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Afrika’da Büyük Güç Rekabeti: Çin’in 21. Yüzyılda Artan Nüfuzu ve ABD’nin Tepkisi

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 72, 78 - 91, 22.04.2022
https://doi.org/10.51290/dpusbe.1022895

Öz

Afrika yüzyıllardır Büyük Güç rekabeti açısından önemli bir bölge olmuştur. Kıta bu özelliğini 21. yüzyılda da korumaktadır. Çin’in son dönemde Afrika’da artan etkisi kıtada Washington-Pekin rekabetinin yaşanmaya başlanmasına neden olmuştur. Çin ile ABD arasında son yıllarda artarak devam eden Afrika’daki rekabet bu iki Büyük Gücün küresel rekabetinin seyrinde de önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Ayrıca Afrika’nın sahip olduğu potansiyel dikkate alındığında kıtadaki bu rekabetin seyrinin küresel mücadeleye etkisinin gelecekte daha büyük olacağını söylemek mümkündür. Bu sebeple bu çalışmada iki ülke arasında Afrika’da gerçekleşen rekabetin analiz edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu doğrultuda çalışmada Çin’in 21. yüzyılda Afrika’da gelişen nüfuzu ve ABD’nin buna yönelik politikaları incelenmektedir. Pekin’in Afrika’da artan nüfuzu çok büyük oranda kıta ile kurmuş olduğu ekonomik ilişkilere dayanmaktadır. Hızla büyüyen ticaret hacmi, artan yatırımlar, yardımlar ve borçlar Çin’i kıtadaki en etkili aktörlerden birine dönüştürmüştür. Bununla birlikte Pekin’in son yıllarda Afrika ile güvenlik ilişkilerini geliştirmeye ve kıtadaki askeri varlığını artırmaya yönelik attığı adımların rekabetin seyrinde önemli etkisi olmuştur. Bu doğrultuda Pekin’in Afrika’daki nüfuzu özellikle Obama döneminden itibaren Amerikan çıkarlarına ciddi bir tehdit olarak değerlendirilmeye başlanmıştır. Ancak ABD tarafından Çin’in Afrika’daki varlığına yönelik şikâyetler büyük oranda söylem düzeyinde kalmış ve bu sebeple ciddi sonuçlar elde edilememiştir.

Kaynakça

  • 1st China-Africa peace, security forum opens in Beijing. (2019, 15 Temmuz). Erişim adresi: http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-07/15/c_138228749.htm.
  • Abegunrin, O. ve Manyeruke, C. (2020). China’s Power in Africa: A New Global Order, Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Acker, K. Brautigam D. ve Huang Y. (2021, 26 Şubat). The pandemic has worsened Africa’s debt crisis. China and other countries are stepping in. Erişim adresi: https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/02/26/pandemic-has-worsened-africas-debt-crisis-china-other-countries-are-stepping/.
  • Alden, C. (2005). China in Africa, Survival, 47(3), 147-164.
  • Alden, C. ve Jiang, L. (2019). Brave new world: debt, industrialization and security in China-Africa relations, International Affairs, 95(3), 641-657.
  • Art, Robert J. (2010). The United States and the Rise of China: Implications for the Long Haul, Political Science Quarterly, 125(3), 359-391.
  • Baker. P. (2015, 29 Temmuz). Obama, on China’s Turf, Presents U.S. as a Better Partner for Africa. Erişim adresi: https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/30/world/africa/obama-on-chinas-turf-presents-us-as-a-better-partner-for-africa.html.
  • Benabdallah, L. ve Robertson, W. (2018, 17 Eylül). Xi Jinping pledged $60 billion for Africa. Where will the Money go?. Erişim adresi: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/09/17/xi-jinping-pledged-60-billion-for-africa-where-will-the-money-go/.
  • BP. Statistical Review of World Energy: 2021, 70th edition.
  • Buszynski, Leszek. (2012). The South China Sea: Oil, Maritime Claims, and U.S.-China Strategic Rivalry, The Washington Quarterly, 35(2), 139-156.
  • Buzan, Barry. (2010). China in International Society: Is ‘Peaceful Rise’ Possible?, The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 3(1), 5-36.
  • Campbell, H. (2008). China in Africa: challenging US global hegemony, Third World Quarterly, 29(1), 89-105.
  • China Power Project, How Dominant is China in the Global Arms Trade?. Erişim adresi: https://chinapower.csis.org/china-global-arms-trade/.
  • China-Africa Development Fund reaches 10 bln USD. (2018, 1 Eylül). Erişim adresi: http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-09/01/c_137437000.htm.
  • China-Africa Research Initiative-A. Data: China-Africa Trade. Erişim adresi: http://www.sais-cari.org/data-china-africa-trade.
  • China-Africa Research Initiative-B. Data: Chinese Investment in Africa. Erişim adresi: http://www.sais-cari.org/chinese-investment-in-africa.
  • China-Africa Research Initiative-C, Data: Chinese Global Foreign Aid. Erişim adresi: http://www.sais-cari.org/data-chinese-global-foreign-aid.
  • China Opens First Overseas Military Base. (2017, 3 Kasım). Erişim adresi: https://www.voanews.com/east-asia-pacific/china-opens-first-overseas-military-base.
  • China Slams Obama’s Africa Trip. (2015, 27 Temmuz). Erişim adresi: https://www.voanews.com/africa/china-slams-obamas-africa-trip.
  • Chutel, L. (2021, 24 Mart). The United States Returns to Africa. Erişim adresi: https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/03/24/biden-united-states-returns-to-africa/.
  • Cong, W. ve Jun X. (2021, 3 Ocak). With first FTA, diplomatic trip, China to boost cooperation with Africa in 2021. Erişim adresi: https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202101/1211685.shtml.
  • Deng, Y. (2008). China’s Struggle for Status: The Realignment of International Relations, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Enuka, C. (2011). China’s Military Presence in Afrika: Implications for Africa’s Woobling Peace, Journal of Asia Pacific Studies, 2(1), 97-117.
  • Forum on China-Africa Cooperation. (2018, 12 Eylül). Forum on China-Africa Cooperation Beijing Action Plan (2019-2021). Erişim adresi: http://www.focac.org/eng/zywx_1/zywj/t1594297.htm.
  • Hughes, D. (2013, 26 Nisan). George W. Bush’s Legacy on Africa Wins Praise, Even From Foes. Erişim adresi: https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2013/04/george-w-bushs-legacy-on-africa-wins-praise-even-from-foes.
  • Jayaram, K. Kassiri, O. ve Sun I. Y. (2017, 28 Haziran). The closest look yet at Chinese economic engagement in Africa. Erişim adresi: https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/middle-east-and-africa/the-closest-look-yet-at-chinese-economic-engagement-in-africa.
  • Jefferson, C. (2006, 15 Mart). The Bush African Policy: Fighting the Global War on Terrorism, U.S. Army War College.
  • Kristof, Nicholas D. (1993). The Rise of China, Foreign Affairs, 72(5), 59-74.
  • Large, D. (2008). Beyond ‘Dragon in the Bush’: The Study of China-Africa Relations, African Affairs, 107(426), 45-61.
  • Lawson, L. (2007). U.S. Africa Policy Since the Cold War, Strategic Insights, 6(1).
  • Mason, J. ve Felsenthal, M. (2013, 30 Haziran). Obama sees no threat in China rivalry for Africa business. Erişim adresi: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-obama-africa-china-idUSBRE95T01M20130630.
  • Mearsheimer, John J. (2014, 25 Ekim). Can China Rise Peacefull?. Erişim adresi: https://nationalinterest.org/commentary/can-china-rise-peacefully-10204.
  • Melvin, N. (2019). The Foreign Military Presence in the Horn of Africa Region, SIPRI Background Paper.
  • Montgomery, Evan Braden. (2014). Contested Primacy in the Western Pacific: China’s Rise and the Future of U.S. Power Projection, International Security, 38(4), 115-149.
  • Muekalia, D. J. (2004). Africa and China’s Strategic Partnership, African Security Review, 13(1), 5-11.
  • Nyabiage, J. (2021, 29 Mayıs). China-Africa trade leaps in first quarter on post-pandemic rebond. Erişim adresi: https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3131436/china-africa-trade-leaps-first-quarter-post-pandemic-rebound.
  • Office of the United States Trade Representative. African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA). https://ustr.gov/issue-areas/trade-development/preference-programs/african-growth-and-opportunity-act-agoa.
  • Payne, R. J. ve Veney, C. R. (1998). China’s Post-Cold War African Policy, Asian Survey, 38(9), 867-879.
  • Pham, J. Peter. (2010). China’s Strategic Penetration of Latin America: What It Means for U.S. Interests, American Foreign Policy Interests, 32(6), 363-381.
  • Schwikowski, M. (2020, 25 Nisan). Coronavirus pandemic helps China expand its influence in Africa. Erişim adresi: https://www.dw.com/en/coronavirus-pandemic-helps-china-expand-its-influence-in-africa/a-53241294.
  • Seldin, J. (2021, 22 Nisan). China Eyes More Bases in Africa, US Military Official Says. Erişim adresi: https://www.voanews.com/usa/china-eyes-more-bases-africa-us-military-official-says.
  • Sun, Y. (2014). Africa in China’s Foreign Policy, Brookings.
  • Sutter, Robert. (2010). Assessing China’s Rise and US Leadership in Asia – growing maturity and balance, Journal of Contemporary China, 19(65), 591-604.
  • Tan-Mullins, M. Mohan, G. ve Power, M. (2010). Redefining ‘Aid’ in the China-Africa Context, Development and Change, 41(5), 857-881.
  • Taylor, I. (1998). China’s foreign policy towards Africa in the 1990’s, The Journal of Modern African Studies, 36(3), 443-460.
  • Taylor, I. (2004). The ‘all-weather friend’?: Sino-African interaction in the twenty-first century, Ed. I. Taylor ve P. Williams, Africa in International Politics: External involvement on the continent, Londra: Routledge, 83-101.
  • Taylor, I. (2006). China’s oil diplomacy in Africa, International Affairs, 82(5), 937-959.
  • The World Bank. GDP (current US$) – China, United States, Germany, Japon. Erişim adresi: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?end=2019&locations=CN-US-DE-JP&start=1960.
  • U.S. Embassy in Senegal. (2018, 13 Aralık). The Trump Administration’s New Africa Strategy – Remarks by National Security Advisor Ambassador John R. Bolton. Erişim adresi: https://sn.usembassy.gov/the-trump-administrations-new-africa-strategy-remarks-by-national-security-advisor-ambassador-john-r-bolton/.
  • US Secretary of State Blinken cautions Africa on China. (2021, 28 Nisan). Erişim adresi: https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/world/us-secretary-of-state-blinken-cautions-africa-on-china-3379858.
  • Understanding Chinese Investment in African Oil and Gas. (2019, 7 Ekim). Erişim adresi: https://africa-oilweek.com/Articles/understanding-chinese-investment-in-african-o.
  • Unger, D. (2016). The Foreig Policy Legacy of Barack Obama, The International Spectator, 51(4), 1-16.
  • United States Africa Command. History of U.S. Africa Command. Erişim adresi: https://www.africom.mil/about-the-command/history-of-us-africa-command.
  • Westcott, N. (2019). The Trump Administration’s Africa Policy, African Affairs, 118(473), 737-749.
  • Wezeman, P. D. Kuimova, A. ve Wezeman, S. T. (2021). Trends in International Arms Transfers, 2020, SIPRI Fact Sheet.
  • Widakuswara, P. (2021, 6 Şubat). Biden Signals New Tone on US-Africa Relations. Erişim adresi: https://www.voanews.com/africa/biden-signals-new-tone-us-africa-relations.
  • Xuetong, Yan. (2006). The Rise of China and its Power Status, Chinese Journal of International Politics, 1(1), 5-33.

Great Power Competition in Africa: China’s Increasing Influence in the 21st Century and the US Reaction

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 72, 78 - 91, 22.04.2022
https://doi.org/10.51290/dpusbe.1022895

Öz

Africa has been an important region of Great Power competition for centuries. The continent maintains this feature in the 21st century as well. The increasing influence of China in Africa in the recent period has led to the start of the Washington-Beijing competition on the continent. The competition between China and the US in Africa, which has been increasing in recent years, plays an important role in the course of the global competition of these two Great Powers. In addition, considering the potential that Africa has, it is possible to say that the effect of the course of this competition on the continent on the global competition will be greater in the future. For this reason, in this study, it is aimed to analyze the competition between the two countries in Africa. In this regard, China's growing influence in Africa in the 21st century and the US policies towards it are examined in this study. Beijing's growing influence in Africa is largely based on its economic relations with the continent. The rapidly growing trade volume, increasing investments, aids and debts turned China into one of the most influential actors on the continent. In addition, the steps taken by Beijing to develop its security relations with Africa and increase its military presence in the continent in recent years had a significant effect on the course of competition. In this regard, Beijing's influence in Africa has been considered a serious threat to American interests, especially since the Obama era. However, complaints by the US about China's presence in Africa remained largely at the level of discourse, and therefore serious results could not be achieved.

Kaynakça

  • 1st China-Africa peace, security forum opens in Beijing. (2019, 15 Temmuz). Erişim adresi: http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-07/15/c_138228749.htm.
  • Abegunrin, O. ve Manyeruke, C. (2020). China’s Power in Africa: A New Global Order, Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Acker, K. Brautigam D. ve Huang Y. (2021, 26 Şubat). The pandemic has worsened Africa’s debt crisis. China and other countries are stepping in. Erişim adresi: https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/02/26/pandemic-has-worsened-africas-debt-crisis-china-other-countries-are-stepping/.
  • Alden, C. (2005). China in Africa, Survival, 47(3), 147-164.
  • Alden, C. ve Jiang, L. (2019). Brave new world: debt, industrialization and security in China-Africa relations, International Affairs, 95(3), 641-657.
  • Art, Robert J. (2010). The United States and the Rise of China: Implications for the Long Haul, Political Science Quarterly, 125(3), 359-391.
  • Baker. P. (2015, 29 Temmuz). Obama, on China’s Turf, Presents U.S. as a Better Partner for Africa. Erişim adresi: https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/30/world/africa/obama-on-chinas-turf-presents-us-as-a-better-partner-for-africa.html.
  • Benabdallah, L. ve Robertson, W. (2018, 17 Eylül). Xi Jinping pledged $60 billion for Africa. Where will the Money go?. Erişim adresi: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/09/17/xi-jinping-pledged-60-billion-for-africa-where-will-the-money-go/.
  • BP. Statistical Review of World Energy: 2021, 70th edition.
  • Buszynski, Leszek. (2012). The South China Sea: Oil, Maritime Claims, and U.S.-China Strategic Rivalry, The Washington Quarterly, 35(2), 139-156.
  • Buzan, Barry. (2010). China in International Society: Is ‘Peaceful Rise’ Possible?, The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 3(1), 5-36.
  • Campbell, H. (2008). China in Africa: challenging US global hegemony, Third World Quarterly, 29(1), 89-105.
  • China Power Project, How Dominant is China in the Global Arms Trade?. Erişim adresi: https://chinapower.csis.org/china-global-arms-trade/.
  • China-Africa Development Fund reaches 10 bln USD. (2018, 1 Eylül). Erişim adresi: http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-09/01/c_137437000.htm.
  • China-Africa Research Initiative-A. Data: China-Africa Trade. Erişim adresi: http://www.sais-cari.org/data-china-africa-trade.
  • China-Africa Research Initiative-B. Data: Chinese Investment in Africa. Erişim adresi: http://www.sais-cari.org/chinese-investment-in-africa.
  • China-Africa Research Initiative-C, Data: Chinese Global Foreign Aid. Erişim adresi: http://www.sais-cari.org/data-chinese-global-foreign-aid.
  • China Opens First Overseas Military Base. (2017, 3 Kasım). Erişim adresi: https://www.voanews.com/east-asia-pacific/china-opens-first-overseas-military-base.
  • China Slams Obama’s Africa Trip. (2015, 27 Temmuz). Erişim adresi: https://www.voanews.com/africa/china-slams-obamas-africa-trip.
  • Chutel, L. (2021, 24 Mart). The United States Returns to Africa. Erişim adresi: https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/03/24/biden-united-states-returns-to-africa/.
  • Cong, W. ve Jun X. (2021, 3 Ocak). With first FTA, diplomatic trip, China to boost cooperation with Africa in 2021. Erişim adresi: https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202101/1211685.shtml.
  • Deng, Y. (2008). China’s Struggle for Status: The Realignment of International Relations, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Enuka, C. (2011). China’s Military Presence in Afrika: Implications for Africa’s Woobling Peace, Journal of Asia Pacific Studies, 2(1), 97-117.
  • Forum on China-Africa Cooperation. (2018, 12 Eylül). Forum on China-Africa Cooperation Beijing Action Plan (2019-2021). Erişim adresi: http://www.focac.org/eng/zywx_1/zywj/t1594297.htm.
  • Hughes, D. (2013, 26 Nisan). George W. Bush’s Legacy on Africa Wins Praise, Even From Foes. Erişim adresi: https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2013/04/george-w-bushs-legacy-on-africa-wins-praise-even-from-foes.
  • Jayaram, K. Kassiri, O. ve Sun I. Y. (2017, 28 Haziran). The closest look yet at Chinese economic engagement in Africa. Erişim adresi: https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/middle-east-and-africa/the-closest-look-yet-at-chinese-economic-engagement-in-africa.
  • Jefferson, C. (2006, 15 Mart). The Bush African Policy: Fighting the Global War on Terrorism, U.S. Army War College.
  • Kristof, Nicholas D. (1993). The Rise of China, Foreign Affairs, 72(5), 59-74.
  • Large, D. (2008). Beyond ‘Dragon in the Bush’: The Study of China-Africa Relations, African Affairs, 107(426), 45-61.
  • Lawson, L. (2007). U.S. Africa Policy Since the Cold War, Strategic Insights, 6(1).
  • Mason, J. ve Felsenthal, M. (2013, 30 Haziran). Obama sees no threat in China rivalry for Africa business. Erişim adresi: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-obama-africa-china-idUSBRE95T01M20130630.
  • Mearsheimer, John J. (2014, 25 Ekim). Can China Rise Peacefull?. Erişim adresi: https://nationalinterest.org/commentary/can-china-rise-peacefully-10204.
  • Melvin, N. (2019). The Foreign Military Presence in the Horn of Africa Region, SIPRI Background Paper.
  • Montgomery, Evan Braden. (2014). Contested Primacy in the Western Pacific: China’s Rise and the Future of U.S. Power Projection, International Security, 38(4), 115-149.
  • Muekalia, D. J. (2004). Africa and China’s Strategic Partnership, African Security Review, 13(1), 5-11.
  • Nyabiage, J. (2021, 29 Mayıs). China-Africa trade leaps in first quarter on post-pandemic rebond. Erişim adresi: https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3131436/china-africa-trade-leaps-first-quarter-post-pandemic-rebound.
  • Office of the United States Trade Representative. African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA). https://ustr.gov/issue-areas/trade-development/preference-programs/african-growth-and-opportunity-act-agoa.
  • Payne, R. J. ve Veney, C. R. (1998). China’s Post-Cold War African Policy, Asian Survey, 38(9), 867-879.
  • Pham, J. Peter. (2010). China’s Strategic Penetration of Latin America: What It Means for U.S. Interests, American Foreign Policy Interests, 32(6), 363-381.
  • Schwikowski, M. (2020, 25 Nisan). Coronavirus pandemic helps China expand its influence in Africa. Erişim adresi: https://www.dw.com/en/coronavirus-pandemic-helps-china-expand-its-influence-in-africa/a-53241294.
  • Seldin, J. (2021, 22 Nisan). China Eyes More Bases in Africa, US Military Official Says. Erişim adresi: https://www.voanews.com/usa/china-eyes-more-bases-africa-us-military-official-says.
  • Sun, Y. (2014). Africa in China’s Foreign Policy, Brookings.
  • Sutter, Robert. (2010). Assessing China’s Rise and US Leadership in Asia – growing maturity and balance, Journal of Contemporary China, 19(65), 591-604.
  • Tan-Mullins, M. Mohan, G. ve Power, M. (2010). Redefining ‘Aid’ in the China-Africa Context, Development and Change, 41(5), 857-881.
  • Taylor, I. (1998). China’s foreign policy towards Africa in the 1990’s, The Journal of Modern African Studies, 36(3), 443-460.
  • Taylor, I. (2004). The ‘all-weather friend’?: Sino-African interaction in the twenty-first century, Ed. I. Taylor ve P. Williams, Africa in International Politics: External involvement on the continent, Londra: Routledge, 83-101.
  • Taylor, I. (2006). China’s oil diplomacy in Africa, International Affairs, 82(5), 937-959.
  • The World Bank. GDP (current US$) – China, United States, Germany, Japon. Erişim adresi: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?end=2019&locations=CN-US-DE-JP&start=1960.
  • U.S. Embassy in Senegal. (2018, 13 Aralık). The Trump Administration’s New Africa Strategy – Remarks by National Security Advisor Ambassador John R. Bolton. Erişim adresi: https://sn.usembassy.gov/the-trump-administrations-new-africa-strategy-remarks-by-national-security-advisor-ambassador-john-r-bolton/.
  • US Secretary of State Blinken cautions Africa on China. (2021, 28 Nisan). Erişim adresi: https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/world/us-secretary-of-state-blinken-cautions-africa-on-china-3379858.
  • Understanding Chinese Investment in African Oil and Gas. (2019, 7 Ekim). Erişim adresi: https://africa-oilweek.com/Articles/understanding-chinese-investment-in-african-o.
  • Unger, D. (2016). The Foreig Policy Legacy of Barack Obama, The International Spectator, 51(4), 1-16.
  • United States Africa Command. History of U.S. Africa Command. Erişim adresi: https://www.africom.mil/about-the-command/history-of-us-africa-command.
  • Westcott, N. (2019). The Trump Administration’s Africa Policy, African Affairs, 118(473), 737-749.
  • Wezeman, P. D. Kuimova, A. ve Wezeman, S. T. (2021). Trends in International Arms Transfers, 2020, SIPRI Fact Sheet.
  • Widakuswara, P. (2021, 6 Şubat). Biden Signals New Tone on US-Africa Relations. Erişim adresi: https://www.voanews.com/africa/biden-signals-new-tone-us-africa-relations.
  • Xuetong, Yan. (2006). The Rise of China and its Power Status, Chinese Journal of International Politics, 1(1), 5-33.
Toplam 57 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm ARAŞTIRMA MAKALELERİ
Yazarlar

Melih Yıldız 0000-0001-8226-6299

Yayımlanma Tarihi 22 Nisan 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Sayı: 72

Kaynak Göster

APA Yıldız, M. (2022). Afrika’da Büyük Güç Rekabeti: Çin’in 21. Yüzyılda Artan Nüfuzu ve ABD’nin Tepkisi. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi(72), 78-91. https://doi.org/10.51290/dpusbe.1022895
AMA Yıldız M. Afrika’da Büyük Güç Rekabeti: Çin’in 21. Yüzyılda Artan Nüfuzu ve ABD’nin Tepkisi. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. Nisan 2022;(72):78-91. doi:10.51290/dpusbe.1022895
Chicago Yıldız, Melih. “Afrika’da Büyük Güç Rekabeti: Çin’in 21. Yüzyılda Artan Nüfuzu Ve ABD’nin Tepkisi”. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, sy. 72 (Nisan 2022): 78-91. https://doi.org/10.51290/dpusbe.1022895.
EndNote Yıldız M (01 Nisan 2022) Afrika’da Büyük Güç Rekabeti: Çin’in 21. Yüzyılda Artan Nüfuzu ve ABD’nin Tepkisi. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 72 78–91.
IEEE M. Yıldız, “Afrika’da Büyük Güç Rekabeti: Çin’in 21. Yüzyılda Artan Nüfuzu ve ABD’nin Tepkisi”, Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, sy. 72, ss. 78–91, Nisan 2022, doi: 10.51290/dpusbe.1022895.
ISNAD Yıldız, Melih. “Afrika’da Büyük Güç Rekabeti: Çin’in 21. Yüzyılda Artan Nüfuzu Ve ABD’nin Tepkisi”. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 72 (Nisan 2022), 78-91. https://doi.org/10.51290/dpusbe.1022895.
JAMA Yıldız M. Afrika’da Büyük Güç Rekabeti: Çin’in 21. Yüzyılda Artan Nüfuzu ve ABD’nin Tepkisi. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 2022;:78–91.
MLA Yıldız, Melih. “Afrika’da Büyük Güç Rekabeti: Çin’in 21. Yüzyılda Artan Nüfuzu Ve ABD’nin Tepkisi”. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, sy. 72, 2022, ss. 78-91, doi:10.51290/dpusbe.1022895.
Vancouver Yıldız M. Afrika’da Büyük Güç Rekabeti: Çin’in 21. Yüzyılda Artan Nüfuzu ve ABD’nin Tepkisi. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 2022(72):78-91.

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