Alaptus minimus Westwood 1839

Alaptus minimus Westwood, 1839

(Figs 86–110)

Alaptus minimus Westwood 1839: 79. Type locality: unknown (United Kingdom, most likely England).

Alaptus minimus Westwood (or, sometimes, incorrectly either as Walker or Haliday in Walker): Walker 1846: 51 (very short diagnosis); Kirchner 1867: 201 (catalog); Dalla Torre 1898: 428 (catalog); Girault 1908: 182 (history, list only: see “Comments” under A. antennatus); Soyka 1939a: 17 –18 (historical review, redescription of female, incorrect type designations); Soyka 1939b: 30 (key); Debauche 1948: 55 –56 (list, key), 59–60 (diagnosis of female, remarks), plate VII (illustrations); Soyka 1948: 75 (key); Debauche 1949: 10 –12 (redescription); Kryger 1950: 33 (a good species), 35 (diagnosis, host associations, distribution, in part); Soyka 1950: 121 (distribution); Hincks 1959: 139 –144 (historical review, type material, key, synonymy, diagnosis, illustrations, distribution); Boţoc 1963: 95 –96 (diagnosis, measurements), 98 (illustrations); New 1969: 182 –192 (biology); Hellén 1974: 14 –15 (key, diagnosis, distribution); Trjapitzin 1978: 523 (key, distribution); Donev 1978: 458 –459 (distribution); Graham 1982: 194 (designation of paralectotypes); Donev 1985a: 62 (distribution); Donev 1985b: 66 (distribution); Donev 1987: 75 (distribution); Donev 1988a: 178 (distribution); Donev 1988b: 205 (distribution); Viggiani & Jesu 1988: 1020 (distribution in Italy); Pagliano & Navone 1995: 35 (list); Viggiani & van Harten 1996: 72 –73 (record from Santiago Island, Cape Verde); Pricop 2009: 123 (list); Pricop 2013: 72, 74 (illustrations, 78 (distribution); Triapitsyn 2015: 218 (list).

Alaptus intonsipennis Girault 1910: 244 –245. Type locality: Hendrix (near Bloomington, in a waiting-room of a railway station), McLean Co., Illinois, USA. Syn. n.

Alaptus intonsipennis Girault: Girault 1911b: 323 (list); Frison 1927: 266 (lectotype designation); Girault 1929: 10 (key); Soyka 1939b: 31 (list); Peck 1963: 28 (catalog).

Parvulinus auranti García Mercet 1912: 332 (illustrations), 333–335. Type locality: Valencia, Spain. Syn. n.

Alaptus maccabei Girault 1913c: 109. Type locality (of the lectotype): Herberton, Queensland, Australia. Lectotype female [QMBA], designated by Dahms 1984: 780, examined (Triapitsyn & Berezovskiy 2004). Syn. n.

Alaptus maccabei Girault 1914: 111. Type locality (of the “Type”, which is the same specimen as the lectotype of A. maccabei Girault, 1913): Herberton, Queensland, Australia.

Parvulinus auranti Mercet: Girault 1913a: 221 (likely a synonym of A. minimus); Peck 1963: 26 (catalog).

Alaptus borinquensis Dozier 1932: 90 –91. Type locality: Río Piedras (formerly a municipality, now part of San Juan), Puerto Rico (USA). Syn. n.

Alaptus maidli Soyka 1939b: 28 –29, 30 (key). Type locality: St. Ignatius Jesuit College (Ignatiuskolleg), Valkenburg, Limburg, Netherlands. Syn. n.

Alaptus maccabaei [sic] Girault: Soyka 1939b: 31 (list).

Alaptus malchinensis Soyka 1948: 71 –72, 75 (key). Type locality: Jettchenshof (as “ Jettchens Hof ”; a farm adjacent to the woods, ca. 1 km E of Pisede, ca. 53°46’N 12°46’E, 12 m, formerly in Landkreis Demmin), Malchin, Mecklenburgische Seenplatte, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany. Syn. n.

Parvulinus aurantii Mercet (misspelling): Debauche 1948: 55 (list); Nikol’skaya 1952: 540–541 (incorrect host associations, illustrations, species identification likely incorrect); Shutova & Kukhtina 1955: 216 (list).

Alaptus maidli Soyka: Debauche 1948: 55 –56 (list, key); Soyka 1948: 75 (key); Trjapitzin 1978: 523 (key, distribution); Donev 1987: 75 (distribution); Donev 1988b: 205 (distribution).

Alaptus crassus Kryger 1950: 33 [as A. crassus Enock]. Type locality (of the lectotype designated by Hincks 1959: 142): Goring-by-Sea, West Sussex Co., England, UK. Synonymized under A. minimus by Hincks 1959: 141 –142.

Alaptus parvulinus [sic] Mercet: Kryger 1950: 35 (list).

Alaptus uncinatus Kryger 1950: 36 [as A. uncinatus Enock]. Type locality (of the lectotype designated by Hincks 1959: 142): Richmond, London Borough of Richmond upon Thames, England, UK. Synonymized under A. minimus by Hincks 1959: 141 –142.

Alaptus aegyptiacus Soyka 1950: 121 –122. Type locality: Alexandria, Alexandria Governorate, Egypt. Syn. n.

Alaptus auranti (Mercet): Peck 1963: 26 (catalog); Yoshimoto 1990: 23 (list).

Alaptus borinquensis Dozier: De Santis 1979: 362 (catalog); Huber & Noyes 2013: 18 (mentioned), 36 (type information, body length measurements), 38 (mentioned).

Alaptus malchinensis Soyka: Vidal 2001: 60 (list).

Alaptus maccabei Girault: Lin et al. 2007: 21 (list).

Alaptus aegyptiacus Soyka: Huber et al. 2009: 271 (list).

Type material examined. Alaptus minimus Westwood: lectotype female [NMID], designated by Hincks 1959: 141 and remounted by W.D. Hincks from the original card (Fig. 86), on slide (Fig. 88) labeled: 1. “ Alaptus minimus Haliday in Walker, 1846. LECTOTYPE [in red ink] ♀”, 2. “From Card 97 Haliday coll. in National Mus. Dublin. Selected by W. D. Hincks I.1958 Mtd. in Gum Chloral.”. The specimen is dirty but otherwise in fair condition, mounted dorsoventrally, lacking one fore leg and both middle legs. The water-soluble, gum chloral-based mounting medium (Berlese fluid or Hoyer’s) has already dried near the edges under the large coverslip, so eventually the lectotype will need to be remounted in Canada balsam; that needs to be done before the dry areas reach and potentially rupture the specimen. The slide is in a MMUE-style brown envelope (Fig. 87) labeled: “ Alaptus minimus Haliday in Walker, 1846. LECTOTYPE [in red ink] ♀ Selected by W D Hincks I.1958 Haliday Collection, National Museum, Dublin From Card no. 97 Mounted in Gum Chloral.”. In the main A.H. Haliday collection of Mymaridae in NMID, there is a pin above the printed label “1 minimus Walk. ” (Fig. 86) with a note written by W.D. Hincks: “Card 97 LECTOTYPE [in red ink] of Alaptus minimus Haliday in Walker, 1846 Selected by W. D. Hincks I.1958 and mounted on a glass slide”. Also a paralectotype female [OUMNH], designated by Graham 1982: 194, on card labeled: 1. “5”, 2. “ Alaptus minimus Wlk. Haliday Coll ”, 3. [M.R.W. de Vere Graham’s number] “W12”. The specimen, which is in good condition, was listed by Graham (1982: 238) as “ Alaptus ? minimus Westwood ♀”.

Alaptus aegyptiacus Soyka: apparently the holotype female [ISNB] on slide (Fig. 100) labeled: 1. “ Alaptus ♀ aegyptiacus (Soyka) 9.III.32. Coll. Soyka”, 2. [red] “Para-Type”, 3. “R. I. Sc. Nat. Belg. L. G. 17.724”, 4. “J. Ghesquière vid., 1951!”, 5. “Alexandria on Oleander with Saissetia oleae Aspid. hederae Pseud. longispinus ”. Even though this specimen (Fig. 101), which is in good condition, mounted laterally, and complete, is labeled as a “Para-Type”, it has to be the holotype because its label data matches its published data perfectly (Soyka 1950); W. Soyka probably had not marked the types of this species initially and mislabeled it later. The allotype male (also from Alexandria, Egypt), from which this species was described besides the holotype female, is likely lost from PPDD along with the other W. Soyka’s types of the Egyptian Mymaridae deposited there (Magdy Salem, personal communication). The following non-type specimens, identified by W. Soyka as A. aegyptiacus, were examined: 1 female [NHMW] on slide labeled: 1. “ Alaptus ♀ aegyptiacus (Soyka) ”, 2. [red] “Co-Type”, 3. “Chalcid [crossed out] Guava Mataria [likely = Al Mataria, (El-Zaitoun), Cairo, Egypt] 243. 24-3-21 ” [the specimen was likely collected by the coccidologist [W.J.] Hall (Soyka 1950)]; 1 male [NHMW] on slide labeled: 1. “ Alaptus ♂ aegyptiacus (Soyka) ”, 2. [red] “Co-Type”, 3. “Alexandria on Eggs of Psocid 22.4.33 ”; 1 female [NHMW] on slide labeled: 1. “ Alaptus ♀ aegyptiacus (Soyka) ”, 2. [an empty red label], 3. [scratched on glass] “Chalcid sp. Jasmine Zaitoun 5/II – 19/3/21]” (also likely collected by W.J. Hall).

Parvulinus auranti García Mercet: I examined 3 female syntypes, all on slides, on loan from MNCN (no type specimens were mentioned in the original description besides their type locality). Lectotype female [MNCN], here designated to avoid the existing confusion regarding the status of the type specimens of this taxon, on slide (Fig. 89) labeled: 1. [partially in pencil, India ink, and printed] “ 9-XI- 911 tipo gen. Parvulinus auranti Mercet Naranja Valencia Prep. J. Sanz”; 2. [red] “MNCN Cat. Tipos N o 10309”; 3. [database number] “MNCN_Ent 120126 ”. The lectotype (Fig. 90), collected on 9.xi.1911, is in good condition, complete, mounted dorsoventrally in what appears to be a well-preserved Hoyer’s medium; if this is indeed the case, it may eventually need to be remounted in a permanent medium such as Canada balsam. Paralectotypes [MNCN]: two females on individual slides with the similar label data as on the lectotype slide except for the different collection dates and database numbers but lacking “tipo” inscription in India ink and the red type number label: 1 complete female, “ 19-IV- 912”, MNCN_Ent 120123; and appendages and 1 mandible dissected from another female (“ 7-XI- 911”, MNCN_Ent 120123), under 1 coverslip in a completely dried Hoyer’s medium (apparently the illustrations provided in the original description were made from this slide); 3 other females on slides in MNCN (not examined), with the same original label data except for the following collection dates: “ 25-XI- 911”, “ 29-XI- 911”, and “ 30-XI- 911” (Mercedes París, personal communication). Also 1 paralectotype female [DEZA] on slide labeled: 1. “ Parvulinus auranti Mercet naranja [in pencil] Valencia Prep. J. Sanz”; 2. “ Alaptus minimus Halid. ♀ ” (in G. Viggiani’s handwriting).

Alaptus borinquensis Dozier: lectotype female [USNM], here designated to avoid the existing confusion about the status of the specimens of the type series and the identity of this species, on slide (Fig. 109) labeled: 1. “ Alaptus borinquensis Dozier 1 ♀ Reared from Asterolecanium pustulans material on Cassia fistula May 17–1925 Rio Piedras, P.R. H. L. Dozier”; 2. [red] “ Alaptus borinquensis Dozier Type ♀ Type No. 43879 U.S.N.M.”. The lectotype (Fig. 110) is uncleared, complete, mounted dorsoventrally. Paralectotypes [USNM]: 1 female on slide, same data as the lectotype except “ May 14–1925 ” and “Paratype” (no USNM number); 1 female and 2 males under the same coverslip on slide, same data as the lectotype except “2 ♂ + 1 ♀”, “ May 19–1925 ”, and “Type ♂” (no USNM number). Paratype: 1 female [USNM] on slide, same data as the lectotype except “ May 19–1925 ” and “Paratype”; it was specifically mentioned as such by Dozier (1932, p. 91) as the one deposited in the USNM under No. 43879, and thus it was not part of the original syntype series.

Alaptus crassus Kryger: lectotype female [BMNH] on slide labeled: 1. [in red ink, BMNH type number] “5.1651”; 2. “Goring 17.7.12 C. Waterhouse”; 3. [printed] “1919-185”; 4. “ Alaptus crassus ♀ Enock”; 5. “ Alaptus crassus (Enock Mss.) Kryger, 1950. LECTOTYPE [in red ink] Selected by W. D. Hincks 12.57”. The lectotype is in good condition but uncleared, mounted dorsoventrally, complete.

Alaptus intonsipennis Girault: lectotype female [INHS], designated by Frison (1927), on slide labeled: 1. “ ♀ Alaptus intonsipennis Girault. Hendrix, Illinois July 22, 1910. Aag. On window of waiting room at station. [an illegible code added later]”; 2. “no.44115 Types. 2 ♀ ’s.”; 3. [red] “ LECTOTYPE Alaptus intonsipennis ♀ Girault”; 4. [database label] “INHS Insect Collection 508,933”; 5. [on the underside, blue] “ PARATYPE ♀ Alaptus intonsipennis Girault ”. The lectotype is uncleared, mounted ventrodorsally, in poor condition, complete; it is under the same coverslip with a female paralectotype, which has the head plus antennae detached from the body.

Alaptus maccabei Girault: paralectotype female [USNM], here designated, based on this original syntype which was not mentioned or examined by Dahms (1984), on slide labeled: 1. “ ♀ Alaptus maccabei Girault ♀ cotype ♂ Trichogramma australicum Girault ”; 2. “ Neobrachista fasciata Girault [an illegible word] ♂ [2 illegible words] Nelson, N. Q. IV.10.1912 window”; 3. [red] “ Alaptus maccabei Gir. Cotype No. U.S. N.M. ”.

Alaptus maidli Soyka: holotype female [NHMW] on slide (Fig. 106) labeled: 1. “ Alaptus ♀ maidli Soyka Type”, 2. [red] “Type”, 3. “Valkenburg – Holland Ign. Kolleg – am Fenster Oktober 1931, Coll. et det. W. Soyka In Canadabalsam”. The holotype (Figs 107, 108) is in poor condition (strongly shriveled, with the head collapsed), mounted laterally, almost complete (lacking tips of one fore wing and one hind wing).

Alaptus malchinensis Soyka: lectotype female [NHMW], here designated to avoid the existing confusion regarding the status of the type specimens of this taxon, on slide (Fig. 97) labeled: 1. “ Alaptus ♀ malchinensis (Soyka) det. W. Soyka”, 2. [red] “Type 1”, 3. “Malchin Mecklenburg Jettchens Hof Aug. 1935 Coll. Dr. Stammer In Canadab.”. The lectotype (Fig. 96) is in fair condition, mounted dorsoventrally with head + antennae detached from the body, complete. Paralectotypes (the species was described from 1 “type” and 20 “cotypes” but actually 2 females are marked as “Type” among them): 1 female [NHMW] on slide labeled: 1. “ Alaptus ♀ malchinensis (Soyka) ”, 2. [red] “Type 2”, 3. “Malchin Mecklenburg Jettchens Hof Aug. 1935 Coll. J. Stammer In Canadabalsam”; 1 female [NHMW] on slide labeled: 1. “ Alaptus ♀ malchinensis Soyka ”, 2. [red] “Co-Type”, 3. “Malchin Mecklenburg Jettchens Hof Aug. 1936 Coll. Dr. Stammer In Canadabalsam”; 1 female [NHMW] on slide labeled: 1. “ Alaptus ♀ malchinensis (Soyka) ”, 2. [red] “Co-Type”, 3. “Malchin Mecklenburg Jettchens Hof Aug. 1936 Coll. Dr. Stammer In Canadabalsam”; 1 female [NHMW] on slide labeled: 1. “ Alaptus ♀ malchinensis Soyka det. W. Soyka”, 2. [red] “Co-Type”, 3. “Malchin Mecklenburg Jettchens Hof Aug. 1935 Coll. Dr. Stammer In Canadabalsam”; 1 female [ISNB] on slide labeled: 1. “ Alaptus ♀ malchinensis Soyka det. W. Soyka”, 2. [red] “Para-Type”, 3. “R. I. Sc. Nat. Belg. L. G. 17.724”, 4. “J. Ghesquière vid., 1951!”, 5. “Malchin Mecklenburg Jettchens Hof August 1936 Coll. Soyka Lg Dr. Stammer In Canadabalsam”.

Alaptus uncinatus Kryger: lectotype female [BMNH] on slide labeled: 1. “ Alaptus uncinatus Enock [in pencil] ♀ Richmond 18-9-12 C. Waterhouse”; 2. [printed] “1919-185”; 3. “ Alaptus uncinatus (Enock Ms.) Kryger 1950. 5.1652 LECTOTYPE [in red ink] ♀ Selected by W. D. Hincks 12.57.”. The lectotype is uncleared, mounted dorsoventrally, perfectly spread out, lacking clava of one antenna.

Material examined. AUSTRIA: TYROL, Krössbach, W. Soyka: 26.vi.1945 (on window from hay) [1 ♀, NHMW] (identified by W. Soyka A. foersteri); 5.ix.1949 (on window) [1 ♀, NHMW] (labeled by W. Soyka as a “Type” of A. alpinus [his manuscript name]). BELGIUM: FLEMISH BRABANT: Leuven: Egenhoven, 4.ix.1941, H.R. Debauche [1 ♀, ISNB]. Heverlee: 19.ix.1941, H.R. Debauche [1 ♀, ISNB]; 9.vii.1942, H.R. Debauche [3 ♀, ISNB]; 9.vii.1942, H.R. Debauche [1 ♀, ISNB]; 30.vii.1942, A. Raignier [1 ♀, ISNB]. Kampenhout, 5.ix.1941, H.R. Debauche [1 ♀, ISNB]. Tervuren: Bois des Capucins, 20.vi.1942, H.R. Debauche [1 ♀, ISNB]; Étang du Merisier, 4.vii.1945, H.R. Debauche [1 ♀, ISNB]. LIÈGE, Wanze, Antheit, Corphalie, R. Detry: 28.vii– 11.viii.1989 [1 ♀, ISNB]; 28.vi–6.vii.1990 [1 ♀, ISNB]. CANADA: NEW BRUNSWICK, Fredericton, 11.vii.1933, R.E. Balch [1 ♂, MLPA]. ONTARIO: One Sided Lake, 16.vii.1960, S.M. Clark [1 ♀, 3 ♂, CNC]. Oxford Mills, 13.vii.1978, N. Tulsiram [1 ♀, 1 ♂, CNC]. Spencerville, 15.viii.1978, L. Masner [1 ♀, CNC]. Sturgeon Falls, 18.vii.1973, C.M. Yoshimoto [1 ♀, CNC]. DENMARK: HOVEDSTADEN, Dyrehaven (Jaegersborg Dyrehave, Zealand Island), Fortunens Indelukke, O. Bakkendorf: 21.iv.1947 [1 ♀, ZMUC]; 15.vii.1951 [1 ♀, ZMUC]. ESTONIA: Lääne Co., Vormsi Island, Norrby, 8.viii.2002, M. Koponen [1 ♀, FMNH]. FINLAND: CENTRAL OSTROBOTHNIA, Kalajoki (Himanka), 1.viii.1995, M. Koponen [1 ♂, FMNH]. PÄIJÄNNE TAVASTIA, Heinola, 20.vii.1983, M. Koponen [1 ♀, FMNH]. SATAKUNTA, Nakkila, 10.viii.1992, M. Koponen [2 ♀, FMNH]. SOUTH KARELIA, Rautjärvi, 3.vii.1990, M. Koponen [1 ♀, FMNH]. SOUTHERN OSTROBOTHNIA: Alajärvi, 1.viii.1995, M. Koponen [1 ♀, FMNH]. Kauhava (Alahärmä), 1.viii.1995, M. Koponen [1 ♀, FMNH]. SOUTHERN SAVONIA: Mikkeli, M. Koponen: 17.viii.1980 [1 ♀, FMNH]; 12.vii.1981 [2 ♀, FMNH]; 25.viii.1996 [1 ♀, FMNH]; 27.viii.2000 [1 ♀, FMNH]. Pieksänmaa, Sorsasalo, 21.vii–17.viii.2001, P. Martikainen (on aspen) [1 ♀, FMNH]. TAVASTIA PROPER, Hämeenlinna (Lammi), 23.viii.1981, M. Koponen [1 ♀, FMNH]. UUSIMAA: Helsinki: 28.vii.1981, M. Koponen [1 ♀, FMNH]; 29.viii.1982, Y. Zhongqi (Viikki) [1 ♀, FMNH]. Hyvinkää, 19.vii.1981, M. Koponen [3 ♂, FMNH]. Inkoo (Ingå), 30.viii.1981, M. Koponen [2 ♀, FMNH]. Kirkkonummi, 20.viii.1981, M. Koponen [1 ♀, FMNH]. Nurmijärvi, M. Koponen: 28.viii.1982 [1 ♀, FMNH]; 15.ix.1984 [1 ♀, FMNH]; 5.viii.1986 [2 ♀, FMNH]; 30.viii.1987 [1 ♀, FMNH]; 5.viii.1990 [1 ♀, FMNH]; 1.ix.1993 [1 ♀, FMNH]; 23.ix.1993 [1 ♀, FMNH]; 12.viii.1995 [1 ♀, 1 ♂, FMNH]; 15.viii.1995 [4 ♀, FMNH]. Sipoo, 26.vii.1981, M. Koponen [5 ♀, 2 ♂, FMNH]. Tuusula, 3.ix.1992, M. Koponen [1 ♀, FMNH]. Vantaa, 6.viii.1980, M. Koponen [1 ♀, FMNH]. FRANCE: BOUCHES-DU-RHÔNE, Rognes, 13.vii.1978, M.W.R. de Vere Graham [1 ♀, BMNH]. GIRONDE, Sainte Colombe, 44°54’N 00°02’W, M. van Helden: 2.vii.1998 [6 ♀, UCRC]; 30.vii.1998 [7 ♀, 5 ♂, UCRC]; 13.viii.1998 [6 ♀, 2 ♂, UCRC]; 27.viii.1998 [1 ♀, UCRC]; 9.vii.1999 [10 ♀, 5 ♂, UCRC]. GEORGIA: ADJARA: Batumi: Botanic Gardens, 19.viii.1953, V.A. Trjapitzin (on Carpinus sp., Elaeagnus sp., and Quercus sp.) [1 ♀, ZIN]. Kakhaberi, Gruzbiolaboratoriya (Georgian Biological Control Laboratory), 22.viii.1953, I.A. Baranovskaya (emerged from fig twigs infested with Liparthrum colchicum Semenov (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)) [2 ♀, ZIN]. Keda, Adjaritskali River bank, 30.viii.1953, V.A. Trjapitzin (on Alnus sp.) [1 ♀, ZIN]. Shuahevi District, Olodauri, 7.viii.1953, V.A. Trjapitzin (from Rhamnus sp. heavily infested by a scale) [1 ♀, ZIN]. GERMANY: MECKLENBURG- WESTERN POMERANIA, Malchin, ca. 1 km E of Pisede, Jettchenshof, H.-J. Stammer: viii.1935 [1 ♀, EMEC; 6 ♀, NHMW] (3 incorrectly labeled by W. Soyka as “Para-Type”s of A. minimus and 3 identified by him as A. malchinensis); viii.1936 [1 ♀, ISNB; 4 ♀, 1 ♂, NHMW; 1 ♀, USNM] (4 females incorrectly labeled by W. Soyka as a “Para-Type” of A. minimus, 1 female identified by him as A.? foersteri, and the male as A. malchinensis). GREECE: Crete Island, Chania, v.1978 [1 ♀, 1 ♂, DEZA]. ITALY: CAMPANIA, Avellino Prov.: Avellino, 8.vi.1919, F. Silvestri (on hazelnut) [1 ♀, DEZA]. San Pietro, 4.vii.1919, F. Silvestri [3 ♀, DEZA]. LAZIO: Roma Prov.: Caldara di Manziana, 42°05.607’N 12°05.906’E, 305 m, 10.vi.2003, M. Bologna, J. Munro, A. Owen, J.D. Pinto [2 ♀, UCRC]. Castelporziano Presidential Estate: La Focetta, 41°41.474’N 12°22.633’E, 10 m, 11– 12.vi.2003, M. Bologna, J. Munro, A. Owen, J.D. Pinto [6 ♀, UCRC]; Ponte Guidoni, 41°45.415’N 12°23.851’E, 80 m, 11–12.vi.2003, M. Bologna, J. Munro, A. Owen, J.D. Pinto [49 ♀, UCRC]. Near Maccarese Cemetary, 41°52.836’N 12°16.190’E, 40 m, 11.vi.2003, M. Bologna, J. Munro, A. Owen, J.D. Pinto [1 ♀, UCRC]. Viterbo Prov.: Ponte San Pietro, 42°31.669’N 11°36.353’E, 75 m, 10.vi.2003, M. Bologna, J. Munro, A. Owen, J.D. Pinto [1 ♀, UCRC]. San Giovenale, 42°13.568’N 12°00.039’E, 225 m, 9.vi.2003, M. Bologna, J. Munro, A. Owen, J.D. Pinto [1 ♀, UCRC]. KYRGYZSTAN: ISSYK-KUL, S Shore of Lake Issyk-kul, 10 km E of Kadzhi-Saj, 42°10’33’’N 77°18’55’’E, 1675 m, 2–6.vii.1999, C.H. Dietrich [1 ♂, UCRC]. NETHERLANDS: LIMBURG, Valkenburg, St. Ignatius Jesuit College (Ignatiuskolleg), W. Soyka (on window): 25.vii.1931 [1 ♀, NHMW] (incorrectly labeled by W. Soyka as a “Co-Type”); 7.x.1931 [1 ♀, ISNB; 1 ♀, 1 ♂, NHMW] (female incorrectly labeled by W. Soyka as a “Co-Type”, and male as “Type”); 28.vi.1932 [1 ♀, DEZA] (incorrectly labeled by W. Soyka as a “Para-Type” of A. minimus), 1 ♀, NHMW (incorrectly labeled by W. Soyka both as a “Para-Type” and “Type” of A. minimus). POLAND: PODLASKIE VOIVODESHIP, Białowieża, 7.vii.1988, M. Koponen [1 ♀, FMNH]. PORTUGAL: MADEIRA, Madeira Island, Funchal, M. Koponen: Monte, 550 m, 3.ix.1996 [1 ♀, FMNH]. Terreiro de Luta—Monte trail, 650–850 m, 5.ix.1996 [1 ♀, FMNH]. Vale do Paraíso, 740 m, 7.ix.1996 [6 ♀, FMNH]. RUSSIA: LENINGRADSKAYA OBLAST’, Vaganovo, 60°05’24.5’’N 31°02’08.3’’E, 25 m, 15– 30.vi.2016, A. Knyshov [3 ♀, UCRC]. MOSKOVSKAYA OBLAST’, Noginskiy rayon, Fryazevo, M.E. Tretiakov: 25.vi–2.vii.2000 [1 ♀, 1 ♂, UCRC]; 25.vii.2000 [2 ♀, 1 ♂, UCRC]; 26.vii–14.viii.2000 [1 ♀, UCRC]; 15– 25.viii.2000 [3 ♀, 3 ♂, UCRC, ZIN]; 23.viii.2000 [4 ♀, 2 ♂, UCRC, ZIN]; 25–31.viii.2000 [1 ♀, 1 ♂, UCRC]; 20.vii.2001 [5 ♀, 1 ♂, UCRC]; 25.vii.2002 [1 ♀, UCRC]. Pushkinskiy rayon, Pushkino, Mamontovka, E.Ya. Shuvakhina: 20–31.vii.2000 [2 ♀, 8 ♂, UCRC, ZIN]; 1-10.VIII 2000 [4 ♂, UCRC, ZIN]; 10-20.VIII 2000 [1 ♀, UCRC]; 6–26.vi.2001 [1 ♀, UCRC]. PRIMORSKIY KRAY: Terneyskiy rayon, Mel’nichnyi, 29.vi–1.vii.2001, M.V. Michailovskaya [1 ♀, UCRC]. Ussuriyskiy rayon, Gornotayozhnoye, M.V. Michailovskaya: 17–18.vi.1999 [1 ♀, UCRC]; 11–14.vii.1999 [1 ♀, UCRC]; 5–11.viii.1999 [2 ♀, IBPV, UCRC]; 17–18.viii.1999 [1 ♀, UCRC]; 28.viii–5.ix.1999 [3 ♀, IBPV, UCRC]; ix.1999 [1 ♀, UCRC]; 11–21.vi.2000 [2 ♂, IBPV, UCRC]; 21–31.vii.2000 [1 ♀, UCRC]; 11–20.viii.2000 [1 ♂, UCRC]; 10–17.vii.2002 [1 ♂, UCRC]; 12–15.viii.2002 [1 ♂, UCRC]; 24.vi– 4.vii.2003 [1 ♀, UCRC]; 27.viii–5.ix.2003 [1 ♀, 1 ♂, UCRC]; 20–30.ix.2003 [1 ♀, 1 ♂, UCRC]. SAKHALINSKAYA OBLAST’, Sakhalin Island: 2 km E of Sokol, near Belaya River, 21.vii.2001, D.J. Bennett, T. Anderson [1 ♂, CAS]. 2–3 km E of Sokol, a tributary of Belaya River, 10.viii.2001, N. Minakawa [1 ♀, 1 ♂, CAS]. 6 km E of Sokol: 12.viii.2001, D.J. Bennett, T. Anderson [4 ♀, 1 ♂, CAS, UCRC]; near Belaya River, D.J. Bennett, T. Anderson: 24.vii.2001 [2 ♀, 2 ♂, CAS, UCRC]; 31.vii.2001 [1 ♀, CAS]; 16.viii.2001 [1 ♀, CAS]. SWITZERLAND: GLARUS, Schwanden, 1300 m, 28.v.1996 (from Picea abies logs from middle of 120 year old forest, emerged in glasshouse) [1 ♀, CNC]. UK: ENGLAND: Berkshire Co., Sunninghill (near Ascot), Silwood Park, 27.vi–4.vii.1984, J. Waage, M.J. Matthews [1 ♀, BMNH]. Bristol, Hallen Wood, 14.vii.1928, J.P. Kryger [1 ♀, USNM]. Dorset Co., Bournemouth, S.G.C. Brown: 7.x.1981 [1 ♀, BMNH]; 8.x.1981 [12 ♀, 5 ♂, BMNH]; 6.vi.1982 [1 ♀, BMNH]; 7.viii.1982 [4 ♀, BMNH]; 8.x.1982 [5 ♀, BMNH]. Hampshire Co.: Awbridge, 51°01’18’’N 1°32’27’’W, 52 m, C. Vardy: vii.1981 [1 ♀, BMNH]; ix.1981 [1 ♀, BMNH]. Brockenhurst, 24.v.1912, C.O. Waterhouse [3 ♀, BMNH]. Near Mottisfont, B3084 Hwy roadside, 51°03’08.4’’N 1°32’59.2’’W, 66 m, 30.viii.2014, S.V. Triapitsyn [1 ♀, UCRC]. Herefordshire Co., Ross-on-Wye, 3–9.ix.1979, R.S. George [1 ♀, BMNH]. Kent Co., Broadstairs, 20.vii.1911, C.O. Waterhouse [2 ♀, BMNH]. London Borough of Ealing, 15.ix.1904, W.T. Calman [1 ♀, BMNH]. Richmond Park, 26.vii–24.viii [year unknown], F. Enock [1 ♀, MMUE] (misidentified by H. Britten as A. fusculus). North Yorkshire Co., Malham Tarn (near Malham), 17.viii.1958, W.D. Hincks [1 ♂, MMUE]. Surrey Co., Horne, 31.iv.1911, C.O. Waterhouse [1 ♀, BMNH]. West Sussex Co., Goringby-Sea, C.O. Waterhouse: 15.vii.1912 [1 ♀, BMNH]; 17.vii.1912 [5 ♀, BMNH]; 18.vii.1912 [1 ♀, BMNH]; 22.vii.1912 [1 ♀, BMNH]; 14.viii.1915 [1 ♀, BMNH]; 3.viii.1916 [1 ♀, BMNH]; 17.viii.1916 [1 ♀, BMNH]. SCOTLAND, Renfrewshire, Paisley, Foxbar, 5–10.vii.1982, R.S. George [1 ♀, BMNH]. WALES, Conwy Co. Borough, Llandudno, 17.viii.1910, C.O. Waterhouse [1 ♀, BMNH]. USA: CALIFORNIA: Marin Co., Mill Valley: 20.vi.1957, H.B. Leech [1 ♀, CAS]; 25.vi.1957, H.B. Leech (on Quercus sp.) [1 ♀, CAS]; 27.x.1965 [8 ♀, 2 ♂, EMEC]; 29.x.1965 [2 ♀, 2 ♂, EMEC]; 2.vi.1968, R.L. Doutt [5 ♀, EMEC]. Merced Co., near Livingston, E. & J. Gallo Ranch (Hayes site), 25.iii.1996, S.V. Triapitsyn (from French prune plant material) [1 ♂, UCRC]. Sonoma Co., 2 mi. N of Agua Caliente (roadside of Hwy 12 and Madrone Rd.), 17.viii.1995, S.V. Triapitsyn (from grape leaves) [1 ♀, UCRC]. DELAWARE, New Castle Co., Newark, University of Delaware Agricultural Experiment Station, 12.viii.1929, H.L. Dozier (on window) [1 ♀, USNM]. FLORIDA: Levy Co., Manatee Springs State Park, 27–29.v.1978, N.F. Johnson [1 ♀, CNC]. Sarasota Co., Oscar Scherer State Park, 27–29.v.1978, N.F. Johnson [2 ♀, CNC]. ILLINOIS, Effingham Co., Lake Sara (S shore), 7.ix.1993, J.D. Pinto [1 ♂, UCRC]. IOWA, Story Co., Ames, 10.x.1943, A.A. Ogloblin [1 ♀, MLPA]. LOUISIANA, New Orleans, 13–20.vii.1923, H.K. Plank (“Ex. Pseudaonidia duplex Crll. ”) [6 ♀, USNM] (misidentified by A.B. Gahan as Metalaptus torquatus Malenotti). MARYLAND, Prince George’s Co., Laurel, USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, M. Schauff: 10–18.vii.1979 [1 ♀, USNM]; 10–18.vii.1980 [1 ♀, USNM]; 8–15.viii.1980 [1 ♀, USNM]; 6–20.x.1980 [3 ♀, 3 ♂, USNM]. MICHIGAN, Ingham Co., Michigan State University Tree Research Center, 42°40’12’’N 84°28’12’’W, 267 m, 14– 29.viii.2014, T. Petrice (on black locust tree, Robinia pseudoacacia) [1 ♀, UCRC]. MISSOURI, Shannon Co., 37°03’44’’N 91°36’56’’W, 15–30.ix.2000, J.V. Maddox [1 ♀, 1 ♂, CAS]. NEW YORK: Onondaga Co., Jamesville, Henneberry Rd., 42°55’00’’N 76°00’23’’W, 11–15.vii.2001, M. Wuenschel [1 ♀, UCRC]. Seneca Co., 4.5 mi. SW of Lodi, Silver Thread Vineyard, 42°33’45.5’’N 76°52’27.2’’W, 202 m, 30.vii–14.viii.2010, G. Loeb, S.V. Triapitsyn [1 ♀, UCRC]. Tompkins Co., Ithaca, 12.viii.1928, J.P. Kryger [1 ♀, 1 ♂, USNM]. North Carolina, Macon Co., 17.v.1964, W. Ciesla (“egg mass, Ennomos subsignarius ”) [1 ♀, USNM].

Extralimital material examined. ARGENTINA: BUENOS AIRES, Bella Vista, 26.x.1949, A.A. Ogloblin [1 ♀, MLPA]. MISIONES, Loreto, 25.viii.1934, [A.A. Ogloblin] (from psocid eggs on citrus) [1 ♀, MLPA]. CAPE VERDE: Santiago Island, São Jorge dos Órgãos, A. van Harten: xi.1984 [1 ♀, DEZA]; ii.1985 [1 ♀, DEZA] (det. G. Viggiani). NEW ZEALAND: North Island, Massey, vi.1980, E.W. Valentine [1 ♀, BMNH]. PAKISTAN: PUNJAB, Faisalabad, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 31°25.844’N 73°03.665’E, 184 m, 17– 24.ix.2011, M.S. & C. Hoddle (SQ9, citrus orchard) [1 ♀, UCRC].

Redescription. FEMALE (lectotype and paralectotypes of Parvulinus auranti and “typical” non-type specimens from Europe that agree with the lectotype of A. minimus and Hincks’ (1959) diagnosis). Body length of the dry-mounted, critical point dried specimens 270–360 mm, of the slide-mounted specimens 310–450 mm. Head dark brown, rest of body brown to dark brown, appendages mostly brownish (clava often dark brown).

Vertex with faint sculpture. Antenna (Figs 91, 93) about as long as body; scape 2.7–3.4× as long as wide, F1 slightly shorter than pedicel, F2 the longest funicle segment and 2.7–5.0× as long as wide, F3 slightly shorter than F2 and slightly longer than F4, F5 the widest funicle segment; clava 2.8–3.1× as long as wide, with 4 mps, a little shorter than combined length of F3–F5.

Midlobe of mesoscutum (Fig. 94) more or less transversely striate. Fore wing (Figs 92, 95) 0.31–0.41 mm long, 8.3–10.3× as long as wide; disc slightly infumate and with a complete row of 6–15 setae closer to anterior margin besides the admarginal rows; longest marginal seta 3.4–4.1× maximum wing width. Hind wing (Fig. 92) 14–17× as long as wide; disc more notably infumate, with 1 complete row of setae a little closer to posterior margin; longest marginal seta 5.3–6.7× maximum wing width.

Ovipositor (Figs 90, 94) length 115–155 µm, slightly exserted beyond apex of gaster (by up to 0.1× own total length), occupying at least 0.7× of it length, and usually 1.2–1.3× length of metatibia (occasionally 1.1× or 1.4×).

Variation (lectotype (Fig. 96) and paralectotypes of A. malchinensis and non-type specimens from France and the European part of Russia that agree with them). Body length of slide-mounted specimens 390–515 µm; ovipositor length 152–221 µm; antenna (Fig. 98) with F2 3.8–5.6× as long as wide, clava 3.4–4.0× as long as wide; fore wing (Fig. 99) length 400–530 µm, 8.1–9.5× as long as wide, disc usually with 9–17 setae in complete row and very rarely with 1 or 2 additional setae closer to apex just behind the complete row of setae; ovipositor usually 1.2– 1.4×, occasionally 1.5× length of metatibia, exserted a little beyond gastral apex (by at most 0.1× own total length).

The presumed female holotype of A. aegyptiacus (Fig. 101) is characterized by the following: body length 355 µm; body dark brown, antenna brown, legs light brown to brown; F1 a little shorter than pedicel (as 9:11), F2 almost 6.0× as long as wide, clava a little shorter than combined length of F3–F5; fore wing with about 14 setae in a row next to anterior admarginal row of setae; ovipositor almost 1.6× as long as mesotibia, slightly exserted beyond gastral apex (by about 0.1× its total own length), ovipositor length 203 µm.

MALE (“typical” non-type specimens from Europe that agree with Hincks’ (1959) diagnosis and corresponding females). Body length of slide-mounted specimens 360–440 µm. Similar to female except for normal sexually dimorphic features of antenna and genitalia and the following. Antenna (Fig. 102) with scape 2.0– 2.5× as long as wide, Fl slightly shorter than pedicel and shorter than following segments, all flagellar segments much longer than wide; fore wing (Fig. 103) 360–460 µm long, 7.9–8.7× as long as wide, with a complete row of 8–14 setae closer to anterior margin; hind wing (Fig. 104) with a row of setae at posterior margin. Genitalia (Fig. 105) length 48–57 µm.

Variation (non-type specimens from France that agree, mainly in body size, with A. malchinensis -like females from the same collecting event). Body length of slide-mounted specimens 450–510 µm; antenna with scape 2.8– 3.2× as long as wide, Fl about as long as pedicel and shorter than following segments; fore wing 470–490 µm long, 7.6–8.4× as long as wide, with a complete row of 12–17 setae closer to anterior margin; genitalia length 48–57 µm.

Diagnosis. Differentiation of A. minimus from A. fusculus, as proposed by Hincks (1959), is not clear-cut. In the “typical” A. minimus the ovipositor is somewhat variable in length (115–155 µm) and is 1.1–1.4× length of metatibia, whereas in the specimens attributable to A. aegyptiacus and A. malchinensis (the apparent holotype of the former appears to be conspecific with the lectotype of the latter; I also have seen many specimens like that among Alaptus material from various countries in the Palaearctic region) it is 150–220 µm long and 1.2–1.5× length of metatibia. Both these nominal species are thus apparent intermediates between the “typical” A. minimus and A. fusculus, as in the latter the ovipositor is also somewhat variable in length (240–320 µm and 1.6–1.8× length of metatibia). So, without having at hand supporting molecular and much harder to get cross-breeding data, it seems impossible to figure this out based only on simple morphometry. I am following Hincks (1959) in tentatively placing A. malchinensis -like larger individuals in A. minimus because usually they lack the inconspicuous basal seta (or a pair of setae) on F2 of the female antenna and usually have the proportions of F2 more like in A. minimus, which is the earlier described taxon (in females of A. fusculus, F2 usually has a basal seta or a pair of setae in addition to the apical setae, but that may be a quite unreliable character because some A. minimus may have them). Other diagnostic characters used by Hincks (1959) to separate A. fusculus from A. minimus (including A. malchinensis), such is the number of setae in the row on the fore wing disc, have proven to be too variable to provide any reliable differentiation between them; their male genitalia are also identical in shape and structure, those of A. fusculus being just slightly longer on average than those of A. minimus but the ranges of their length overlap broadly. Eventually A. fusculus may be shown to be just large individuals of A. minimus, much like A. aegyptiacus and A. malchinensis probably are, and as those species are treated here. This situation is very similar to that with the problems in differentiation between the European mymarid species Camptoptera papaveris Foerster and C. magna Soyka (Triapitsyn 2014).

Distribution. Nearctic: Canada * and USA *; Palaearctic: Austria *, Belgium (Debauche 1948), Bulgaria (Donev 1978, 1987, 1988b [also as A. maidli]), Denmark (Kryger 1950), Egypt (Kryger 1932; Ghesquière 1939; Debauche 1949; Soyka 1950 [also as A. aegyptiacus]), Estonia *, Finland (Hellén 1974), France *, Georgia *, Germany, Greece (Donev 1985a, 1987 [as A. maidli]), Italy (Viggiani & Jesu 1988), Kyrgyzstan *, Macedonia (Donev 1988a), Netherlands (Soyka 1939a), Poland *, Portugal * (Madeira *), Romania (Boţoc 1963; Pricop 2009, 2013), Russia *, Serbia (Donev 1985b), Spain (García Mercet 1912 [as A. auranti]), Switzerland (Thompson 1958), and UK: England (Kryger 1950), Scotland *, and Wales *; Afrotropical: Cape Verde (Viggiani & van Harten 1996); Australasian: Australia * and New Zealand *; Neotropical: Argentina * and Puerto Rico (Dozier 1932 [as A. borinquensis]); Oriental: Pakistan *. Although Shutova & Kukhtina (1955, p. 216) listed “ Parvulinus aurantii Mercet ” from Primorskiy kray, Russia, that record needs confirmation (if their voucher specimens exist, but that is quite doubtful) because it could be of any Alaptus sp. including A. minimus.

Hosts. Valenzuela flavidus (Stephens) (Caeciliusidae) (Thompson 1958), Cuneopalpus sp. and Elipsocus sp. (Elipsocidae), Mesopsocus sp. (Mesopsocidae), Philotarsus sp. (Philotarsidae) (New 1969), and Graphopsocus cruciatus (Linnaeus) (Stenopsocidae) (Thompson 1958).

Comments. The lectotype female of A. minimus is consistent with its redescription by Hincks (1959) who correctly associated it with conspecific, non-type females from the United Kingdom. Graham (1982: 194) designated all the specimens standing under numbers 90–92, 94–96, 98– 99 in the A.H. Haliday collection at NMID as paralectotypes of A. minimus even though Hincks (1959: 140) clearly and correctly stated that some of them represent other genera of Mymaridae (those under numbers 94 and 96) or some other species of Alaptus; that was corroborated recently by Triapitsyn (2015) who provided identifications for most of them.

Soyka (1939b) incorrectly designated a “paratype” and “cotypes” of A. minimus based on his own specimens from Valkenburg, the Netherlands.

Alaptus maidli was described by Soyka (1939b) from a single, poorly mounted, extremely minute female (body length 255 µm, although the specimen, particularly the head, is shriveled), which in my opinion appears to be just an aberrant, deformed specimen of the common Palaearctic species A. minimus, hence the synonymy. Its two clavae are of notably different lengths and are greatly enlarged (Fig. 107), so probably, to compensate for that, the funicle segments are shortened and slightly broadened. Otherwise the fore wing (Fig. 108) and the ovipositor (including it length, 133 µm and its ratio to the metatibia length of 1.15) are of the typical A. minimus. I have not seen another such specimen among more than two thousand Alaptus examined from Europe, and the likelihood that it belongs to a good species is very low.

Upon examination, and as predicted by Girault (1913a), A. auranti turned out to be a typical A. minimus, including the brownish general body color as indicated in the original description by García Mercet (1912). In English, Russian, and other scientific literature outside of Spain, the name of Ricardo García Mercet, the author of this species, has been used mostly incorrectly as Mercet, R.G. or simply Mercet. The latter was his maternal last name while García was his paternal last name (Ricardo was his first name), thus forming his correct dual last name which he himself used in his publications, García Mercet; therefore, it is this complete last name that must be used for citing his publications and as the author names for his species (as García Mercet, R. in the references). It is true that in some cases, when the first (paternal) Spanish last name is very common, such as for instance García, some people nowadays sometimes opt for using only the second (maternal) one while abbreviating the first one with the initial followed by a period, but that is clearly not applicable in this case (Mercedes París, personal communication).

Body length measurements of the type specimens of A. borinquensis are as follows: lectotype 430 µm, paralectotype females 215 µm and 314 µm, paratype female 418 µm, and paralectotype males 194 µm (slightly shriveled, poorly positioned) and 314 µm. The ovipositor length of the females of the type series is from 197 µm (in the smallest paralectotype) to 246 µm (in the paratype); in the lectotype (Fig. 110) it is 234 µm long.