Open Access, Peer-reviewed
pISSN 2288-3886
eISSN 2288-3959
    Korean J Nutr. 2009 Mar;42(2):146-157. Korean.
    Published online Mar 31, 2009.
    https://doi.org/10.4163/kjn.2009.42.2.146
    © 2009 The Korean Nutrition Society
    Original Article

    Evaluation of Fruits and Vegetables Intake for Prevention of Chronic Disease in Korean Adults Aged 30 Years and Over: Using the Third Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES III), 2005

    Jung Hyun Kwon,* Jae Eun Shim,** Min Kyung Park,* and Hee Young Paik*,**
      • *Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
      • **Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
    • To whom correspondence should be addressed. (Email: hypaik@snu.ac.kr )
    Received December 16, 2008; Revised February 05, 2009; Accepted February 09, 2009.

    Abstract

    Korean diet is high in plant foods but also high in salted vegetables. World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF) recommends consumption of fruits and vegetables excluding salted vegetables for prevention cancer. This study aimed to analyze relations between intakes of salted and non-salted vegetables and socioeconomic factors, providing a data for targeted groups in promotion of fruits and vegetables consumption. Dietary and socioeconomic status data of the 5,400 subjects over 30 years of age from the 2005 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANESIII) were used. Dietary intake data from KNHANESIII was obtained by one day 24-hour recall method. Mean daily intakes of salted vegetables, non-salted vegetables and fruits of subjects were 151 g, 237 g, and 71 g respectively. Mean daily intake of salted vegetables was significantly higher in men than women for daily amount (173 g vs. 133 g) as well as percentage of total food intake (9.9% vs. 9.6%). Subjects living in rural area consumed more salted vegetables. Salted vegetables as percent of total food were lower in subjects with higher education levels (p < 0.001). Intakes of non-salted vegetables were significantly affected by age and gender. Intake levels of fruit were significantly higher in younger groups, in females, and subjects with higher income and education levels (p < 0.05). Average intake of fruits and non-salted vegetables was 307 g, lower than WCRF recommended level of 400 g for personal guideline. Intake of salted vegetables was positively correlated with sodium intake (Pearson's correlation coefficient, r = 0.43) but less so with potassium (r = 0.16) and other micronutrients intake (r < 0.1). On the other hand, non-salted vegetables had higher correlations with potassium (r = 0.45), carotene (r = 0.38), vitamin A (r = 0.37), iron (r = 0.34) and low for sodium (r = 0.13). Fruits intake was highly correlated with vitamin C intake (r = 0.46). Proportion of subjects satisfying WCRF personal guideline of fruits and non-salted vegetables was 25.7%. Results of this study indicate that intake of salted vegetable is considerably high among Koreans, and it is highly correlated with sodium intake and less so with other micronutrients.

    Keywords
    fruits; vegetables; dietary intake; socioeconomic; adults

    Figures

    Fig. 1
    Distribution of subjects by fruits and non-salted vegetables intake.

    Tables

    Table 1
    General characteristics of study subjects

    Table 2
    Fruits and vegetables intake by socioeconomics status (g/day)

    Table 3
    Proportions of fruits and vegetables to total food intake by socioeconomic status (%)

    Table 4
    Pearson's correlation coefficients of fruits & vegetables intake with energy and nutrients intake1)

    Table 5
    Proportions of persons with intake level satisfying individual guideline of WCRF1)2)

    Table 6
    Proportion of each macronutrients to total energy intake and nutrition density of micronutrients by fruits and vegetables intake level1)

    References

      1. The Third Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KN-HANESIII). Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2006.
      1. Korea National Statistical Office.
        Available from; http://www.kosis.kr.
      1. Lichtenstein AH, Appel LJ, Brands M, Carnethon M, Daniels S, Franch HA, et al. Diet and lifestyle recommendations revision 2006: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association Nutrition Committee. Circulation 2006;114:82–96.
      1. Summary: Food, nutrition, physical activity, and the prevention of cancer: a global perspective. World Cancer Research Fund. American Institute for Cancer Research; 2007. pp. 9.
      1. Ibiebele TI, Pols IC, Hughes MC, Marks GC, Williams GM, Green AC. Dietary pattern in association with squamous cell carcinoma of the skin: a prospective study. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;85:1401–1408.
      1. Choi MK, Bae YJ. A study on blood lipids and blood pressure of adult men and women according to vegetable intake. Korean J Community Nutrition 2007;12(6):761–722.
      1. Hung HC, Joshipura KJ, Jiang R, Hu FB, Hunter D, Smith-Warner SA, et al. Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of major chronic disease. J Natl Cancer Inst 2004;96(21):1577–1584.
      1. Nöthlings U, Schulze MB, Weikert C, Boeing H, Schouw YT, Bamia C, et al. Intake of vegetables, legumes, and fruit, and risk for all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality in a European diabetic population. J Nutr 2008;138(4):775–781.
      1. Serdula MK, Gillespie C, Kettel-Khan L, Farris R, Seymour J, Denny C. Trends in fruits and vegetable consumption among adults in the united states: Behavioral risk factor surveillance system, 1994-2000. Am J Public Health 2004;94:1014–1018.
      1. Riediger ND, Shooshtari S, Moghadasian MH. The influence of sociodemographic factors on patterns of fruit and vegetable consumption in Canadian adolescents. J Am Diet Assoc 2007;107:1511–1518.
      1. Taylor JP, Evers S, Mckenna M. Determinants of healthy eating in children and youth. Can J Public Health 2005;96 supple3:S20–S26.
      1. Oliver LN, Hayes MV. Neighbourhood socio-economic status and the prevalence of overweight Canadian children and youth. Can J Public Health 2005;96:415–420.
      1. Son SM, Park Y, Lim H, Kim S, Jeong Y. Sodium intakes of Korean adults with 24-hour urine analysis and dish frequency questionnaire and comparison of sodium intakes according to the regional area dish group. Korean J Community Nutrition 2007;12(5):545–558.
      1. Striegel-Moore RH, Thompson D, Affenito SG, Franko DL, Obarzanek E, Barton BA, et al. Correlates of beverage intake in adolescent girls: the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study. J Pediatr 2006;148:183–187.
      1. Milne DB, Nielsen FH. The interaction between dietary fructose and magnesium adversely affects macromineral homeostasis in men. J Am Coll Nutr 2000;19:31–37.
      1. Sartorelli DS, Franco LJ, Gimeno SGA, Ferreira SRG, Cardoso MA. Dietary fructose, fruits, fruit juices and glucose tolerance status in Japanese-Brazilians. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2008;19(2):77–83.
      1. In-Depth Analysis on the 3rd (2005) Korea Health and Nutrition Examination Survey-NutritionSurvey-. Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2007.
      1. Moon HK, Park JH. Comparative analysis and evaluation of dietary intake between with and without hypertension using 2001 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Korean J Nutr 2007;40(4):347–361.
      1. Umesawa M, Iso H, Date C, Yamamoto A, Toyoshima H, Watanabe Y, et al. Relation between dietary sodium and potassium intakes and mortality from cardiovascular disease: the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study for evaluation of cancer risks. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;88:195–202.
      1. Casagrande SS, Wang Y, Anderson C, Gary TL. Have Americans increased their fruit and vegetable intake? The trends between 1988 and 2002. Am J Prev Med 2007;32(4):257–263.
      1. Giskes K, Turrell G, Patterson C, Newman B. Socio-economic differences in fruit and vegetable among Australian adolescents and adults. Public Health Nutr 2002;5(5):663–669.
      1. Drewnowski A, Specter SE. Poverty and obesity: the role of energy density and energy costs. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;79:6–16.
      1. Riediger ND, Moghadasia MH. Patterns of fruit and vegetable consumption and the influence of sex, age and socio-demographic factors among Canadian elderly. J Am Coll Nutr 2008;27(2):306–313.
      1. Paquette M. Perceptions of healthy eating: state of knowledge and research gaps. Can J Public Health 2005;96 supple3:S15–S19.
    Cited by
    Crossref 44
    Google Scholar 
    MeSH Terms
    Adult
    Aged
    Ascorbic Acid
    Carotenoids
    Chronic Disease
    Diet
    Eating
    Female
    Financial Management
    Fruit
    Hand
    Humans
    Iron
    Korea
    Male
    Micronutrients
    Nutrition Surveys
    Plants
    Potassium
    Social Class
    Socioeconomic Factors
    Sodium
    Vegetables
    Vitamin A
    Metrics
    Share
    Figures
    slide

    1 / 1

    Tables
    slide
    slide
    slide
    slide
    slide
    slide

    1 / 6

    PERMALINK