Negative correlation between X‑linked inhibitors of apoptosis and second mitochondria‑derived activator of caspase expression levels in cervical carcinoma and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
- Authors:
- Published online on: September 4, 2017 https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2017.6878
- Pages: 5340-5346
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Copyright: © Jin et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
Abstract
Introduction
Cervical carcinoma is the second most prevalent malignant tumor in females and has a high incidence rate in developing countries (1,2). There is a continuous development process from benign lesions to cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and finally carcinoma (3). In total ~30% of CIN cases are resolved and only a small part of CIN cases develop into carcinoma (4). Previous studies have demonstrated that human papilloma virus (HPV) infection and the inhibition of apoptosis were involved in the occurrence and development of cervical cancer (5–9). CIN is a group of precancerous lesions that are closely associated with cervical carcinoma, including cervical dysplasia and primary cervical carcinoma. However, the pathogenesis of CIN and carcinoma remains to be elucidated. Ongoing research aims to elucidate the mechanism underlying the development of cervical cancer and to develop reliable biomarkers of cervical cancer for timely diagnosis and treatment.
Apoptosis, a cellular program that serves an important role in numerous pathological processes, including tumorigenesis, involves the sequential activation of a family of cysteine proteases known as caspases, whose proteolytic activity promotes cell death (10). The activity of these apoptotic proteins is downregulated by inhibitory proteins, termed the inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs). IAPs are highly conserved through evolution and have been reported to bind caspases and prevent caspase activation to control the induction of apoptosis (11). To date, numerous IAPs have been identified, which include X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP), cellular IAP-1 (c-IAP1), cellular IAP-2 (c-IAP2), testis specific IAP (Ts-IAP), survivin, livin and BRUCE/Apollon. Among these, XIAP, as the most potent suppressor of apoptosis, has been well characterized. Its baculoviral IAP repeat (BIR) domains were reported to target and inhibit numerous caspases (12). In addition, a previous study demonstrated that the RING domain of XIAP has E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, which destabilizes caspases following interaction with the proteasome (13).
Second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase (Smac), also termed as direct inhibitor of apoptosis-binding protein with low PI (DIABLO), was identified from mitochondria-released pro-apoptotic proteins (14). Smac is located in the intermembrane space in the mitochondria and is released into the cytosol in the presence of apoptotic stimuli. There, Smac interacts with IAPs and induces the activation of caspases. Previous studies have revealed that Smac interacts with mammalian IAPs, including XIAP, c-IAP1, c-IAP2, melanoma-IAP and survivin, and disrupts the caspase inhibition activity of IAPs (9,15–20). Furthermore, Smac promotes apoptosis by binding to c-IAP1 and c-IAP2 via rapid degradation by autoubiquitination (21). The aforementioned findings indicate the significance of the balance between IAPs and Smac.
Previous studies have identified an association between the expression levels of XIAP and Smac in cervical carcinoma suggesting there is a close association between XIAP and Smac in the generation and development of tumors (22,23). The increased expression level of XIAP was demonstrated to serve an important role in the carcinogenesis and the development of cervical carcinoma, which is associated with no or decreased Smac protein expression levels (24,25). However, the correlation analysis of these two protein factors in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical carcinoma prognosis remains to be elucidated.
The present study evaluated the expression levels of XIAP and Smac in normal cervical epithelium, tissues of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical carcinoma, and analyzed the association between their expression levels and carcinogenesis, development and prognosis of cervical carcinoma.
Materials and methods
Tumor samples
A total of 160 cervical tissue samples were obtained from patients consecutively recruited at The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University (Wenzhou, China) between January 2007 and March 2010. A total of 69 tissue samples were associated with CIN (11 with CIN1, 25 with CIN2 and 33 with CIN3) and 76 tissue samples were identified as cervical carcinoma (62 to squamous cell and 14 to adenocarcinoma), A total of 15 cases of normal cervical tissues were used as the control. The age of patients ranged from 18–79 years, with an average of 40.05. None of the patients received preoperative radiotherapy, chemotherapy or other adjuvant therapy, and there were no significant baseline differences between the 3 groups in age, body weight and the existence of other internal diseases (Table I). The stages of cervical carcinoma were categorized according to the International Gynecology and Obstetrics Federation (FIGO) system (26) (http://www.figo.org/). The samples comprised 8 in stage 1A, 19 in 1B, 29 in 2A, 12 in 2B and 8 in stage 3, including 34 cases of exogenic type, 13 endogenous types, 18 ulcerative type and 11 cervical canal tissue samples. According to the histopathological grade, the tumors included 13 well-differentiated, 26 middle-differentiated and 37 low-differentiated cases. The present study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Wenzhou Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (Wenzhou, China). Written informed consent was obtained from all patients prior to enrollment in the present study.
Histology
Histopathology was graded according to the World Health Organization (27) classification system. The tissue samples were diagnosed by two senior pathologists from the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University who were blinded to the method at the time of examination. If the two diagnoses did not match, then the two additional senior pathological experts from the same hospital were invited to discuss in order to make the final diagnosis.
Immunohistochemistry
Tissue sections <1 cm3 were obtained from fresh cervical CIN and cervical cancer tissue samples, fixed in 10% neutral formalin at room temperature for 24 h, then dehydrated, embedded in paraffin, deparaffinized and rehydrated in graded ethanol (100, 95, 85 and 75%). Antigen retrieval was performed by heating the slides (10 min in a microwave oven, 122 mm) in citrate buffer at pH 6.0. Endogenous peroxidase activity was blocked with 0.3% H2O2 for 10 min at room temperature. Sections were incubated with primary antibodies at 1:200 dilutions (anti-XIAP; A-7: sc-55550) and anti-Smac (V-17: sc-12683); Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., Dallas, TX, USA) overnight at 4°C, washed with PBS and re-incubated with a secondary antibody horseradish peroxidase (32230; dilution, 1:500; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA) for 30 min at 37°C. Diaminobenzidine staining was performed under close monitoring for 5 min at room temperature. Slides were finally counterstained with hematoxylin at room temperature for 2 min and dehydrated in graded ethanol (75, 85, 95 and 100%). Finally, the slides were imaged using an AperioScanScope GL (Aperio Technologies, Vista, CA, USA) at ×400 magnification.
Evaluation of XIAP/Smac expression levels
XIAP/Smac immunoreactivity was evaluated by two pathologists come from the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University blind to the procedure. To further validate the staining of XIAP/Smac in tumor cells, the expression intensity was graded according to the intensity of positive control and the percentage of positive tumor cells. A total of 6 fields of view were randomly selected and analyzed. The slides were first assessed for expression intensity (0, negative; 1, less intense compared with positive control; 2, equal intensity to control; 3, more intense compared with control). Subsequently, the slides were assessed for the rate of positive cells (0, <5%; 1, 5–25%; 2, 26–50%; 3, >50%; magnification, ×400) using an AperioScanScope GL (Aperio Technologies). The multiplication product of two points was used as the final assessment [0, negative (−); 1–4, weakly positive (+); 5–8, moderate positive (++); 9–12, strong positive (+++)].
Statistical analysis
In order to investigate the association between clinical characteristics and XIAP/Smac-positive immunostaining, the present study used one-way analysis of variance, χ2 tests and Spearman's ρ methods for the nonparametric bivariant correlation analysis. The survival curve was drawn using the Kaplan-Meier method, and the survival was analyzed by log-rank test. The statistical package, SPSS version 17.0 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL USA), was used for data analysis. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference, or a=0.05 for bilateral analysis.
Results
XIAP expression level and prediction of clinical outcome in cervical carcinoma
The present study demonstrated that XIAP was typically localized in the cytoplasm, and its expression level gradually increased in normal cervical tissue to CIN and then with increasing cervical cancer stages, with the increasing development of pathogenesis. Compared with negative or weak staining in normal cervical tissue and CINI-II cervical carcinoma, the immunostaining intensity of XIAP was moderate or strong in CINIII cervical carcinoma, squamous carcinoma and adenocarcinoma (Fig. 1A-E). Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia was also positively stained with XIAP (data not shown). The expression level of XIAP exhibited an increase from normal cervical squamous epithelium (20%, 3/15) to CIN stages (53.6%, 37/69) and again in cervical carcinoma (77.6%, 59/76; Table II). The expression level of XIAP among the 3 groups was significantly different (χ2=27.88; P<0.001), and significant differences were identified between any two groups (P<0.05).
As XIAP demonstrated increasing levels of expression in CINI-II and CINIII cervical carcinoma, the present study suggested that XIAP expression level was associated with the FIGO stage of the cancer. There were 36 CINI-II and 33 CINIII types in the tissue samples, and 38.9% (14/36) of CINI-II tissue samples were stained positively for XIAP, which was reduced compared with the number of CINIII tissue samples positively for XIAP (69.7%, 23/33; Table I). This indicated that the expression level of XIAP in CINIII was significantly increased compared with that in CINI-II tissue samples (χ2=6.571; P=0.016).
CIN was closely associated with precancerous lesions, including cervical atypical hyperplasia, which is further classified into poorly, moderately and well-differentiated grades (28). In the present study, the positive expression level of XIAP in well-differentiated cervical atypical hyperplasia (66.7%, 26/39) was significantly different compared with that in poorly differentiated hyperplasia (89.2%, 33/37; χ2=5.546; P=0.027; Table II).
The expression level of XIAP was associated with the histological grade, the clinical stage and the presence of pelvic lymph node metastasis of the cervical carcinoma. A total of 67.8% (40/59) of cervical carcinoma with the clinical stage of I–IIa were stained positively for XIAP, whereas 95.0% (19/20) in stage IIb-III were XIAP-positive (Table II) and this difference was statistically significant (χ2=4.715; P=0.032). The positive expression level of XIAP in the lymph node metastasis group was 81.0% (17/21), which was significantly higher compared with tissue samples without lymph node metastasis in cervical cancer groups (37.9%, 11/29; χ2=9.149; P=0.004; Table II).
The present study further analyzed the association between XIAP expression levels and the pathology or tumor type of cervical carcinoma. The positive expression level of XIAP in squamous carcinoma and adenocarcinoma was 77.4% (48/62) and 78.6% (11/14), respectively (Table II; χ2=0.009; P=1.000). The positive expression levels of XIAP in tumor types of cervical carcinoma, including exogenic, endogenous, ulcerative and cervical canal, were 76.5% (26/34), 84.6% (11/13), 77.8% (14/18) and 72.7% (8/11), respectively (Table II); however, this difference was not statistically significant (χ2=0.544; P=0.909).
Smac expression levels and the prediction of clinical outcome in cervical carcinoma
Smac is primarily localized in the cytoplasm (14,29). The expression intensity of Smac was strong in normal cervical tissue, whereas it decreased with an increase in CIN stage and in cervical cancer, including in cervical squamous carcinoma and adenocarcinoma tissue samples (Fig. 2A-E). The positive expression level of Smac in normal cervical tissue samples, CIN stage tissue samples and cervical cancer tissue samples was 100.00% (15/15), 56.5% (39/69) and 35.5% (27/76), respectively (Table II). The expression level of Smac among the three groups was significantly different (χ2=22.521; P<0.001) and significant differences also existed between any two groups (P<0.01).
The results of the present study demonstrated that Smac had significantly increased expression in CINI-II tissues (66.7%, 24/36) compared with in CINIII cervical carcinoma tissues (45.5%, 15/33; χ2=5.115; P=0.030; Table II). Smac positive expression levels in well-differentiated (48.7%, 19/39) and poorly differentiated cervical atypical hyperplasia (21.6%, 8/37) were significantly different (χ2=6.086; P=0.017; Table II). The clinical data revealed that 42.9% (24/56) of tissues from clinical stage I-IIa exhibited positive staining of Smac and was significantly increased compared with that of clinical stage IIb-III (15.0%, 3/20; χ2=4.993; P=0.031).
Smac expression level was further analyzed in squamous carcinoma (33.9%, 21/62) and adenocarcinoma (42.9%, 6/14) but did not demonstrating a significant difference (χ2=0.403; P=0.549; Table II). The present study also revealed that the positive expression level of Smac in the lymphatic metastasis group was 42.9% (9/21), similar to those without lymph node metastasis (37.9%, 11/29; χ2=0.123; P=0.776; Table II). There was no significant difference among the types of cervical carcinoma, which included exogenic (38.2%, 13/34), endogenous (30.8%, 4/13), ulcerative (33.3%, 6/18) and cervical canal types (36.4%, 4/11; χ2=2.259; P=0.520; Table II).
Associations between the expression levels of XIAP and Smac and the prognosis of cervical cancer
The survival time in the group with high XIAP expression levels was significantly reduced compared with that of the group with low XIAP expression levels (log rank=4.291; P=0.038; Fig. 3). Conversely, the survival time in the group with high Smac expression levels was significantly lower compared with that in the group with low Smac expression levels (log rank=4.403; P=0.036; Fig. 4).
Associations between XIAP and Smac expression levels
Among the 76 cervical carcinoma cases, 19 XIAP positively-stained tumors were negative for Smac, whereas 5 XIAP-negative tumors were identified to be positively-stained for Smac. The difference was statistically significant (Spearman coefficient of correlation, r=−0.291; P=0.011), which indicated that the expression levels of XIAP and Smac were negatively associated with each other in cervical carcinoma.
Discussion
Proliferation enhancement and apoptosis inhibition are the two primary mechanisms underlying tumorigenesis (30). Apoptosis is a cell death pathway that cells are able activate. Compared with a cell proliferation disorder, the inhibition of apoptosis serves an important role in the occurrence, development and prognosis of tumors. The inhibition of apoptosis and cell proliferation disrupts the balance between cell growth and apoptosis to decrease the cell mortality rate. If the physiological balance is not restored, it may induce an increased number of cells with a growth advantage, which is an important part of tumor formation (31,32).
Previous studies have demonstrated that the IAP family has important roles in the gene regulation associated with cell apoptosis (33,34). The IAP family is a class of endogenous apoptosis inhibitory proteins, involved in tumor, neurodegenerative and other diseases. XIAP is an effective inhibitor in the IAP family. Its overexpression was established to be associated with the occurrence and development of cervical cancer (35,36). The present study demonstrated that XIAP was primarily localized in the cytoplasm, and highly expressed in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer compared with that in the normal cervical squamous epithelium. The present study identified that XIAP expression levels were positively associated with the malignancy of cervical cancer, indicating function for an increased expression level of XIAP in cervical squamous tumorigenesis. The present study also observed that XIAP expression level was closely associated with lymphatic metastasis, indicating its expression level was associated with the degree of malignancy and poor prognosis. The results of the present study demonstrated that CINIII stage may be pinnacle point in the malignant transformation of intraepithelial neoplasia lesions. The present study investigated the association between alterations of expression levels of XIAP and the occurrence and development of tumors, including lung cancer, gastrointestinal cancer and breast ductal carcinoma. The results provided evidence supporting the potential application of XIAP as a biomarker for the early diagnosis of malignant tumors.
Smac was first reported as a pro-apoptotic protein in July 2000 and is widely expressed in human normal tissues and primarily located in the cell mitochondria (29). Smac has been observed to act conversely to XIAP (37,38). Previous studies investigating Smac in numerous tumor tissues suggested that the low expression of Smac may inhibit the apoptosis of tumor cells (39–42). The present study demonstrated that Smac is expressed differently among tissues samples of normal epithelium, CIN and cervical squamous cell carcinoma. Its expression levels were negatively associated with the malignancy of cervical cancer, suggesting that the low expression levels of Smac may be associated with the occurrence of cervical squamous cell carcinoma, and the sustained low expression levels may contribute to malignant tumor development. However, the results of the present study also revealed that Smac may not serve significant role in the lymphatic metastasis and invasion of cervical squamous cell carcinoma.
Once cells were exposed to anticancer drugs, ultraviolet irradiation and another apoptosis signal stimulation, the active Smac/DIABLO protein is released from mitochondria into the cytoplasm and promotes apoptosis via its interaction with IAPs. The N-terminus of Smac is able to identify and interact with the BIR domain of IAPs. By binding to IAPs, Smac reduces the inhibitive activity of IAPs on caspase-9, caspase3 and caspase7, and thereby activates caspases and promotes apoptosis. However, certain studies revealed there may be other mechanisms underlying the apoptotic activity of Smac (43–45).
The survival curves in the present study suggested that a reduced expression level of XIAP or an increased expression level of Smac provides a significant survival advantage. Increased expression levels of XIAP or reduced expression levels of Smac were observed in patients with cervical cancer at advanced stages or patients with low differentiation or pelvic lymph node metastasis. Therefore, it was suggested that a high expression level of XIAP and a simultaneous low expression level of Smac in cervical cancer may be associated with the progression and prognosis of the disease.
The present study revealed negative associations between the expression levels of XIAP and Smac in cervical cancer, suggesting a potential interaction between these proteins. The negative correlation between XIAP and Smac expression levels and the association with their increased or decreased expression level with cervical cancer, suggested the ratio of XIAP/Smac may be a potential prognostic indicator for cervical cancer. Further studies are required to verify this and investigate the mechanisms underlying the regulation and functions of XIAP/Smac in cervical cancer.
In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that XIAP expression levels were positively associated with the malignancy of cervical cancer, whereas Smac expression levels revealed a converse association. In addition, the expression levels of XIAP were negatively associated with that of Smac in cervical cancer. Further studies focusing on elucidating the interaction between XIAP and Smac in cervical cancer are required.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Professor Jing Jin from Wenzhou Medical University (Wenzhou, China) for her support. The present study was supported by the Municipal Science and Technology Foundation of Wenzhou City, Wenzhou, China (grant no. Y20140110) and the Science Technology Department of Zhejiang Province, China (grant no. 2013C33098).
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