Deciphering Groundwater Quality for Drinking and Irrigation Purposes ��? A Study in Lefunga Block of West Tripura District, Tripura, India

¹Department of Chemistry, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar-799022,Tripura, India

²Department of Geological Sciences, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700032, India

*Corresponding Author:

S.K.Nag
Department of Geological Sciences
Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700032, India
Tel: 03324572227
E-mail: sisirknag@gmail.com

Received date: November 29, 2016; Accepted date: December 23, 2016; Published date: December 31, 2016

Citation: Paul R, Das S, Nag SK, Singh MK (2016) Deciphering Groundwater Quality for Drinking and Irrigation Purposes – A Study in Lefunga Block of West Tripura District, Tripura, India. J Earth Sci Clim Change 7: 378. doi: 10.4172/2157-7617.1000378

Copyright: © 2016 Paul R, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

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Abstract

The aim of the present study is to assess the groundwater quality of Lefunga block, west Tripura district, Tripura, for irrigation and domestic purposes. Nine samples were collected from bore wells used for drinking and irrigation purposes. The water samples were analyzed for major cations like calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, iron and anions like chloride, bi-carbonate and sulfate. Samples were also analyzed for arsenic and fluoride concentration. The important constituents that influences water quality for irrigation such as Electrical conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Magnesium Adsorption Ratio (MAR), Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP) and Permeability Index (PI) were determined and compared with standard limits. The values of TDS range from 29.33 – 86.00 mg/L, SAR values range from 0.04 – 0.07, MAR values range from 33.56 – 53.68 and SSP range from 3.01 – 5.87. Results show that they all lie within the safe limits and thus largely suitable for irrigation purpose. Hence, the groundwater of this area is free from salinity hazard and has no adverse effect on soil properties. Furthermore, the water samples also fall within recommended limits and are found suitable for drinking purposes except one sample having high levels of iron and thus rendering it to be very poor for drinking purposes as per WQI classification.

Keywords

Bicarbonate; Electrical; Fluoride; Geology; Irrigation; Sandstone; Temperature; Water

Introduction

The present study focuses on irrigational and drinking water suitability of Lefunga block of West Tripura district in Tripura. Groundwater quality monitoring is especially important in areas where a sizeable chunk of the population depends on it for regular usage. Groundwater scarcity is a current crisis globally and in our country as well. The utilization of water from ages has led to its over exploitation coupled with the growing population along with improved standard of living because of technological innovations [1,2]. Thus, contamination of groundwater is not away from the evils of modernization. Besides anthropogenic factors, groundwater quality gets affected due natural geological and chemical processes. The quantity and composition of dissolved minerals in natural water depend upon the type of rock or soil with which it has been in contact or through which it has passed and the duration it has been in contact with these rocks [3-6].

In developing countries, 80% of diseases are directly related to poor drinking water and unsanitary conditions [7]. Groundwater quality studies provide a better understanding of possible changes in quality as development progress. Suitability of groundwater for domestic and irrigation purposes is determined by its hydrochemistry. Groundwater quality data gives important clues to the geologic history of rocks and indications of groundwater recharge, movement, and storage [8]. Groundwater quality depends on number of factors, such as general geology, degree of chemical weathering of prevailing lithology, quality of recharge water and inputs from sources other than water-rock interaction. Demarcation of groundwater zones on the basis of quality was attempted [9-18].

Quality of groundwater may vary from place to place and from stratum to stratum. It also varies from season to season. The requirement of quality of water for various purposes such as drinking water, industrial water and irrigation water vary widely. Thus a compact study has been carried out in the present study area to form a better understanding regarding the irrigational and drinking water quality.

Study Area

The present study area, Lefunga block, lies in West Tripura district, Tripura, India. The block lies between 23�?52�?22�?�?N - 23�?56�?55�?�?N and 91�?18�? 10�?�? E - 91�?25�? 49�?�?E. The Lefunga block (Study area) is composed of Recent Formation (alluvium), Dupitila Series and Tipam Group.

Alluvium deposits of recent or sub recent rivers comprising silica Ghilatoli formation sand, silt and clay and vegetation debris unconsolidated, pale yellow to dirty sand, silt clay with organic Formation and decomposed vegetable matter; massive, coarse grained, gritty poorly cemented sandstone with current bedding.

Tipam Group conformably overlies Surma Group and the gradational contact is marked by a ribbed sandstone unit with minor thin siltstone bands. The transitional Bokabil-Tipam boundary often poses problem for its demarcation. It is observed that sandstone unit towards the top of Bokabil Formation commonly shows a ribbing pattern. The occurrence of ‘ribbed sandstone unit’ could define changes in depositional parameters and thereby the base of Tipam Group. Mapping by Nandy and in parts of the state showed that Tipam Group can be broadly divided into two formations [19]. (a) Lower Tipam Formation: (studied at Manzu Bazar) consisting of fairly thick unit of fine to medium grained sandstone, subarkosic sandstone, including laminated layers of thick lenticular bands of sandy shale, siltstone and sandy mudstone of brackish to fresh water shallow marine facies. The sandstone unit is medium grained, current bedded having a distinct ribbed pattern, contains boulders of calcareous concretions and coal streaks. The concretions are rounded, spheroidal and oval shaped varying from 10 cm to 30 cm in diameter. The outer surface of boulders has ferruginous coating but the inner portion is hard and calcareous. Reworked siltstones are closely associated with the lower part of Tipam Group.

Dupitila formation overlies Tipam Group with an angular unconformity. The contact is marked by a thin band of pebbleconglomerate. It comprises white to yellowish, loose, unconsolidated ferruginous sandstone with pink and yellow clay bands. The coarse grained sandstone contains fragments of quartz, quartzite, muscovite, biotite and feldspar with profuse lithic fragments. Bedding is indistinct due to massive and unconsolidated nature of sand rock. There are pockets of well-sorted, medium to coarse grained quartz and white clay. Sandstone, from which ferruginous material has been leached away, has formed sand pockets. Few discontinuous horizons of iron-coated clay pebbles and angular class of sandstone occur in ferruginous sand matrix within sandstone. Thin lateritic soil capping has been recorded on the top of several mounds composed of the sandstone (Figure 1).

Figure 1: Study area map.

Methodology

Groundwater samples have been collected from nine locations spanning over the Lefunga block during March – May, 2016 (pre monsoon period). Quantitative chemical analyses treatments have been performed on the water samples to determine the concentration of the major cations and anions present in groundwater. All chemical analyses were performed using standard quantitative analysis procedures in accordance with [20]. The parameters measured were pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS) were measured in situ using the potable HI 98130 Combo pH/ EC/ TDS/ Temperature meter by Hanna Instruments. Sodium (Na), potassium (K) were measured using flame photometry, calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) were measured complex-metrically, chloride (Cl¯) was measured following argent-metric analysis, sulphate (SO₄^2¯) and iron (Fe) was measured sphectophotometrically, bicarbonate (HCO₃^¯) was measured following titrimetric principles, fluoride (F¯) was measured using the Ion selective electrode, and arsenic (As) was detected using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The quantitative analysis results have been presented in Table 1. All ionic concentrations have been measured in mg/l. For determination of irrigational and drinking water quality certain water quality indices were calculated for each location, the values and plots of which have been presented in results and discussions.

Table 1: Quantitative chemical analysis results.

Results and Discussion

For determination of irrigational water suitability three geochemical indices – Sodium adsorption ratio, soluble sodium percentage and magnesium adsorption ratio were calculated for each water sample and the respective plots were drawn to interpret the quality of water. To determine drinking water suitability, Water quality index – where relative weights are assigned to each parameter in accordance with their potential to render water suitable or unsuitable for drinking, has been calculated for each water sample [21].

Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR)

Total salt concentration and probable sodium hazard of the irrigation water are the two major constituents for determining SAR. If water used for irrigation is high in Na⁺ and low in Ca²⁺ the ion-exchange complex may become saturated with Na⁺ which destroys the soil structure, due to the dispersion of clay particles and reduces the plant growth. Excess salinity reduces the osmotic activity of plants [22,23]. Sodium percentage exceeding 50% was taken as a warning of sodium hazard. However, in 1954, it was proposed that the sodium percentage is to be replaced by a significant ratio termed the Sodium Adsorption Ratio or SAR because it has a direct relation with the adsorption of sodium by soils [24]. This ratio is calculated from the following formula:

SAR = [Na⁺]/ {([Ca²⁺] + [Mg²⁺])/ 2}^1/2....... (1)

Where, concentrations of the ions are expressed in meq/L.

Thus the concentration of sodium, magnesium and calcium ions determination is of great importance for assessing the suitability of water for irrigation purposes. This method is widely used now-a-days for specifying the suitability of irrigation waters. In this method, the electrical conductivity and SAR value for the water are first evaluated and thereafter its position is located on the standard U.S. Salinity diagram. The diagram gives direct indication of the salinity and alkalinity hazards. According to this diagram, the irrigation waters have been classified into 16 different groups, each having specific properties.

When plotted on the U.S. Salinity diagram each point gives the classification of the water sample based on two classifications:

• The salinity hazard is represented by C₁, C₂, C₃, C₄ classes along the X axis along which electrical conductivity is plotted.

• The exchangeable sodium accumulation in soil is represented by S₁, S₂, S₃, S₄ classes along the Y axis along which the SAR values are plotted.

According to the calculations and plot (Figure 2), all water samples of the present study are suitable for irrigation w.r.t SAR values and fall within the C₁-S₁ class. All SAR values have been presented in Table 2.

Figure 2: U.S. Salinity diagram.

Table 2: Calculated water quality indices.

Soluble sodium percentage (SSP)

EC and sodium concentration are very important in classifying irrigation water. The salts, besides affecting the growth of the plants directly, also affect soil structure, permeability and aeration, which indirectly affect plant growth [25]. Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP) Todd was calculated by the following equation [22]:

SSP= [(Na +K)/ (Ca + Mg + Na + K)] xl00....... (2)

Where, all the ionic concentrations are expressed in meq/L.

The SSP values have been presented in Table 2. According to the Wilcox diagram plot (Figure 3), all samples fall in the Very good – Good range [26].

Figure 3: Wilcox diagram.

Magnesium adsorption ratio (MAR)

Generally Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ maintain a state of equilibrium in most groundwater. During equilibrium more Mg²⁺ in groundwater will adversely affect the soil quality rendering it alkaline resulting in decrease of crop yield Kumar and Paliwal had developed the following equation for calculating the magnesium hazard (MAR) [27,28]:

MAR = (Mg²⁺ * 100)/ (Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺)......... (3)

Where, all the ionic concentrations are expressed in meq/L.

MAR categorizes groundwater into two broad classes; water having MAR < 50 is considered suitable for irrigation whereas those having MAR > 50 are considered unsuitable. According to calculations MAR values are marginally above 50 at three locations - Abhicharan bazaar, Bodhjungnagar and Sipahipara. Rest of the locations have suitable values. All MAR values have been presented in Table 2.

Permeability index (P.I.)

The permeability of soil is affected by long-term use of irrigation water and is influenced by sodium, calcium, magnesium and bicarbonate contents in soil. Another modified criterion has evolved based on the solubility of salts and the reaction occurring in the soil solution from cation exchange for estimating the quality of agricultural waters [29]. Soil permeability is affected by long-term use of irrigation water and is influenced by - (i) Total dissolved solids, (ii) sodium contents and (iii) bicarbonate content. To incorporate the first three items [30]. has empirically developed a term called, 'Permeability Index' after conducting a series of experiments for which he has used a large number of irrigation waters varying in ionic relationships and concentration. The following formula gives the permeability index:

PI = Na⁺ + [{(HCO₃^¯) _½/ (Ca²⁺+Mg²⁺+Na⁺)}*100] ............ (4)

Where, the ions are expressed in meq/L.

On plotting the P.I. values on Doneen’s chart (Figure 4), it can be seen four locations fall in Class II and four locations fall in Class III. One location falls in the borderline range. The permeability index values have been presented in Table 2.

Figure 4: Doneen’s chart.

Water quality index (WQI)

This study has been carried out in three major steps:

In the first step the measured physico-chemical parameters have been assigned weights in accordance with their relative importance in controlling drinking water quality.

In the second step a relative weight is calculated using the following equation:

W_i = w_i/ Σw_i........... (5)

Where w_i is the weight assigned to each parameter and Σw_i is summation of all the weights assigned to each parameter.

In the third step a quality rating (q_i) is assigned for each parameter using the following equation:

qi = (C_i X S_i)/ 100.......... (6)

Where, C_i is the concentration of each chemical parameter in each water sample in mg/L, and S_i is the Indian drinking water standard for each chemical parameter in mg/L according to the guidelines of WHO.

Using the relative weight and quality rating scale values SI for each parameter is calculated.

Water quality Index or WQI is then calculated using the equation below:

SI_i = W_i ��? q_i.............. (7)

WQI = ΣSI_i............. (8)

The weights assigned to each parameter and all relevant calculations have been presented in Table 3, Water Quality Index values have been presented in Table 4 and Water Quality Index classification has been presented in Table 5. The results obtained have been plotted in form of a pie chart in Figure 5. Arsenic is found to be below detectable limits at most locations and no particular WHO standard is available for potassium. Hence these two parameters have been left out from WQI calculations. According to the results, only the water sample collected from Abhicharan bazaar has been found to be unsuitable for drinking; most probably due to its high iron content.

Table 3: Relative weight of measured parameters.

Table 4: Water quality index values.

Table 5: WQI classification and results.

Figure 5: Pie diagram presenting WQI results.

Conclusion

The objective of the present study was to identify and interpret the irrigational and drinking water suitability of the nine water samples collected from different spots in Lefunga block, west Tripura district, Tripura. According to the analyses performed the, the quantitative chemical analysis results have shown that in all samples, barring one, the basic major cationic and anionic concentrations are well within the WHO standards. Thus, the geochemical water quality index studies carried out to interpret water suitability show that all samples are suitable for irrigation. In terms of drinking water quality, only one sample containing high levels of iron have been rendered very poor for drinking as per WQI classifications.

Acknowledgments

The authors (S. Das and S.K. Nag) gratefully acknowledge the infrastructural support for providing the use of Remote Sensing and GIS softwares (TNT Mips) by the Department of Geological Sciences, Jadavpur University, Kolkata. The authors (R. Paul and M.K. Singh) are thankful to the Head, Department of Chemistry for providing infrastructural facilities for carrying out the research work. Authors also acknowledge the help received from the Chairman, Tripura State Pollution Control Board, Government of Tripura for extending laboratory facilities for analytical works.

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