Abstract
We are exposed to numerous xenobiotic electrophiles on a daily basis through the environment, lifestyle, and dietary habits. Although such reactive species have been associated with detrimental effects, recent accumulated evidence indicates that xenobiotic electrophiles appear to act as signaling molecules. In this review, we introduce our findings on 1) activation of various redox signaling pathways involved in cell proliferation, detoxification/ excretion of electrophiles, quality control of cellular proteins, and cell survival during exposure to xenobiotic electrophiles at low concentrations through covalent modification of thiol groups in sensor proteins, and 2) negative regulation of reactive sulfur species (RSS) in the modulation of redox signaling and toxicity caused by xenobiotic electrophiles.
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Abbreviations
- (MeHg)2S:
-
Bismethylmercury sulfide
- 1,2-NQ:
-
1,2-Napthoquinone
- 1,4-NQ:
-
1,4-Napthoquinone
- 3MST:
-
3-Mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase
- 8-nitro-cGMP:
-
8-nitroguanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate
- Bcl-2:
-
B-cell lymphoma 2
- CARS2:
-
Cysteine-tRNA synthetase
- CBS:
-
cystathionine β-synthase
- Cd:
-
Cadmium
- CREB:
-
cAMP response element binding protein
- CSE:
-
Cystathionine γ-lyase
- CysSSCys:
-
Cysteine
- CysSSH:
-
Cysteine persulfide
- EGFR:
-
Epidermal growth factor receptor
- EpRE:
-
Electrophile response element
- GCL:
-
Glutamate cysteine ligase
- GSH:
-
Glutathione
- GSSH:
-
Glutathione persulfide
- GSSnH:
-
GSH polysulfide
- GST:
-
GSH S-transferase
- H2S:
-
Hydrogen sulfide
- HO-1:
-
Heme oxygenase-1
- HSF1:
-
Heat shock factor 1
- HSP90:
-
Heat shock protein 90
- IARC:
-
International Agency for Research on Cancer
- Keap1:
-
Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1
- MeHg:
-
Methylmercury
- MRP:
-
Multidrug resistance-associated protein
- NAPQI:
-
Nacetyl-p-benzoquinone
- Nrf2:
-
NF-E2-related factor 2
- PTP1B:
-
Protein tyrosine pho- sphatase 1B
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- RSS:
-
Reactive sulfur species
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This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Kumagai, Y., Akiyama, M. & Unoki, T. Adaptive Responses to Electrophilic Stress and Reactive Sulfur Species as their Regulator Molecules. Toxicol Res. 35, 303–310 (2019). https://doi.org/10.5487/TR.2019.35.4.303
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5487/TR.2019.35.4.303