Using Remote Sensing and Modified Thermal Equations”. International Journal of Thermodynamics, vol. 25, no. 3, 2022, pp. 22-30, doi:10.5541/ijot.1077697.
Vancouver Emetere M. Geothermal Well Exploration in Nigeria Using Remote Sensing and Modified Thermal Equations. International Journal of Thermodynamics. 2022;25(3):22-30.