Araştırma Makalesi
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Determinants of Carbon Emission: A Research in Environmental Performance Index Countries

Yıl 2023, DÖNGÜSEL EKONOMİ VE SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİRLİK, 23 - 36, 05.01.2023
https://doi.org/10.51551/verimlilik.1058125

Öz

Purpose: The aim of the study is to test whether foreign direct investment, economic growth, financial development and renewable energy consumption have an effect on carbon emissions, and if there is an effect, to determine the direction of this effect.

Methodology: In this study, panel data analysis was conducted on the data of 14 countries included in the Environmental Performance Index between 1990-2018.

Findings: It has been determined that economic growth, foreign direct investment and renewable energy consumption have negative and significant effects on carbon emissions. The finding that foreign direct investment reduces environmental degradation indicates the validity of the pollution halo hypothesis. It was determined that financial development did not have a significant relationship on carbon emissions.

Originality: Unlike other studies, this study differs from other studies in terms of associating it with the hypotheses in the theory. However, while there are studies on developing countries in the literature, studies on developed countries are quite limited. The countries within the scope of the study are different from other studies as they are the countries included in the Environmental Performance Index.

Kaynakça

  • Acheampong, A.O. (2018). “Economic Growth, CO2 Emissions and Energy Consumption: What Causes What And Where?”, Energy Economics, 74, 677-692.
  • Adebayo, T.S., Rjoub, H., Akinsola, G.D. ve Oladipupo, S D. (2021). “The Asymmetric Effects of Renewable Energy Consumption and Trade Openness on Carbon Emissions in Sweden: New Evidence from Quantile-On-Quantile Regression Approach.”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-12.
  • Afşar, A. (2007). “Finansal Gelişme Ile Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki”, Muhasebe ve Finansman Dergisi, 36, 188-198.
  • Akın, C.S. (2014). “Yabancı Sermaye Yatırımlarının CO2 Emisyonu Üzerine Olan Etkisi: Dinamik Panel Veri Analizi”, Akademik Bakış Uluslararası Hakemli Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 44.
  • Albayrak, E.N. (2018). “Ekonomik Büyüme ve Çevresel Kirlilik İlişkisi: Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi ve Türkiye Örneği”, Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Ang, J.B. (2007). “CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, and Output in France”, Energy Policy, 35(10), 4772-4778.
  • Arouri, M.E.H., Youssef, A.B., M'henni, H. ve Rault, C. (2012). “Energy Consumption, Economic Growth and CO2 Emissions in Middle East and North African Countries”. Energy Policy, 45, 342-349.
  • Asghari, M. (2013), “Does FDI Promote MENA Region’s Environment Quality? Pollution Halo or Pollution Haven Hypothesis”, International Journal of Scientific Research in Environmental Sciences, 1(6), 92-100.
  • Aytekin, G.K. (2019). “Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar DYY, Belirleyicileri ve Ekonomik Etkileri”, Ufuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 8(15), 255-278. Barsbay, M.Ç. Sağlık Sektöründe Düşük Karbon Ekonomisi: Tezat Mı, Mümkün Mü? Verimlilik Dergisi, 4, 113-134.
  • Bayar, Y. ve Maxim, A. (2020). “Financial Development and CO2 Emissions in Post-Transition European Union Countries”, Sustainability, 12(7), 2640.
  • Chuzhi, H. ve Xianjin, H. (2008). “Characteristics of Carbon Emission in China and Analysis on İts Cause. China Population”, Resources and Environment, 18(3), 38-42.
  • Climatecommunication, (2021). https://climatecommunication.org/change/energy-use, (Erişim Tarihi: 21.11.2021)
  • Climatenasa (2022). https://climate.nasa.gov/resources/global-warming-vs-climate-change/ (Erişim Tarihi: 15.12.2021)
  • Climatewatchdata, (2018). https://www.climatewatchdata.org/ (Erişim Tarihi: 15.11.2021)
  • Çetintaş, H. ve Sarıkaya, M. (2015). “CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in the USA and the United Kingdom: ARDL Approach”. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 16(2), 173-194.
  • Dang, H.A.H. ve Serajuddin, U. (2020). “Tracking the Sustainable Development Goals: Emerging Measurement Challenges and Further Reflections”, World Development, 127, 104570.
  • Dinda, S. (2004). “Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis: A Survey.”, Ecological Economics, 49(4), 431-455.
  • Dinler, Z. (1997). “İktisada Giriş”, Üçüncü Basım, Ekin Kitabevi Yayınları, Bursa.
  • Eker, E.E. (2020). “Determinants of Household Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the European Union Countrie”. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • EPI. (2021). https://epi.yale.edu/ (Erişim Tarihi:12.11.2021)
  • Gill, F.L. (2018). “The Critical Review of the Pollution Haven Hypothesis.”, International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 8(1),167-174.
  • Görüş, M.S. ve Aydın, M. (2019). “The Relationship Between Energy Consumption, Economic Growth, and CO2 Emission in MENA Countries: Causality Analysis in the Frequency Domain.”, Energy, 168, 815-822.
  • Gövdeli, T. (2020). “Population Density, Economic Growth, Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions: Empirical Evidence from Asia-Pacific Countries.”, Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 22(4), 934-944.
  • Greene, W.H. (2002). “Econometric Analysis”, Fifth Edition, Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
  • Grossman, G.M. ve Krueger, A.B. (1991). “Environmental Impacts of a North American Free Trade Agreement”, National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 3914.
  • Grossman, G.M. ve Krueger, A.B. (1995). “Economic Growth and the Environment.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(2), 353-37.
  • Güngör, S., Korkmaz, Ö., Karaca, S.S., ve Benli, Y.K. (2017). “Küresel Gelişmeler Bağlamında Enerjide Dışa Bağımlı Gelişmekte Olan Ülkelerde Birincil Enerji Tüketimiyle Finansal Gelişme Arasındaki İlişki”, Maliye ve Finans Yazıları, 108, 123-142.
  • Hakimi, A. ve Hamdi, H. (2016). “Trade Liberalization, FDI Inflows, Environmental Quality and Economic Growth: A Comparative Analysis Between Tunisia and Morocco.”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 58, 1445-1456.
  • Hashmi, R. ve Alam, K. (2019). “Dynamic Relationship Among Environmental Regulation, Innovation, CO2 Emissions, Population, and Economic Growth in OECD Countries: A Panel Investigation.”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 231, 1100-1109.
  • Hassaballa, H. (2013). “Environment and Foreign Direct Investment: Policy Implications for Developing Countries”, Journal of Emerging Issues in Economics, Finance and Banking, 1(2), 75-106.
  • Haug, A.A. ve Ucal, M. (2019). “The Role of Trade and FDI for CO2 Emissions in Turkey: Nonlinear Relationships.”, Energy Economics, 81, 297-307.
  • Hausman, J.A. (1978). Specification Tests in Econometrics. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 1251-1271.
  • Hausman, J.A. ve Taylor, W.E. (1981). “Panel Data and U Nobservable Individual Effects.” Econometrica, 49, 1377 1398.
  • International Energy Agency. (2004). “Energy Statistics Manual”, OECD / IEA and EUROSTAT Publication.
  • İskenderoğlu, Ö. (2012). “Beta Katsayılarının Tahmini: İstanbul Menkul Kıymetler Borsası Üzerine Bir Uygulama.”, Ege Akademik Bakış Dergisi, 12(1) 67-76.
  • Jaforullah, M. ve King, A. (2015). “Does The Use of Renewable Energy Sources Mitigate CO2 Emissions? A Reassessment of the US Evidence.”, Energy Economics, 49, 711-717.
  • Jun, W., Mughal, N., Zhao, J., Shabbir, M. S., Niedbała, G., Jain, V. ve Anwar, A. (2021). “Does Globalization Matter for Environmental Degradation? Nexus Among Energy Consumption, Economic Growth, and Carbon Dioxide Emission.”, Energy Policy, 153(3),112230.
  • Karakaş, A. ve Deniz, A. (2017). “Ekonomik Büyüme, Kalkınma ve Çevre İlişkisi: Çevreye Rağmen mi-Çevreyle Birlikte mi?”, Söke İşletme Fakültesi Priene Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 1(1), 1-10.
  • Koondhar, M.A., Shahbaz, M., Ozturk, I., Randhawa, A.A. ve Kong, R. (2021). “Revisiting the Relationship Between Carbon Emission, Renewable Energy Consumption, Forestry, and Agricultural Financial Development for China.”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-15.
  • Kurtaran, A. (2007). “Doğrudan Yabanci Yatirim Kararlari ve Belirleyicileri”, Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 10(2), 367-382.
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Karbon Salınımının Belirleyicileri: Çevresel Performans Endeksi’ndeki Ülkelerde Bir Araştırma

Yıl 2023, DÖNGÜSEL EKONOMİ VE SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİRLİK, 23 - 36, 05.01.2023
https://doi.org/10.51551/verimlilik.1058125

Öz

Amaç: Çalışmanın amacı, doğrudan yabancı sermaye yatırımlarının, ekonomik büyümenin, finansal gelişmenin ve yenilenebilir enerji tüketiminin karbon salınımı üzerinde etkisinin olup olmadığını test etmek ve eğer bir etki varsa bu etkinin yönünü belirlemektir.

Yöntem: Çalışmada Çevresel Performans Endeksi’nde yer alan 14 ülkenin 1990-2018 yılları arasındaki verileri üzerinde panel veri analizi gerçekleştirilmiştir.

Bulgular: Ekonomik büyüme, doğrudan yabancı sermaye yatırımları ve yenilenebilir enerji tüketiminin karbon salınımları üzerinde olumsuz ve önemli etkileri olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Doğrudan yabancı sermaye yatırımlarının çevresel bozulmayı azalttığı bulgusu, kirlilik halesi hipotezinin geçerliliğine işaret etmektedir. Finansal gelişmenin ise karbon salınımları üzerinde anlamlı bir ilişkisinin olmadığı saptanmıştır.

Özgünlük: Bu çalışma teoride yer alan hipotezlerle bağdaştırılması konusunda diğer çalışmalardan farklılık göstermektedir. Bununla birlikte, literatürde genellikle gelişmekte olan ülkeler üzerine çalışmalar yer alırken, gelişmiş ülkeler üzerinde yapılan çalışmalar oldukça sınırlıdır. Çalışmanın kapsamındaki ülkeler Çevresel Performans Endeksi’nde yer alan ülkeler olması bağlamında diğer çalışmalardan ayrışmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Acheampong, A.O. (2018). “Economic Growth, CO2 Emissions and Energy Consumption: What Causes What And Where?”, Energy Economics, 74, 677-692.
  • Adebayo, T.S., Rjoub, H., Akinsola, G.D. ve Oladipupo, S D. (2021). “The Asymmetric Effects of Renewable Energy Consumption and Trade Openness on Carbon Emissions in Sweden: New Evidence from Quantile-On-Quantile Regression Approach.”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-12.
  • Afşar, A. (2007). “Finansal Gelişme Ile Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki”, Muhasebe ve Finansman Dergisi, 36, 188-198.
  • Akın, C.S. (2014). “Yabancı Sermaye Yatırımlarının CO2 Emisyonu Üzerine Olan Etkisi: Dinamik Panel Veri Analizi”, Akademik Bakış Uluslararası Hakemli Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 44.
  • Albayrak, E.N. (2018). “Ekonomik Büyüme ve Çevresel Kirlilik İlişkisi: Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi ve Türkiye Örneği”, Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Ang, J.B. (2007). “CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, and Output in France”, Energy Policy, 35(10), 4772-4778.
  • Arouri, M.E.H., Youssef, A.B., M'henni, H. ve Rault, C. (2012). “Energy Consumption, Economic Growth and CO2 Emissions in Middle East and North African Countries”. Energy Policy, 45, 342-349.
  • Asghari, M. (2013), “Does FDI Promote MENA Region’s Environment Quality? Pollution Halo or Pollution Haven Hypothesis”, International Journal of Scientific Research in Environmental Sciences, 1(6), 92-100.
  • Aytekin, G.K. (2019). “Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar DYY, Belirleyicileri ve Ekonomik Etkileri”, Ufuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 8(15), 255-278. Barsbay, M.Ç. Sağlık Sektöründe Düşük Karbon Ekonomisi: Tezat Mı, Mümkün Mü? Verimlilik Dergisi, 4, 113-134.
  • Bayar, Y. ve Maxim, A. (2020). “Financial Development and CO2 Emissions in Post-Transition European Union Countries”, Sustainability, 12(7), 2640.
  • Chuzhi, H. ve Xianjin, H. (2008). “Characteristics of Carbon Emission in China and Analysis on İts Cause. China Population”, Resources and Environment, 18(3), 38-42.
  • Climatecommunication, (2021). https://climatecommunication.org/change/energy-use, (Erişim Tarihi: 21.11.2021)
  • Climatenasa (2022). https://climate.nasa.gov/resources/global-warming-vs-climate-change/ (Erişim Tarihi: 15.12.2021)
  • Climatewatchdata, (2018). https://www.climatewatchdata.org/ (Erişim Tarihi: 15.11.2021)
  • Çetintaş, H. ve Sarıkaya, M. (2015). “CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in the USA and the United Kingdom: ARDL Approach”. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 16(2), 173-194.
  • Dang, H.A.H. ve Serajuddin, U. (2020). “Tracking the Sustainable Development Goals: Emerging Measurement Challenges and Further Reflections”, World Development, 127, 104570.
  • Dinda, S. (2004). “Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis: A Survey.”, Ecological Economics, 49(4), 431-455.
  • Dinler, Z. (1997). “İktisada Giriş”, Üçüncü Basım, Ekin Kitabevi Yayınları, Bursa.
  • Eker, E.E. (2020). “Determinants of Household Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the European Union Countrie”. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • EPI. (2021). https://epi.yale.edu/ (Erişim Tarihi:12.11.2021)
  • Gill, F.L. (2018). “The Critical Review of the Pollution Haven Hypothesis.”, International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 8(1),167-174.
  • Görüş, M.S. ve Aydın, M. (2019). “The Relationship Between Energy Consumption, Economic Growth, and CO2 Emission in MENA Countries: Causality Analysis in the Frequency Domain.”, Energy, 168, 815-822.
  • Gövdeli, T. (2020). “Population Density, Economic Growth, Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions: Empirical Evidence from Asia-Pacific Countries.”, Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 22(4), 934-944.
  • Greene, W.H. (2002). “Econometric Analysis”, Fifth Edition, Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
  • Grossman, G.M. ve Krueger, A.B. (1991). “Environmental Impacts of a North American Free Trade Agreement”, National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 3914.
  • Grossman, G.M. ve Krueger, A.B. (1995). “Economic Growth and the Environment.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(2), 353-37.
  • Güngör, S., Korkmaz, Ö., Karaca, S.S., ve Benli, Y.K. (2017). “Küresel Gelişmeler Bağlamında Enerjide Dışa Bağımlı Gelişmekte Olan Ülkelerde Birincil Enerji Tüketimiyle Finansal Gelişme Arasındaki İlişki”, Maliye ve Finans Yazıları, 108, 123-142.
  • Hakimi, A. ve Hamdi, H. (2016). “Trade Liberalization, FDI Inflows, Environmental Quality and Economic Growth: A Comparative Analysis Between Tunisia and Morocco.”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 58, 1445-1456.
  • Hashmi, R. ve Alam, K. (2019). “Dynamic Relationship Among Environmental Regulation, Innovation, CO2 Emissions, Population, and Economic Growth in OECD Countries: A Panel Investigation.”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 231, 1100-1109.
  • Hassaballa, H. (2013). “Environment and Foreign Direct Investment: Policy Implications for Developing Countries”, Journal of Emerging Issues in Economics, Finance and Banking, 1(2), 75-106.
  • Haug, A.A. ve Ucal, M. (2019). “The Role of Trade and FDI for CO2 Emissions in Turkey: Nonlinear Relationships.”, Energy Economics, 81, 297-307.
  • Hausman, J.A. (1978). Specification Tests in Econometrics. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 1251-1271.
  • Hausman, J.A. ve Taylor, W.E. (1981). “Panel Data and U Nobservable Individual Effects.” Econometrica, 49, 1377 1398.
  • International Energy Agency. (2004). “Energy Statistics Manual”, OECD / IEA and EUROSTAT Publication.
  • İskenderoğlu, Ö. (2012). “Beta Katsayılarının Tahmini: İstanbul Menkul Kıymetler Borsası Üzerine Bir Uygulama.”, Ege Akademik Bakış Dergisi, 12(1) 67-76.
  • Jaforullah, M. ve King, A. (2015). “Does The Use of Renewable Energy Sources Mitigate CO2 Emissions? A Reassessment of the US Evidence.”, Energy Economics, 49, 711-717.
  • Jun, W., Mughal, N., Zhao, J., Shabbir, M. S., Niedbała, G., Jain, V. ve Anwar, A. (2021). “Does Globalization Matter for Environmental Degradation? Nexus Among Energy Consumption, Economic Growth, and Carbon Dioxide Emission.”, Energy Policy, 153(3),112230.
  • Karakaş, A. ve Deniz, A. (2017). “Ekonomik Büyüme, Kalkınma ve Çevre İlişkisi: Çevreye Rağmen mi-Çevreyle Birlikte mi?”, Söke İşletme Fakültesi Priene Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 1(1), 1-10.
  • Koondhar, M.A., Shahbaz, M., Ozturk, I., Randhawa, A.A. ve Kong, R. (2021). “Revisiting the Relationship Between Carbon Emission, Renewable Energy Consumption, Forestry, and Agricultural Financial Development for China.”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-15.
  • Kurtaran, A. (2007). “Doğrudan Yabanci Yatirim Kararlari ve Belirleyicileri”, Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 10(2), 367-382.
  • Lee, J.M., Chen, K.H. ve Cho, C.H. (2015). “The Relationship Between CO2 Emissions and Financial Development: Evidence from OECD Countries. The Singapore Economic Review.”, 60, 05, 1550117.
  • Levin, A., Lin, C.F. ve Chu, C-S.J. (2002). “Unit Root Tests in Panel Data: Asymptotic and Finite-Sample Properties”, Journal of Econometrics, 108, 1-24.
  • Mabey, N., ve McNally, R. (1999). “Foreign Direct Investment and the Environment.”, Godalming, Surrey: WWF-UK.
  • Mesagan, E.P. (2015). “Economic Growth and Carbon Emission in Nigeria”. The IUP Journal of Applied Economics, 14(4), 61-75.
  • Muhammad, B., Khan, M.K., Khan, M.I. ve Khan, S. (2021). “Impact of Foreign Direct Investment, Natural Resources, Renewable Energy Consumption, and Economic Growth on Environmental Degradation: Evidence from Brıcs, Developing, Developed and Global Countries.”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(17), 21789-21798.
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  • Omri, A., Nguyen, D.K. ve Rault, C. (2014). “Causal Interactions Between CO2 Emissions, FDI, and Economic Growth: Evidence from Dynamic Simultaneous-Equation Models.” Economic Modelling, 42, 382-389.
  • Osadume, R. (2021). “Impact of Economic Growth on Carbon Emissions in Selected West African Countries, 1980–2019”, Journal of Money and Business, 8-23.
  • Öztürk, İ. ve Acaravcı, A. (2013). “The Long-Run and Causal Analysis of Energy, Growth, Openness and Financial Development on Carbon Emissions in Turkey.”, Energy Economics, 36, 262-267.
  • Öztürk, S. ve Küsmez, T. (2019). “Elektrik Tüketimi, Karbon Emisyonu ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi (1995-2014)”, Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 12(2), 316-327.
  • Pao, H.T. ve Tsai, C.M. (2011). “Multivariate Granger Causality Between CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, FDI (Foreign Direct İnvestment) and GDP (Gross Domestic Product): Evidence from a Panel of BRIC (Brazil, Russian Federation, India, And China) Countries.”, Energy, 36(1), 685-693.
  • Paramati, S.R., Mo, D. ve Gupta, R. (2017). “The Effects of Stock Market Growth and Renewable Energy Use on CO2 Emissions: Evidence from G20 Countries”, Energy Economics, 66, 360-371.
  • Perkins, R. ve Neumayer, E. (2009). “Transnational Linkages and the Spillover of Environment-Efficiency into Developing Countries.”, Global Environmental Change, 19(3),375-383.
  • Purcel, A.A. (2020). “Economic Development and Environmental Quality Nexus in Developing and Transition Economies”, Doctoral Dissertation, Université Clermont Auvergne‎, Romania.
  • Ramanathan, R. (2005). “An Analysis of Energy Consumption and Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Countries of The Middle East and North Africa.” Energy, 30, 5, 2831-2842.
  • Satı, B.Y. (2019). “The Nexus Between Electricity Consumption, Economic Growth and Environmental Pollution: Evıdence From Nigeria.”, Master’s Thesis, Near East University, Nicosia.
  • Shahbaz, M., Nasreen, S., Abbas, F. ve Anis, O. (2015). “Does Foreign Direct Investment Impede Environmental Quality In High-, Middle-, and Low-Income Countries?”, Energy Economics, 51, 275-287.
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  • Türköz, K. (2015). “Türkiye'de CO2 Salınımları ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi”, Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Balıkesir.
  • Yılmaz, G. (2015). “Doğrudan Yabancı Sermaye ve CO2 Emisyonu İlişkisi: Türkiye Örneği (1974-2010)”, Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Trabzon.
  • York, R. (2012). “Do Alternative Energy Sources Displace Fossil Fuels?”. Nature Climate Change, 2(6), 441-443.
  • Zafar, M.W., Zaidi, S.A. H., Sinha, A., Gedikli, A. ve Hou, F. (2019). “The Role of Stock Market and Banking Sector Development, and Renewable Energy Consumption in Carbon Emissions: Insights From G-7 and N-11 Countries.”, Resources Policy, 62, 427-436.
  • Zhao, B. ve Yang, W. (2020). “Does Financial Development Influence CO2 Emissions? A Chinese Province-Level Study.”, Energy, 200, 117523.
  • Zhang, Y.J. (2011). “The Impact of Financial Development on Carbon Emissions: An Empirical Analysis in China.”, Energy Policy, 39(4), 2197-2203.
  • Zhou, Y., Fu, J., Kong, Y. ve Wu, R. (2018). “How Foreign Direct Investment Influences Carbon Emissions, Based on the Empirical Analysis of Chinese Urban Data.”, Sustainability, 10(7), 2163.
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Toplam 71 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Ömer İskenderoğlu 0000-0002-3407-1259

Sema Nur Ünlübulduk 0000-0002-8973-8305

Erdinç Karadeniz 0000-0003-2658-8490

Yayımlanma Tarihi 5 Ocak 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 15 Ocak 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 DÖNGÜSEL EKONOMİ VE SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİRLİK

Kaynak Göster

APA İskenderoğlu, Ö., Ünlübulduk, S. N., & Karadeniz, E. (2023). Karbon Salınımının Belirleyicileri: Çevresel Performans Endeksi’ndeki Ülkelerde Bir Araştırma. Verimlilik Dergisi23-36. https://doi.org/10.51551/verimlilik.1058125

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