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Introduction

It is well understood that tumor development is a multi-factorial, multi-stage process, during which the activation of oncogenes and inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes are significant events (1,2). The progression of gastric carcinoma has been suggested to be associated with gastritis, intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia to adenocarcinoma (3). Determining the molecular markers associated with the progression and prognosis of gastric carcinoma remains a significant challenge. Phospholipase (PLA), an enzyme that hydrolyzes phospholipids into phosphatidic acid and amino alcohols, is observed mainly in murine or human cells, and mitochondrial cell membranes (4). In vivo, phospholipids frequently contain polyunsaturated fatty acids and, when released, these may be metabolized to form certain eicosanoids and associated bioactive lipid mediators (5). Following metabolism, the remaining lysophospholipids may additionally possess significant roles in various biological processes (6). Furthermore, PLA is involved in phospholipid reconstruction, pulmonary surfactant metabolism, cell signaling, host responses and the promotion of blood clotting (7,8). Previous studies have indicated that the expression of secretory PLA A2-Group IIA (sPLA2-II) is associated with tumor malignancy (6–9). Thus, sPLA2-II has become the focus of significant attention in the field of cancer research. However, to the best of our knowledge, few studies have investigated the significance of sPLA2-II in gastric adenocarcinoma or its association with prognosis. In the present study, the clinicopathological significance of sPLA2-II in gastric adenocarcinoma was evaluated using immunohistochemistry, and the expression of sPLA2-II in gastric adenocarcinoma and normal gastric tissues was observed, in order to examine the association between sPLA2-II expression and the degree of tumor differentiation and tumor stage, and elucidate the potential value of sPLA2-II in clinical prognosis.

Materials and methods

Clinical data

Between January 2007 and April 2010, data were collected from 65 patients at the Second Hospital of Jilin University (Changchun, China) and Tianjin Medical University Cancer Hospital (Tianjin, China). The present study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Second Hospital of Jilin University (Changchun, China) and written informed consent was obtained from all patients, or their family. All 65 patients (44 males, 21 females; age range, 30–79 years, mean age, 66.7 ± 10.7 years) possessed a pathologically confirmed diagnosis of gastric adenocarcinoma. Surgical specimens were obtained from 51 total gastrectomies and 14 partial resections of the stomach. Differentiation statuses of the gastric adenocarcinoma specimens were as follows: Well-differentiated, 14 patients; moderately differentiated, 17 patients; poorly differentiated, 34 patients. Fifty patients exhibited lymph node metastases. Endoscopic biopsy specimens of normal gastric mucosa from 11 of the patients served as controls.

Patients were followed-up at 3-month intervals, and survival data were recorded until April 2010. Patients were enrolled in the present study based on the following eligibility criteria: i) Histopathologically proven gastric adenocarcinoma; ii) disease stage diagnosed using the seventh edition of the International Union Against Cancer staging system (10) for gastric cancer; iii) at least 18 years of age; and iv) no history of previously treated cancer. Following surgery, patients received chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy according to their individual condition. Histological classifications were assigned according to the World Health Organization International Histological Classification of Tumors (current at the time of diagnosis) (11). Histological grade was evaluated and categorized as follows: Well-differentiated (Grade 1), moderately differentiated (Grade 2) and poorly differentiated (Grade 3). Helicobacter pylori infection was identified using the rapid test strips method (12).

Instruments and equipment

Instruments and equipment were provided by the Department of Pathology of Tianjin Medical University Cancer Hospital (Tianjin, China) and comprised: A microtome (HM325; Carl Zeiss AG, Oberkochen, Germany), a tissue array analyzer (MTA-1; Beecher Instruments, Sun Prairie, WI, USA), a flattening bath for paraffin sections (Leica HI1210; Leica Microsystems, Glattbrugg, Switzerland), a flattening table (Leica HI1220; Leica Microsystems), a research microscope (Olympus BX40; Olympus Corp., Tokyo, Japan) and an automatic micrograph with DP camera software (Olympus Corp.).

Reagents

Streptavidin-peroxidase kits were obtained from KPL, Inc. (Gaithersburg, MD, USA). Mouse anti-human monoclonal sPLA2-II primary antibody was obtained from Cayman Chemical Co. (cat no. 160500; Ann Arbor, MI, USA). H. pylori rapid test strips were obtained from Guangzhou Bei Siqi Diagnostic Reagents Ltd. (Tianjin, China; batch number 20070101).

Immunohistochemistry

Immunoperoxidase staining for sPLA2-II was performed manually by a board-certified lab technician, according to the manufacturer's instructions for technical and interpretative problems. Tissue was sectioned (4 µm) and mounted onto positively charged glass slides (X-tra® slides; Leica Biosystems Nussloch GmbH, Nussloch, Germany). Slides were dried at 60°C overnight, deparaffinized and subsequently rehydrated [two washes with xylene (10 min each); two washes with 100% ethanol (3 min each); two washes with 95% ethanol (3 min each); and two washes with distilled water (2 min each)]. Endogenous peroxidase activity was blocked by incubation with 0.3% hydrogen peroxide (Wuhan Boster Biological Engineering Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China) for 15 min. In order to retrieve antigens, tissue slides were boiled in 10 mM citrate buffer (pH 6.0; Wuhan Boster Biological Engineering Co., Ltd.) and microwave (M1-L213B; Guangdong Midea Microwave and Electrical Appliances Manufacturing Co., Ltd., Foshan, China)-treated for 10 min. Non-specific binding was blocked by incubation with 10% normal rabbit serum (Wuhan Boster Biological Engineering Co., Ltd.) for 20 min. Subsequently, tissue slides were incubated with monoclonal antibody against sPLA2-II (1:100 dilution; Cayman Chemical Co) overnight at 4°C. Following five rinses with 0.01 mol/l phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; pH 7.4; Wuhan Boster Biological Engineering Co., Ltd.) for 10 min, primary antibody was detected using an Envision™ Detection System, according to the manufacturer's instructions (cat no. K5007; Dako, Glostrup, Denmark) for 1 h at room temperature. Cells were subsequently stained with 30,30-diaminobenzidine (Seebio Biotech, Inc., Shanghai, China) following another wash with PBS. Finally, sections were counterstained using Mayer's hematoxylin (Wuhan Boster Biological Engineering Co., Ltd.), dehydrated and mounted. In order to ensure accurate and reproducible staining, sections of gastric adenocarcinoma were used as a positive control, while PBS was used as a negative control.

Immunohistochemical scoring

Immunohistochemical scoring of sPLA2-II staining was performed on one batch of slides of high quality by a semi-quantitative method (13). The mean percentage of positive tumor cells was determined in ≥5 areas (magnification, ×400), and assigned one of the following six categories: <10% tumor cells positively stained, 0 points; 10–40%, 1 point; 40–70%, 2 points; ≥70%, 3 points. Staining intensity was scored as follows: No coloring, 0 points; yellow, 1 point; brown, 2 points; dark brown, 3 points. As tumors may demonstrate heterogeneous staining, the dominant staining pattern was selected when scoring the samples. The percentage of positive cells and the staining intensity were added to produce a weighted score for each sample, as follows: 0–2 points, low expression; 3–6 points, high expression (14). In the present study, sPLA2-II expression was assessed by two independent, board-certified pathologists, who were blinded to clinical follow-up data. Their conclusions were in complete agreement (percentage staining and staining intensity scores) in 58 of the cases, which suggested that the scoring method was highly reproducible. In 7 cases when the two scoring results differed, a third blinded pathologist intervened and evaluated these cases. If the third pathologist agreed with one of the previous scores, that score was used for analysis. For the single case in which six distinct scores were obtained, the three pathologists collaborated to reach an agreement on the final score.

Statistical analysis

The selection of clinically significant cut-off scores for the expression of sPLA2-II was based on receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis (13,15). For each percentage score, the sensitivity and specificity for each outcome under evaluation was plotted, thus generating a ROC curve. The score that was the closest to the point with maximum sensitivity and specificity, i.e. the point (0.0, 1.0) on the curve, was selected as the cut-off score, resulting in the greatest number of tumors correctly classified as having a diagnosis of gastric adenocarcinoma or not. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) was calculated in order to estimate the discriminatory power of sPLA2-II over the entire range of scores for overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). All data were assessed using SPSS 16.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Associations between the expression of sPLA2-II and clinicopathological variables were investigated using the χ2 test. Survival curves were plotted using the Kaplan-Meier method, and were compared using the log-rank test. Generation and analysis of the cut-off points were performed by ROC curve. Cox proportional hazards regression was performed for multivariate analysis of prognostic factors. P<0.01 and P<0.05 were considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.

Results

sPLA2-II expression is associated with certain clinicopathological characteristics

The clinicopathological characteristics of the 65 cases of gastric adenocarcinoma are listed in Table I. sPLA2-II was expressed in the cytoplasm of gastric carcinoma and normal cells (Fig. 1). According to the results of the ROC curve analysis for OS and DFS, a cut-off score, with maximum sensitivity and specificity, of 8 was selected (Fig. 2). The AUC of the two ROC curves were 0.761 and 0.818, respectively (P=0.002 and P<0.001). All 65 patients were categorized into a high (49 cases, 75.4%) or low expression group (16 cases, 24.6%). Expression of sPLA2-II in normal gastric mucosa and gastric cancer cases are listed in Table II.

Figure 1. Representative IHC photomicrographs of cytoplasmic sPLA2-II expression in gastric adenocarcinoma tissue sections. (A) Negative sPLA2-II expression (magnification, ×400; IHC score, 0). (B) Low sPLA2-II expression (magnification, ×400; IHC score, 6). (C) High sPLA2-II expression (magnification, ×400; IHC score, 12). IHC, immunohistochemistry; sPLA2-II, secretory phospholipase A-Group IIA.

Figure 2. ROC curves for OS and DFS. (A) ROC curve analysis for OS. (B) ROC curve analysis for DFS. ROC, receiver operating characteristic; AUC, area under curve; OS, overall survival; DFS, disease-free survival.

Table I. Clinicopathological features of patients and tumors (n=65).

Table I.

Clinicopathological features of patients and tumors (n=65).

Clinicopathological feature	Patients with gastric adenocarcinoma, n
Gender
Male	44
Female	21
Age, years
Median	67
Range	30–79
Helicobacter pylori infection
Negative	29
Positive	36
Tumor size, cm
≤3	23
>3	42
Histological gradea
1	14
2	17
3	34
Tumor stage
I	17
II	48

a 1, well differentiated; 2, moderately differentiated; 3, poorly differentiated.

Table II. sPLA2-II expression in normal gastric mucosa and gastric cancer cases.

Table II.

sPLA2-II expression in normal gastric mucosa and gastric cancer cases.

Tissue type	n	High sPLA2-II expression	Low sPLA2-II expression	P-value
Normal gastric mucosa	11	4	7	0.015
Gastric adenocarcinoma	65	49	16

[i] sPLA2-II, secretory phospholipase A-Group IIA.

sPLA2-II expression is correlated with certain clinicopathological characteristics

Correlations between sPLA2-II expression and clinicopathological characteristics are listed in Table III. High sPLA2-II expression was observed in stage I (83.3%; 40/48) and poorly differentiated cells (94.1%; 32/34), while sPLA2-II expression levels were observed to be significantly lower in stage II (52.9; 9/17) and well/moderately differentiated cells (54.8%, 17/31; P=0.021 and P<0.001, respectively). There were no significant correlations observed between sPLA2-II expression and any other clinicopathological parameters evaluated, including gender, age, tumor diameter and H. pylori infection.

Table III. Association between the expression of sPLA2-II and clinicopathological variables.

Table III.

Association between the expression of sPLA2-II and clinicopathological variables.

		sPLA2-II expression
Clinicopathological feature	n	Low, n (%)	High, n (%)	P-value
Gender				0.229
Male	44	13 (29.5)	31 (70.5)
Female	21	3 (14.3)	18 (85.7)
Age, years				0.076
≤65	41	13 (31.7)	26 (63.4)
>65	24	3 (12.5)	23 (87.5)
Tumor diameter, cm				0.243
≤3	27	9 (33.3)	18 (66.7)
>3	41	7 (18.4)	9 (81.6)
Helicobacter pylori infection				0.332
Negative	25	20 (80.0)	5 (20.0)
Positive	40	30 (75.0)	10 (25.0)
Tumor stage				0.021
I	48	8 (16.7)	40 (83.3)
II	17	8 (47.1)	9 (52.9)
Histological gradea				<0.001
3	34	2 (5.9)	32 (94.1)
1 and 2	31	14 (45.2)	17 (54.8)

{ label (or @symbol) needed for fn[@id='tfn3-ol-0-0-3736'] } sPLA2-II, secretory phospholipase A-Group IIA.

a 1, well differentiated; 2, moderately differentiated; 3, poorly differentiated.

Low sPLA2-II expression is associated with improved OS and DFS

At the time of the present analysis (April 2010), with a median follow-up of 509 days (range, 201–1208 days), 15 patients (23.1%) were alive and 13 (20%) also remained free of disease. Kaplan-Meier survival curves (Fig. 3) indicated that patients exhibiting low sPLA2-II expression experienced significantly improved OS and DFS compared with patients exhibiting high sPLA2-II expression (P=0.043 and P=0.035, respectively).

Figure 3. Kaplan-Meier survival curves indicate that patients exhibiting low sPLA2-II expression experience significantly improved OS and DFS (A) Kaplan-Meier curves for OS according to sPLA2-II expression. (B) Kaplan-Meier curves for DFS according to sPLA2-II expression. sPLA2-II, secretory phospholipases A-Group IIA; OS, overall survival; DFS, disease-free survival; cum, cumulative.

Analysis was performed using the Cox proportional hazards model in order to identify factors involved in OS (Table IV) and DFS (Table V). Multivariate analysis confirmed that high sPLA2-II expression was an independent prognostic factor for OS [relative risk, 2.849; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.088–7.459, P=0.033] and DFS (relative risk, 2.735; 95% CI, 1.104–6.776, P=0.030).

Table IV. Univariate and multivariate analyses of overall survival analysis using Cox proportional hazards regression.

Table IV.

Univariate and multivariate analyses of overall survival analysis using Cox proportional hazards regression.

A, Univariate analysis
Parameter	Variable	Hazard ratio	95% confidence interval	P-value
Age, years	≤65 vs. >65	0.840	0.480–1.470	0.542
Gender	Male vs. female	0.937	0.524–1.637	0.825
Tumor diameter, cm	≤3 vs. >3	1.329	0.754–2.341	0.326
Helicobacter pylori infection	Negative vs. positive	0.663	0.311–1.414	0.287
Histological gradea	3 vs. 1 and 2	2.090	1.193–3.662	0.010
Tumor stage	I vs. II	1.774	0.947–3.325	0.073
sPLA2-II expression	Low vs. high	2.126	0.996–4.540	0.051
B, Multivariate analysis
Parameter	Variable	Hazard ratio	95% confidence interval	P-value
Age, years	≤65 vs. >65	0.602	0.204–1.777	0.358
Gender	Male vs. female	1.088	0.390–3.036	0.872
Tumor diameter, cm	≤3 vs. >3	1.343	0.648–2.788	0.428
Helicobacter pylori infection	Negative vs. positive	0.858	0.351–2.094	0.736
Histological gradea	3 vs. 1 and 2	1.491	0.790–2.813	0.218
Tumor stage	I vs. II	3.330	1.432–7.744	0.005
sPLA2-II expression	Low vs. high	2.849	1.088–7.459	0.033

{ label (or @symbol) needed for fn[@id='tfn5-ol-0-0-3736'] } sPLA2-II, secretory phospholipase A-Group IIA.

a 1, well differentiated; 2, moderately differentiated; 3, poorly differentiated.

Table V. Univariate and multivariate analyses of disease-free survival analysis using Cox proportional hazards regression.

Table V.

Univariate and multivariate analyses of disease-free survival analysis using Cox proportional hazards regression.

A, Univariate analysis
Parameter	Variable	Hazard ratio	95% confidence interval	P-value
Age, years	≤65 vs. >65	0.908	0.521–1.581	0.732
Gender	Male vs. female	1.012	0.568–1.804	0.968
Tumor diameter, cm	≤3 vs. >3	1.293	0.735–2.274	0.372
Helicobacter pylori infection	Negative vs. positive	0.718	0.349–1.478	0.368
Histological gradea	3 vs. 1 and 2	2.159	1.244–3.747	0.006
Tumor stage	I vs. II	1.794	0.973–3.308	0.061
sPLA2-II expression	Low vs. high	2.102	1.020–4.332	0.044
B, Multivariate analysis
Parameter	Variable	Hazard ratio	95% confidence interval	P-value
Age, years	≤65 vs. >65	0.656	0.214–1.887	0.415
Gender	Male vs. female	1.126	0.440–3.140	0.820
Tumor diameter, cm	≤3 vs. >3	1.243	0.609–2.537	0.550
Helicobacter pylori infection	Negative vs. positive	1.095	0.455–2.635	0.840
Histological gradea	3 vs. 1 and 2	1.557	0.872–2.932	0.170
Tumor stage	I vs. II	3.165	1.413–7.089	0.005
sPLA2-II expression	Low vs. high	2.735	1.104–6.776	0.030

{ label (or @symbol) needed for fn[@id='tfn7-ol-0-0-3736'] } sPLA2-II, secretory phospholipase A-Group IIA.

a 1, well differentiated; 2, moderately differentiated; 3, poorly differentiated.

Discussion

In the present study, increased sPLA2-II expression was observed in gastric adenocarcinoma tissues compared with that of normal gastric tissues (Table III; Fig. 1). High sPLA2-II expression was also observed in poorly differentiated cells, and this level of expression was significantly higher than that observed in well and moderately differentiated cells. The results of the present study revealed overexpression of sPLA2-II protein in gastric adenocarcinoma tissues, which suggested an association between sPLA2-II gene activation and the occurrence of gastric adenocarcinoma. In addition, sPLA2-II expression was associated with the histopathological differentiation of gastric adenocarcinoma, suggesting that sPLA2-II may be a marker for gastric adenocarcinoma. This suggested the existence of a link between sPLA2-II expression and gastric cancer progression and tumorigenesis. Furthermore, these results suggested that sPLA2-II expression may be used as a marker for prognosis and for predicting the biological behavior of gastric cancer. A previous study utilizing reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis to evaluate paired samples from 23 cases of gastric cancer, demonstrated that sPLA2-II expression in gastric cancer tissues and adjacent normal tissues differed, suggesting that sPLA2-II may possess a role in the development of gastric cancer (16).

The present study additionally identified that sPLA2-II expression in gastric adenocarcinoma was associated with H. pylori infection. The results of the present study are supported by those of previous studies (17–19). These previous studies suggested that H. pylori infection may be associated with gastric cancer, and H. pylori has subsequently been identified as a World Health Organization class I carcinogen (20). H. pylori infection may damage the gastric mucosal barrier and stimulate epithelial cell proliferation and repair, which is associated with genetic mutations, abnormal gene expression, DNA damage and DNA methylation (21). The interaction between sPLA2-II expression and H. pylori remains to be elucidated, and further research may be required. It has been suggested that patients exhibiting gastric adenocarcinoma may benefit from anti-H. pylori therapy following surgery (22).

High sPLA2-II expression was observed not only in the present study, but also in previous studies. A previous study investigated the association between sPLA2-II expression and the characteristics of prostate cancer (23). Protein hybridization analysis was used to investigate sPLA2-II expression in benign prostate hyperplasia tissues. The results revealed that sPLA2-II expression was significantly increased in prostate cancer compared with benign prostatic hyperplasia. High sPLA2-II expression levels were also associated with malignancy (poorly differentiated primary prostate cancer tissues) (23). The results of this previous study were further confirmed by Jiang et al (24), who also observed that abnormally high sPLA2-II expression in prostate cancer was associated with malignancy. Another study evaluated sPLA2-II activity in 60 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and demonstrated that sPLA2-II activity was increased in the carcinoma group compared with that of the control group (25). A study by Yamashita et al (26), which was based on preliminary test results in patients with various malignancies, revealed that increased plasma concentrations of sPLA2-II were associated with disease progression. In addition, following surgery, sPLA2-II levels returned to normal (26). Immunohistochemical studies of various types of cancer tissue, including pancreatic and breast cancer, have indicated positive expression of sPLA2-II (27,28). Another study reported that serum sPLA2-II levels fell following tumor resection, suggesting that cancer cells may directly secrete sPLA2-II (29). This was supported by the results of an in vitro study (30). Thus, increased serum sPLA2-II may occur as a result of cancer cells inducing normal liver cells to produce sPLA2-II, or sPLA2-II may be directly produced by the cancer cells.

sPLA2-II may induce the development and progression of malignant tumors via production of arachidonic acid (23). Arachidonic acid levels are known to be increased in cancer tissues (31), and arachidonic acid is the raw material for the synthesis of inflammatory mediators, including prostaglandins and leukotrienes (32). These inflammatory mediators promote tumor formation, and sPLA2-II additionally stimulates the secretion of stromal cell growth factors and cytokines, which induce cell proliferation (33). It is possible that sPLA2-II produced by gastric cancer cells may also increase the arachidonic acid levels in tumor tissues, therefore enhancing the secretion of growth factors and cytokines, and thereby promoting cancer growth. This hypothesis is supported by the results of the present study, which indicated that poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas exhibit high sPLA2-II expression levels. The mechanisms underlying these phenomena remain to be elucidated.

In addition, the results of the present study revealed that high sPLA2-II expression was significantly correlated with reduced OS and DFS. According to the Cox proportional hazards regression multivariate analysis, high sPLA2-II was an independent risk factor of poor prognosis. However, previous studies have demonstrated differing results. sPLA2-II overexpression in human breast cancer is associated with disease severity, and the survival time of patients with high levels of sPLA2-II is reduced (34). In patients with prostate cancer, sPLA2-II expression is negatively correlated with 5-year survival rates (35). Studies of gastric adenocarcinoma have reached similar conclusions (36). Data from clinical studies suggests that sPLA2-II expression is a valuable prognostic indicator that may be applied to breast (37), esophageal (38), gastric (35), colon (39), liver (40) and pancreatic cancer (26). In clinical practice, high sPLA2-II levels may predict poor clinical outcomes; thus indicating the need for secondary screening of patients. The current study demonstrated that sPLA2-II may be a valuable indicator of gastric cancer development, progression and prognosis. Assays of serum sPLA2-II concentrations may aid in early diagnosis and the evaluation of treatment efficacy, and indicate prognosis of gastric cancer.

In addition, previous studies have demonstrated that sPLA2-II expression correlates with the invasiveness of cancer cells. sPLA2-II levels are increased in breast cancer tumors compared with those of benign breast tumors, and survival times are correspondingly reduced (23,25,30,35). Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that sPLA2-II expression was increased in invasive pancreatic cancer and was associated with the presence of a larger number of cancer cells in the interstitial tissues (16,35). sPLA2-II may act in combination with numerous oncogenes and tumor-suppressor gene mutations, which result in a variety of enzymatic changes. This may affect multi-gene, multi-factor and multi-step processes involved in oncogenesis, including genetic mutations, immunological and physiological biochemical changes, as well as hormonal abnormalities (29). sPLA2-II may possess a specific role in cancer development, expression and regulation, and an in-depth study of this role may reveal novel mechanisms underlying tumorigenesis.

Immunohistochemical methods have been utilized in order to elucidate the role of sPLA2-II in various types of cancer (29). However, an issue faced by researchers is the determination of the value of tumor immunohistochemical positivity for sPLA2-II that is clinically and biologically relevant. Previous studies have applied distinct scoring systems (29). It is difficult to identify a widely applicable methodology for evaluating sPLA2-II and its prognostic value in gastric adenocarcinoma. Therefore, the present study utilized a reproducible scoring method that considered staining percentage and intensity, and selected a cut-off score based on the ROC curve analysis method. Furthermore, sensitivity and specificity were high and the difference between them was small, leading to the greatest overall number of cases with the correct clinical diagnosis (41).

In conclusion, high sPLA2-II expression was observed in stage I and poorly differentiated cells, and these expression levels were significantly higher than those observed in stage II and poorly differentiated cells. sPLA2-II expression was not correlated with patient age, gender, tumor size or tumor location. sPLA2-II expression may be an adverse prognostic factor for gastric adenocarcinoma patients and there was an association between sPLA2-II overexpression and the histogenesis of gastric adenocarcinoma. The use of phospholipase inhibitors, including ulinastatin (42), or cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors (43) in place of anti-H. pylori therapy following surgery, may reduce the risk of gastric cancer, by inhibiting tumor cell growth and promoting apoptosis of tumor cells, and therefore requires further study. However, further studies with increased cohorts of patients are required to verify this observation, and randomization and longer follow-up periods are required for the establishment of a safe and effective management plan based on this potentially significant molecular marker.

Acknowledgements

The present study was partially supported by Tianjin City High School Science & Technology Fund Planning Project (grant no. 20110516), Tianjin Medical University Cancer Hospital Seed Fund Project (grant no. 0824), the National Natural Science Fund (grant no. 81101754), the National Science and Technology Support Project (grant no. 2012BAI15B06, Tianjin Science and Technology Support Plan Key Projects (grant no. 15ZCZDSY00890) and Tianjin Anti-Cancer Major Project (grant no. 12ZCDZSY20300).

References