This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Combustion Characteristics of Ammonia in a Modern Spark-Ignition Engine
Technical Paper
2019-24-0237
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
This content contains downloadable datasets
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
Ammonia is now recognized as a very serious asset in the context of the hydrogen energy economy, thanks to its non-carbon nature, competitive energy density and very mature production, storage and transport processes. If produced from renewable sources, its use as a direct combustion fuel could participate to the flexibility in the power sector as well as help mitigating fossil fuel use in certain sectors, such as long-haul shipping. However, ammonia presents unfavorable combustion properties, requiring further investigation of its combustion characteristics in practical systems. In the present study, a modern single-cylinder spark-ignition engine is fueled with gaseous ammonia/air mixtures at various equivalence ratios and intake pressures. The results are compared with methane/air and previous ammonia/hydrogen/air measurements, where hydrogen is used as combustion promoter. In-cylinder pressure and exhaust concentrations of selected species are measured and analyzed. Results show that ammonia is a very suitable fuel for SI engine operation, since high power outputs were achieved with satisfying efficiency by taking advantage of the promoting effects of either hydrogen enrichment or increased intake pressure, or a combination of both. The performances under NH3 fueling compare well with those obtained under methane operation. High NOx and unburned NH3 exhaust concentrations were also observed under fuel-lean and fuel-rich conditions, respectively, calling for additional mitigation measures. A detailed combustion analysis show that hydrogen mainly acts as an ignition promoter. In the engine, pure ammonia combustion is assumedly mainly driven by the ignition kinetics of ammonia and the flame response to turbulence rather than by the laminar burning velocity.
Recommended Content
Authors
Topic
Citation
Lhuillier, C., BREQUIGNY, P., Contino, F., and Rousselle, C., "Combustion Characteristics of Ammonia in a Modern Spark-Ignition Engine," SAE Technical Paper 2019-24-0237, 2019, https://doi.org/10.4271/2019-24-0237.Data Sets - Support Documents
Title | Description | Download |
---|---|---|
Unnamed Dataset 1 | ||
Unnamed Dataset 2 | ||
Unnamed Dataset 3 | ||
Unnamed Dataset 4 |
Also In
References
- International Energy Agency The Future of Hydrogen 2019
- Zamfirescu , C. and Dincer , I. Using Ammonia as a Sustainable Fuel J. Power Sources 185 459 465 2008 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.02.097
- Bicer , Y. and Dincer , I. Life Cycle Assessment of Ammonia Utilization in City Transportation and Power Generation J. Clean. Prod. 170 1594 1601 2018 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.09.243
- Zamfirescu , C. and Dincer , I. Ammonia as a Green Fuel and Hydrogen Source for Vehicular Applications Fuel Process. Technol. 90 729 737 2009 10.1016/j.fuproc.2009.02.004
- Linstrom , P.J. and Mallard , W.G. https://webbook.nist.gov/ July 2019
- Mørch , C.S. , Bjerre , A. , Gøttrup , M.P. , Sorenson , S.C. et al. Ammonia/Hydrogen Mixtures in an SI-Engine: Engine Performance and Analysis of a Proposed Fuel System Fuel 90 854 864 2011 10.1016/j.fuel.2010.09.042
- Valera-Medina , A. , Xiao , H. , Owen-Jones , M. , David , W.I.F. et al. Ammonia for Power Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 69 63 102 2018 10.1016/j.pecs.2018.07.001
- Kobayashi , H. , Hayakawa , A. , Somarathne , K.D.K.A. , and Okafor , E.C. Science and Technology of Ammonia Combustion Proc. Combust. Inst. 37 109 133 2019 10.1016/j.proci.2018.09.029
- Reiter , A.J. and Kong , S.C. Demonstration of Compression-Ignition Engine Combustion Using Ammonia in Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions Energy and Fuels 22 2963 2971 2008 10.1021/ef800140f
- Reiter , A.J. and Kong , S.C. Combustion and Emissions Characteristics of Compression-Ignition Engine Using Dual Ammonia-Diesel Fuel Fuel 90 87 97 2011 10.1016/j.fuel.2010.07.055
- Gill , S.S. , Chatha , G.S. , Tsolakis , A. , Golunski , S.E. et al. Assessing the Effects of Partially Decarbonising a Diesel Engine by Co-Fuelling with Dissociated Ammonia Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 37 6074 6083 2012 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.12.137
- Gross , C.W. and Kong , S.C. Performance Characteristics of a Compression-Ignition Engine Using Direct-Injection Ammonia-DME Mixtures Fuel 103 1069 1079 2013 10.1016/j.fuel.2012.08.026
- Ryu , K. , Zacharakis-Jutz , G.E. , and Kong , S.-C. Performance Characteristics of Compression-Ignition Engine Using High Concentration of Ammonia Mixed with Dimethyl Ether Appl. Energy 113 488 499 2014 10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.07.065
- Pochet , M. , Truedsson , I. , Foucher , F. , Jeanmart , H. et al. Ammonia-Hydrogen Blends in Homogeneous-Charge Compression-Ignition Engine SAE Technical Paper 2017-24-0087 2017 10.4271/2017-24-0087
- Pearsall , T.J. and Garabedian , C.G. Combustion of Anhydrous Ammonia in Diesel Engines SAE Technical Paper 670947 1967 10.4271/670947
- Gray , J.T.J. , Dimitroff , E. , Meckel , N.T. , and Quillian , R.D.J. Ammonia Fuel - Engine Compatibility and Combustion SAE Technical Paper 660156 1966 10.4271/660156
- Cornelius , W. , Huellmantel , L.W. , and Mitchell , H.R. Ammonia as an Engine Fuel SAE Technical Paper 650052 1965 10.2307/44460524
- Sawyer , R.F. , Starkman , E.S. , Muzio , L. , and Schmidt , W.L. Oxides of Nitrogen in the Combustion Products of an Ammonia Fueled Reciprocating Engine SAE Technical Paper 680401 1968 10.4271/680401
- Starkman , E.S. , Newhall , H.K. , Sutton , R. , Maguire , T. et al. Ammonia as a Spark Ignition Engine Fuel: Theory and Application SAE Technical Paper 660155 1966 10.4271/660155
- Grannell , S.M. , Assanis , D.N. , Bohac , S.V. , and Gillespie , D.E. The Fuel Mix Limits and Efficiency of a Stoichiometric, Ammonia, and Gasoline Dual Fueled Spark Ignition Engine J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power 130 042802 1 8 2008 10.1115/1.2898837
- Grannell , S.M. , Assanis , D.N. , Gillespie , D.E. , and Bohac , S.V. Exhaust Emissions from a Stoichiometric, Ammonia and Gasoline Dual Fueled Spark Ignition Engine Proc. ASME Intern. Combust. Engine Div. 2009 10.1115/ices2009-76131
- Ryu , K. , Zacharakis-Jutz , G.E. , and Kong , S.C. Effects of Gaseous Ammonia Direct Injection on Performance Characteristics of a Spark-Ignition Engine Appl. Energy 116 206 215 2014 10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.11.067
- Ryu , K. , Zacharakis-Jutz , G.E. , and Kong , S.C. Performance Enhancement of Ammonia-Fueled Engine by Using Dissociation Catalyst for Hydrogen Generation Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 39 2390 2398 2014 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.11.098
- Frigo , S. , Gentili , R. , and Doveri , N. Ammonia Plus Hydrogen as Fuel in a S.I. Engine: Experimental Results SAE Technical Paper 2012-32-0019 2012 10.4271/2012-32-0019
- Frigo , S. and Gentili , R. Analysis of the Behaviour of a 4-Stroke Si Engine Fuelled with Ammonia and Hydrogen Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 38 1607 1615 2013 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.10.114
- Pozzana , G. , Bonfanti , N. , Frigo , S. , Doveri , N. et al. A Hybrid Vehicle Powered by Hydrogen and Ammonia SAE Technical Paper 2012-32-0085 2012 10.4271/2012-32-0085
- Comotti , M. and Frigo , S. Hydrogen Generation System for Ammonia-Hydrogen Fuelled Internal Combustion Engines Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 40 10673 10686 2015 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.06.080
- Westlye , F.R. , Ivarsson , A. , and Schramm , J. Experimental Investigation of Nitrogen Based Emissions from an Ammonia Fueled SI-Engine Fuel 111 239 247 2013 10.1016/j.fuel.2013.03.055
- Lhuillier , C. , Brequigny , P. , Contino , F. , and Mounaïm-Rousselle , C. Experimental Study on NH 3 /H 2 /Air Combustion in Spark-Ignition Engine Conditions the 11th Mediterranean Combustion Symposium Tenerife, Spain June 16-20 2019
- Lhuillier , C. , Brequigny , P. , Contino , F. , and Mounaïm-Rousselle , C. Performance and Emissions of an Ammonia-Fueled SI Engine with Hydrogen Enrichment SAE Technical Paper 2019-24-0137 2019 10.4271/2019-24-0137
- Duynslaegher , C. 2011
- Hohenberg , G. Advanced Approaches for Heat Transfer Calculations SAE Technical Paper 79082 1979 10.4271/79082
- Smith , G.P. , Golden , D.M. , Frenklach , M. , Moriarty , N.W. et al. http://combustion.berkeley.edu/gri_mech/
- Goldmann , A. and Dinkelacker , F. Approximation of Laminar Flame Characteristics on Premixed Ammonia/Hydrogen/Nitrogen/Air Mixtures at Elevated Temperatures and Pressures Fuel 224 366 378 2018 10.1016/j.fuel.2018.03.030
- Shrestha , K.P. , Seidel , L. , Zeuch , T. , and Mauss , F. Detailed Kinetic Mechanism for the Oxidation of Ammonia Including the Formation and Reduction of Nitrogen Oxides Energy and Fuels 32 10202 10217 2018 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.8b01056