Preliminary Clinical Experience with Digital Breast Tomosynthesis in the Visualization of Breast Microcalcifications

INTRODUCTION

Digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) is a new technology in the field of breast imaging. The technology has shown promise in reducing recall rates due to its ability to view the layers of the breast, thus minimizing tissue overlap. Studies have shown promising results, demonstrating tomosynthesis to be comparable to Full Field Digital Mammography (FFDM).[123456789] Research by Poplack in 2007 compared the image quality of digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) with that of conventional mammography (CM) and found that out of 99 recall cases in 98 women, DBT image quality was equivalent to CM in 51, and superior in 37. Additionally, this study had a 40% reduction in recalls.[1] Breast microcalcifications are frequently overlooked findings at screening mammography, and can account for a substantial number of missed cancers. While FFDM has been proven to do very well at visualizing microcalcifications, there are varying reports in regards to the ability of DBT at visualizing microcalcifications.[12101112] Kopans and colleagues in 2011 published findings comparing the clarity with which microcalcifications were seen on CM with DBT.[2] Results showed that in 41.6% of the cases, microcalcifications were seen with superior clarity with DBT; 50.4% of the cases visibility was the same for both DBT and CM; and 8% of cases microcalcifications were seen with greater clarity on CM. Though Kopans had promising findings, Spangler and colleagues had differing results. Their 2011 study determined that FFDM was slightly more sensitive than tomosynthesis for the detection of microcalcifications.[10] As characterization and detection of microcalcifications with DBT has not definitively reached a consensus in the recent literature, we decided to review our cases, with the purpose of comparing the visualization and image quality of microcalcifications imaged with DBT mammography and conventional FFDM.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

RESULTS

The image quality of the DBT was equivalent in 95 cases. superior in 70 cases. In combination, DBT was equivalent or suprerior in 165 cases (92.2%).

There were a total of 50 histology proven malignancies, 13 atypical findings, and 116 benign findings. Of the 50 malignancies, DBT was rated as having superior image quality in 52% (n = 26), equivalent image quality in 44% (n = 22), and FFDM image quality being superior in 4% (n = 2). For the benign lesions, DBT image quality was rated superior in 35% (n = 40), and image quality was equivalent in 57% (n = 66). In the assessment of the atypical lesions, DBT and FFDM performed equally in 54% (n = 7) and DBT was superior in 31% (n = 4). Average lesion size on DBT was 1.5 cm (range 0.2-12 cm); average lesion size on FFDM was 1.4 cm (range 0.2-11 cm).

Surgical size was available for 43 cases. Size was determined to be comparable when within 1 cm. Tomosynthesis and FFDM had comparable size measurements in 39 cases. In three cases, FFDM measured closer in size to the size measured on surgical excision and in one case DBT measured closer.

DISCUSSION

The evaluation of DBT in the clinical setting is ongoing as early adopters publish their findings. In this review, calcifications were visualized as well as or better than FFDM in 92.2% of cases [Figure 1]. Similar to results obtained in our study, an evaluation by Kopans and colleagues concluded that in 92% of the cases, the clarity with which calcifications were seen on DBT was equal to or better than for CM and in almost half the cases, the clarity on DBT was judged to be better than for CM.[2] Other published studies have had varying results. Image quality of DBT has been reported to be inferior to FFDM primarily in the characterization of microcalcifications.[1] Spangler reported that overall FFDM detection sensitivity was higher than for DBT (84% and 75%, respectively).[7] The authors do cite several technical factors that could have contributed to the higher sensitivity of FFDM in comparison to DBT, including longer acquisition time with an earlier prototype of DBT which may have resulted in motion. In addition the authors discuss that, because the technology was still in the research phase at the time of their study, exact exposure parameters, processing algorithms, display, and workstation functionality were continually upgraded. Our study utilized a shorter acquisition time with DBT which may explain the improved visualization of microcalcifications on DBT versus FFDM that we found. A more recent publication found a nonsignificant increase in diagnostic accuracy for microcalcification cases by using digital mammography plus DBT and further discusses that because DBT reduces tissue overlap, the ability to better depict breast lesions is greater for noncalcified lesions, such as masses and architectural distortions.[5] The ability to visualize microcalcifications is reduced to a lesser degree by tissue overlap, thus a significant increase in detection for these lesions is not expected. The expectation would be then that microcalcifications can be seen to an equivalent degree compared with conventional 2D digital mammography.

Close

Figure 1

(a) Craniocaudal full field digital mammogram zoomed in shows calcifications diagnosed as ductal carcinoma in situ (arrows). (b) Zoomed craniocaudal three-dimensional (3D) digital tomosynthesis shows reconstructed slice.

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CONCLUSION

The findings of this small study show promise for DBT. Microcalcifications that were detected on FFDM were also seen on DBT in 100% of cases. Calcifications were demonstrated as well as or better than FFDM in 92.2% of cases. These results support that DBT has the potential to replace conventional FFDM. Multi-institutional studies of patients with microcalcifications may be helpful to validate these initial results from our single facility, as well as to determine the best utilization of this new technology.