We use cookies to improve your experience. By continuing to browse this site, you accept our cookie policy.×
Published Online:https://doi.org/10.4155/bio-2022-0220

Background: Ciprofloxacin and metronidazole are beneficial for treating mixed aerobic/anaerobic infections. Methods: Following the oral administration of ciprofloxacin and metronidazole in healthy volunteers, TLC and HPLC methods were described for their analysis in plasma samples. In the first method, a stationary phase of silica gel TLC F254 plates was used using acetone/water/triethylamine/glacial acetic acid (8:2:0.25:0.1 v/v). The second approach used a C18 column and methanol/aqueous 0.05% triethylamine (25:75 v/v), with a flow rate of 1 ml/min and detection at 325 nm. Four green metrics were used to evaluate the approaches’ environmental impact. Conclusion: The study provided the sensitivity required for determination of the two drugs in the collected samples. The findings showed that results were within permitted ranges with minimal environmental impact.

Papers of special note have been highlighted as: • of interest

References

  • 1. American Chemical Society. What is green chemistry? www.acs.org/greenchemistry/what-is-green-chemistry.html
  • 2. Elkady EF, Mahrouse MA. Reversed-phase ion-pair HPLC and TLC-densitometric methods for the simultaneous determination of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride and metronidazole in tablets. Chromatographia 73, 297–305 (2011).
  • 3. Mahrouse MA, Elkady EF. Validated spectrophotometric methods for the simultaneous determination of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride and metronidazole in tablets. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 59(12), 1485–1493 (2011).
  • 4. Veeshma A, Priyanka S, Kumar KP, Sirisha K. Simultaneous estimation of ciprofloxacin and metronidazole in bulk and tablet formulation by UV spectrophotometry. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res. 42, 2247–2256 (2021).
  • 5. Vega E, Solá N. Quantitative analysis of metronidazole in intravenous admixture with ciprofloxacin by first derivative spectrophotometry. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 25(1-2), 523–530 (2001).
  • 6. Maslarska V, Tsvetkova B, Peikova L et al. HPLC assay of model tablet formulations containing metronidazole andciprofloxacin. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. 8, 306–310 (2016).
  • 7. Patel A, Shah N, Patel N. Simultaneous estimation of metronidazole and ciprofloxacin by RP-HPLC method in bulk drug and suspension. Int. J. Chem. Sci. 7(3), 2115–2121 (2009).
  • 8. Khadabadi SS, Devkar MG. A validated RP-HPLC method for simultaneous estimation of metronidazole and ciprofloxacin hydrochloride in pharmaceutical dosage form. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res. 4, 4736–4740 (2013).
  • 9. Vega E, Dabbene V, Nasseta M, Sola N. Validation of a reversed-phase LC method for quantitative analysis of intravenous admixtures of ciprofloxacin and metronidazole. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 21(5), 1003–1009 (1999).
  • 10. Hafez H, Elshanawany A, Abdelaziz L, Mohram M. Design of experiment utilization to develop a simple and robust RP-UPLC technique for stability indicating the method of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride and metronidazole in tablets. Eur. J. Anal. Chem. 10, 84–105 (2015).
  • 11. Ramzia I, Asma A, Ehab E, Maha M, Asma M. Stability indicating HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride and metronidazole in the presence of ciprofloxacin acid degradation product. Asian J. Biochem. Pharm. Res. 5, 5–17 (2015).
  • 12. Reinscheid U. Direct determination of ciprofloxacin in admixtures with metronidazole and ampicillin by NMR. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 40, 447–449 (2006).
  • 13. Bitew Z, Amare M. Recent reports on electrochemical determination of selected antibiotics in pharmaceutical formulations: a mini review. Electrochem. Comm. 121, 106863 (2020).
  • 14. Farahata SI, Abdel Salam RA, Hadad GM, El-Gindy A, Hassan TH. An ecofriendly green liquid chromatographic method for simultaneous determination of amoxicillin, metronidazole and ciprofloxacin; application to dosage form and human urine. Rec. Pharm. Biomed. Sci. 3(1), 49–57 (2019).
  • 15. El-Bagary R, El-Zaher AA, Elkady E, Mandour A. Simultaneous determination of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride and metronidazole in spiked human plasma by ultra performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectroscopy. J. Appl. Pharm. Sci. 6(3), 41–47 (2016).
  • 16. Magréault S, Leroux S, Touati J, Storme T, Jacqz-Aigrain E. UPLC/MS/MS assay for the simultaneous determination of seven antibiotics in human serum-application to pediatric studies. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 174, 256–262 (2019).
  • 17. Kannaiah KP, Sugumaran A, Chanduluru HK, Rathinam S. Environmental impact of greenness assessment tools in liquid chromatography – a review. Microchem. J. 170, 1–15 (2021).
  • 18. Gałuszka A, Konieczka P, Migaszewski ZM, Namieśnik J. Analytical Eco-Scale for assessing the greenness of analytical procedures. Trends Anal. Chem. 37, 61–72 (2012).
  • 19. Pena-pereira F, Wojnowski W, Tobiszewski M. AGREE – analytical greenness metric approach and software. Anal. Chem. 92, 10076–10082 (2020). • Contains the software necessary to apply the AGREE greenness tool.
  • 20. Nowak PM, Koscielniak P. What Color Is Your Method? Adaptation of the RGB additive color model to analytical method evaluation. Anal. Chem. 91, 10343–10352 (2019). • Includes the spreadsheet containing all the information necessary to evaluate the methods by the RGB additive color model.
  • 21. Ballester-Caudet A, Campíns-Falcó P, Pérez B et al. A new tool for evaluating and/or selecting analytical methods: summarizing the information in a hexagon. Trends Anal. Chem. 118, 238–547 (2019). • Includes the spreadsheet with functions and items necessary to evaluate the methods by hexagon.
  • 22. Nowak PM, Koscielniak P, Tobiszewski M, Ballester-Caudet A, Campíns-Falco P. Overview of the three multi-criteria approaches applied to a global assessment of analytical methods. Trends Anal. Chem. 133, 116065 (2020).
  • 23. Greenbloom SL, Steinhart AH, Greenberg GR. Combination ciprofloxacin and metronidazole for active Crohn’s disease. Can. J. Gastroentrol. 12(1), 53–56 (1998).
  • 24. US Food and Drug Administration. Bioanalytical method validation: guidance for industry (2013). • The regulatory guideline for validation of bioanalytical methods.
  • 25. Srivastava MM. High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC). Springer, Heidelberg, Dordrecht, London, 33–38 (2011).
  • 26. United States Pharmacopeial Convention Inc. USP34-NF29: System suitability for chromatography (2011).
  • 27. Ezzeldin E, El-Nahhas TM. New analytical method for the determination of metronidazole in human plasma: application to bioequivalence study. Trop. J. Pharm. Res. 11(5), 799–805 (2012). • It was taken as a reference for determination of maximum metronidazole plasma concentration and the time to reach that.
  • 28. Shah A, Liu MC, Vaughan D, Heller AH. Oral bioequivalence of three ciprofloxacin formulations following single-dose administration: 500 mg tablet compared with 500 mg/10 ml or 500 mg/5 ml suspension and the effect of food on the absorption of ciprofloxacin oral suspension. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 43(Suppl. A), 49–54 (1999). • It was taken as a reference for determination of maximum ciprofloxacin plasma concentration and the time to reach that.
  • 29. Valizadeh H, Hamishehkar H, Ghanbarzadeh S, Zabihian N, Zakeri-Milani P. Pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence evaluation of two brands of ciprofloxacin 500 mg tablets in Iranian healthy volunteers. Arzneimittelforschung 62(12), 566–570 (2012).
  • 30. Sajid M, Plotka-Wasylka J. Green analytical chemistry metrics: a review. Talanta 238, 123046 (2022).