تحلیل روند تحولات منظر بوم شناختی شهر «قم» مبتنی بر مدل آلبرتی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

گروه مهندسی طراحی محیط زیست، دانشکده محیط زیست، پردیس دانشکده های فنی، دانشگاه تهران، ایران

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: منظر بازتابی از ساختار، کارکرد و تعامل میان آ نها در قالب یک مفهوم جامع است. اگرچه سنجه های اکولوژی منظر قابلیت خوانش ساختار و کارکرد منظر را دارند، اما به چارچوبی نیاز است که بتوان براساس آن، کلیت و روند تحولات منظر به عنوان یک مفهوم جامع را درک کرد. این موضوع در منظر شهری اهمیت ویژه ای می یابد. بویژه زمانی که توسعه شهری برآیند بارگذاری فضایی ناشی از فرایندهای اجتماعی و اقتصادی است که در آن بنیان های محیطی کمتر در نظر گرفته می شود. این وضعیت منجر به ایجاد اختلال در ساختارهای طبیعی و زیستی شده و در نهایت به گسستگی اکولوژی منظر می انجامد. در نتیجه تغییرات ساختاری بر کارکرد زیست بوم شهرها اثر گذاشته و آ نها را بیش از پیش ناپایدار می سازد. براین اساس به نظر می رسد گام نخستین در اصلاح وضعیت کنونی، تبیین الگوی مناسبی از تغییرات منظر و فراهم ساختن درک صحیحی از تأثیرا ت الگوهای توسعه شهری بر اکوسیستم باشد.
مواد و رو ش ها : بر این اساس این تحقیق با هدف ارزیابی تحولات کلیت منظر شهر قم در یک دوره 30 ساله تلاش نموده تا با بهره گیری از سنجه های منظر به محاسبه تغییرات ساختاری و کارکردی آن بپردازد. از این رو با استفاده از تصویرهای ماهواره ای در بازه های زمانی ده ساله از پایگاه داده زمین شناسی آمریکا ) 1USGS ( لایه های طبیعی و مصنوع تشکیل دهنده منظر شهر استخراج گردید. تصویر سال 1989 از ماهواره لندست 5 سنجنده TM ، سال 1999 و 2009 ماهواره لندست 7 سنجنده ETM و سال 2019 ماهواره لندست 8 سنجنده ) OLI ) تهیه شد. سپس در محیط نرم افزار ENVI ساختارهای طبیعی و مصنوع در چهار رده پوشش گیاهی، ساختمان، شریان های ارتباطی و زمین های بایر تعیین و به روش طبقه بندی نظارت شد ه 2 و بیشترین شباهت 3 )کلاس بندی شده است. پس از آن ده سن جه متناسب با هدف انتخاب و برای کمی سازی تغییرات در این چهار رده به وسیله نرم افزار Fragstats محاسبات لازم صورت پذیرفته است. در ادامه این تحولات با استفاده از مدل آلبرتی مورد تحلیل و ارزیابی قرار گرفت.
نتایج و بحث: نتایج حاصل از کاربرد متریک های منظر در بررسی اکولوژی شهر قم نشان از تغییرات نامطلوب و شتابان در اکوسیستم این شهر به صورت ساختاری و کارکردی طی دوره سی ساله دارد. منظر انسان ساخت به زیان ساختارهای طبیعی در حال توسعه است. لکه های طبیعی در حال از دست رفتن و در عوض لکه های معرفی شده به نسبت رو به فزونی هستند که البته نتوانسته بر روند کلی تغییر منظر اثر چندانی داشته باشد. بررسی سنجه های LPI ، AREA-MN ، SHAPE-AM و SHAPE-MN اطلاعاتی را از تغییرات فرم بصری منظر در اختیار می نهد. افزایش لکه های مصنوع به همراه کاهش بزرگترین لکه بیابانی به یک سوم، حکایت از بروز گسستگی بسیار در منظر بیابانی شهر قم دارد. در این میان فرم شهر به سمت الگوی هندسی ساده درحال تغییر بوده که به معنای از دست دادن اکوسیستم های طبیعی است. وضعیت سنجه ها نیز طی سال های متفاوت بر ساده شدن ساختار منظر تأکید می کند که اثرهای زیادی بر محیط شهری از جمله تغییر میکرو اقلیم و پیامدهای حاصل از آن در اکوسیستم شکننده بیابانی محدوده دارد.
نتیجه گیری: بنابراین لزوم بازنگری در الگوی توسعه شهر قم با توجه به رویکردهای طبیعت گرا در کنار پاسخگویی به نیازهای انسانی احساس می شود. برنامه ریزی اکولوژیک توأم با پیشنهادهای راه بردی برای بکارگیری طرح های طبیعت محور در این عرصه به منظور بهبود و ارتقاء کیفیت منظر اکولوژی شهر قم ضرورتی اجتناب ناپذیر است .

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Analysis of the evolution of the ecological landscape of the city of Qom with the Alberti model

نویسندگان [English]

  • Erfan Khodaparast
  • Fatemeh Eshaghi
  • Hassan Darabi
Department School of Environment, College of Engineering,University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction: Landscape as a whole is the reflection of the structure and function, and their interaction. Although, metrics of landscape ecology provide an appropriate tool to analyze the structure and function of landscape, deep understanding is needed to perceive the generality and evolution of the landscape as a whole. This is especially important for urban landscape interpretation. In particular, when urban development is the result of spatial development which is mainly influenced by socio-economic processes. As a result, the environmental context is less considered. Disturbance in the natural and ecological structures is the consequences of such process that leads to the ecological rupture of the landscape. Accordingly, structural changes affect the functioning of the city's natural ecosystems that make cities more unsustainable. Hence, it seems that the first step in improving the current situation is to explain the pattern of landscape changes appropriately and provide an understanding of the effects of urban development patterns of the ecosystem. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the overall landscape changes of Qom over 30 years.
Material and methods: Therefore, an was made to first, compute the structural and functional changes in the landscape by using landscape metrics. Therefore, the natural and artificial structures that make up the city's landscape were extracted from the US Geological Survey (USGS) using satellite images. Images were taken in 1989 from the Landsat Satellite 5 (TM), in 1999 and 2009 from the Landsat 7 (ETM), and in 2019 from Landsat 8 (OLI). Then, it was classified by Supervised Classification method and Maximum Likelihood using the ENVI software. The natural and artificial structure was classified into four categories: vegetation, building, communication, and bare lands. Then, ten appropriate metrics were calculated to quantify the changes in the four aforementioned categories. The essential calculations have been done by the Fragstats software.
Results and discussion: The results of the study showed the uninvited and accelerated changes in the ecosystem of the Qom base on the application of landscape metrics. Qom has experienced serious structural and functional changes over 30 years. The man-made landscape is developing at the expense of devastating natural structures and natural patches are disappearing. On the other hand, the introduced patches are increasing progressively. However, introduced patches did not have a significant effect on the overall trend of landscape change. Examining the trend of LPI, AREA-MN, SHAPE-AM, and SHAPE-MN indicators provided information about changes in the visual form of the landscape. The increase in artificial patches, along with the lessening of the largest desert patches to one-third, indicated the emerging of progressive fragmentation in the desert landscape of Qom. Meanwhile, the shape of the city is changing into a simple geometric pattern, which means the loss of natural ecosystems. The status of the indicators during different years expresses the simplification of the urban landscape. The result is multiple effects on the urban environment, such as changes in microclimate and its consequences on the fragile desert ecosystem.
Conclusion: It is necessary to revise the development model and consider serious attention to natural-oriented approaches while responding to human needs in such areas. It seems that the present model of ecological planning along with strategic proposals is obligatory to practice the ecological-based projects for future developments to enhance the quality of Qom’s ecological landscape.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Landscape ecology
  • Landscape Ecological Metrics. Landscape Fragmentation
  • Alberti Model
  • Qom

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فصلنامه علوم محیطی
دوره 19، شماره 3
مهر 1400
صفحه 123-142

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