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Introduction

Cardiac fibrosis is the process of increased cardiac fibroblast activity that leads to the over-production of excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) within the myocardium (1). Under normal conditions, the ECM undergoes a balanced turnover via the degradation and synthesis of its constituent proteins, which include collagens. However, this balance is disturbed under pathological conditions of the heart, such as increased loading (e.g., in hypertension) or injury (e.g., during myocardial infarction). This imbalance results in the excessive deposition of ECM, which can profoundly affect cardiac function by impairing electrical conduction and increasing myocardial stiffness, which are both common risk factors for heart failure and arrhythmias (2). Cardiac fibroblasts are responsible for regulating the synthesis and degradation of the ECM. Under pathological conditions, activated cardiac fibroblasts can exhibit increased proliferation and differentiation into myofibroblasts that express contractile proteins, including α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and increase ECM accumulation (3). Therefore, determining the underlying mechanisms by which the activation of cardiac fibroblasts is regulated, may provide novel insights in the prevention and treatment of heart failure.

It has been previously reported that 1.5–2.0% of the human genome codes for proteins, but primary RNA transcripts are present in ~70-80% (4). A growing body of evidence has identified non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) as possible modulators of cardiac fibrosis. microRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) are defined as small ncRNA molecules (containing ~22 nucleotides) and have been reported to regulate cardiac fibroblast activation in cardiac fibrosis (5). In addition to miRNAs, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) serve roles in numerous cellular processes, including those present in cardiovascular disease. A number of lncRNAs have been identified in the heart, but only a small number have been functionally characterized (6). RNA component of mitochondrial RNA processing endoribonuclease (RMRP) is a long non-coding RNA that is expressed in a variety of murine and human tissues (7). RMRP encodes the RNA component of mitochondrial RNA processing endoribonuclease, which cleaves mitochondrial RNA at the priming site of DNA replication. RMRP has also been revealed to interact with the telomerase reverse transcriptase catalytic subunit to form a distinct ribonucleoprotein complex, which exhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity and produces double-stranded RNAs that can be processed into small interfering RNA (siRNA) (7). Previous studies have investigated the role of RMRP in numerous cancer types, including lung cancer (8), gastric cancer (9) and glioma (10). Furthermore, Wang et al (11) demonstrated that higher RMRP expression in nucleus pulposus tissues was associated with disc degeneration grade. Another study has indicated that RMRP overexpression increased nucleus pulposus cell growth and regulated ECM expression by targeting miR-206 (11). Recently, Greco et al (12) profiled the expression of 83 lncRNAs, which are known to be associated with numerous human diseases, in the left ventricle biopsies of patients with heart failure and demonstrated that RMRP was significantly upregulated in these patients. Steinbusch et al (13) indicated that RMRP was associated with chondrocyte hypertrophy and determined chondrogenic differentiation, suggesting that RMRP served a role in the regulation of the dynamic balance of ECM degradation and synthesis. In consideration of the key role of cardiac fibrosis in heart failure, the current study speculated that RMRP may be involved in regulating the activation of cardiac fibroblasts.

The current study investigated the biological role of the lncRNA RMRP in the activation of cardiac fibroblasts during cardiac fibrosis. The results demonstrated the aberrant expression of RMRP in the fibrotic myocardium and investigated its role in cardiac fibroblast activation, which was characterized as an increase of proliferation, differentiation and collagen accumulation. It has been previously demonstrated that lncRNAs act as ceRNAs when binding with microRNAs and that numerous microRNAs serve crucial functions in cardiac fibrosis (5). In the current study, whether RMRP interacted with microRNA during cardiac fibroblast activation was further determined.

Materials and methods

Animals

Specific pathogen-free Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (n=16, male, 6–8 weeks old) weighing between 150–180 g were provided by Beijing HFK Bioscience Co., Ltd. The animals were housed at 24±2°C, 60±10% relative humidity with a 12-h light/dark cycle. The rats were acclimated to the laboratory conditions; standard rat chow and water were available ad libitum. All animal experiments performed in the current study were approved by The Animal Care and Use Committee of Lanzhou University (Lanzhou, China). The rats were randomly divided into two groups, each of which included 8 rats: The sham-operated group (Sham) and the abdominal aortic banding (AAB) group. Myocardial fibrosis was induced by AAB for 6 weeks (14). After 6 weeks, all rats were anesthetized using an intraperitoneal injection of chloral hydrate (10%; 350 mg/kg). No signs of peritonitis, pain or discomfort were observed. The survival of rats was confirmed by monitoring their breathing and heartbeat. Subsequently, the rats were sacrificed using cervical dislocation. After sacrifice, the left ventricle was dissected from the heart. Part of the isolated left ventricles were used for Masson's trichrome staining (10 min at room temperature) after fixation in 4% paraformaldehyde for 24 h at room temperature. The images (magnification, ×200) were observed by using a light microscope (Olympus Corporation). The remaining samples were used to determine the expression of α-SMA, collagen and lncRNA RMRP expression.

Cardiac fibroblast isolation

Primary cardiac fibroblasts were isolated from the myocardium of newborn SD rats (1–2 days old) as previously described (15). Briefly, shredded myocardium was digested with 0.1% pancreatin at 37°C. Cardiac fibroblasts were separated from cardiomyocytes using differential adhesion. Isolated cardiac fibroblasts were cultured at 37°C under 5% CO2 in DMEM (Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) supplemented with 10% FBS (Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), 100 U/ml penicillin and 100 g/ml streptomycin. The activated cardiac fibroblasts were induced using 10−5 mM angiotensin-II for 24 h.

Cell viability assay

Cardiac fibroblasts (5×103/ml) were cultured in 96-well plates. After treatment, cell viability was determined using a cellTiter 96® AQueous one solution cell proliferation assay kit (Promega Corporation). The assay was performed according to manufacturer's protocol.

EdU incorporation assay

The EdU incorporation assay kit was used to measure the proliferative ability of cardiac fibroblasts and was purchased from Guangzhou Ribobio Co., Ltd. The proliferative cells that had incorporated EdU showed green fluorescence. Cell nuclei that were stained using DAPI for 10 min at 25°C showed blue fluorescence. Data are presented as the ratio of EdU-positive cells (green cells) to the total DAPI-positive cells (blue cells).

Reverse transcription-quantitative (RT-q)PCR

Total RNA samples were extracted using TRIzol® reagent (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). The RNA was converted to cDNA using an RT kit (Applied Biosystems; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), according to the manufacturer's protocol. The protocol for RT was as follows: 37°C for 60 min, 85°C for 5 min and then hold at 4°C. The cDNA was amplified using the SYBR® Green method to determine RMRP, α-SMA, Collagen-I, miR-613 and miR-1 expression, which were normalized to GAPDH or U6. RT-qPCR analysis was performed using a SYBR Green PCR Master Mix kit (Takara Bio, Inc.) with an ABI 7500 Thermocycler (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). PCR cycles were as follows: 10 min pretreatment at 95°C, 93°C for 15 sec, 67°C for 45 sec (45 cycles), 93°C for 15 sec, 67°C for 1 min, 95°C for 15 sec, a final extension at 75°C for 10 min and held at 4°C. mRNA expression was quantified via the 2−∆∆Cq method (16). The primer sequences are listed in Table SI.

Cell transfection

The siRNA sequences (RMRP siRNA and miR-613 inhibitor, 50 nM) and the miR-613 mimic were supplied by Guangzhou RiboBio Co., Ltd. The pcDNA3.1-RMRP and empty pcDNA3.1 were supplied and synthesized by Shanghai GenePharma Co., Ltd. Transfection was performed using Lipofectamine® 2000 (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), according to the manufacturer's protocol. The cells were harvested 24 h after transfection and then used for subsequent experiments. The sequences were as follows: RMRP siRNA, 5′-CCUAGGCUACACACUGAGGACUTT-3′; RMRP siRNA NC, 5′-UUCUCCGAACGUGUCACGUTT-3′; miR-613 mimic, 5′-CAAGUGUGAAGGGACCCUUCC-3′; miR-613 inhibitor, 5′-CCUUCCUGUAGUGUCUUAU-3′ and miR-613 inhibitor NC, 5′-GATGGTCTTGCGGTCGTAGAT-3′

Western blot analysis

Total protein was extracted from the myocardium and fibroblasts using RIPA buffer (containing 0.1% PMSF). Protein concentration was measured using Bradford Protein Assay kit (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.). Equal amounts (20 µg /lane) of protein were fractionated using 10% SDS-PAGE and transferred to PVDF membranes. The membranes were blocked with 5% skimmed milk at room temperature for 1 h. Blotting was then probed with α-SMA (1:2,000; cat. no. ab7817; Abcam) and GAPDH (1:2,000; cat. no. sc-137179; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.) primary antibodies. GAPDH was used as an internal reference. The chemiluminescence signals were captured using an EasySee Western Blot kit (Beijing TransGen Biotech Co., Ltd.) and analyzed using Image J 1.43 (National Institutes of Health).

Measurement of collagen content

Measurements of the collagen content in cardiac fibroblasts were performed according to a previous report (17). Tris buffer (pH 7.5) was used to lyse cardiac fibroblasts and picrosirius red (dissolved in saturated picric acid) was added to extract the collagen. Collagen content was calculated using the linear calibration curve generated from standards and normalized to the total protein content.

Luciferase reporter assay

The miRcode algorithm (http://www.mircode.org/) was used to predict the RMRP-miRNA interaction, the result showed miR-613 may interact with RMRP. Therefore, luciferase reporter assay was performed to determine the interaction between RMRP and miR-613. The fragment of RMRP containing the target sequence of miR-613 was inserted into a pmirGLO dual-luciferase miRNA target expression vector (Guangzhou RiboBio Co., Ltd.) to form the reporter vector RMRP wild-type (RMRP-WT), while the RMRP mutated type (RMRP-MUT) contained a mutated binding site. The RMRP-WT or the RMRP-MUT reporter plasmid were cotransfected, with miR-613 mimic or miR-NC, into cardiac fibroblasts using Lipofectamine 2000. Luciferase activity was measured using a dual luciferase reporter assay system (Guangzhou RiboBio Co., Ltd.). Luciferase activity was normalized to Renilla luciferase activity.

RNA immunoprecipitation

Cardiac fibroblasts were cotransfected with pcDNA-MS2, pcDNA-RMRP-WT-MS2, or pcDNA-RMRP-MUT-MS2 (Shanghai GeneChem Co., Ltd.). After a period of 48 h, RNA RIPA assays were performed on cells using an anti-green fluorescent protein (GFP) antibody (1:1,000, ab13970, Abcam) and the EZ-Magna RIP™ RNA-Binding Protein Immunoprecipitation kit (EMD Millipore), according to the manufacturer's protocol.

Statistical analysis

The data are presented as the mean ± standard error of the mean. All experiments were performed three times. Statistical significance was determined using either an unpaired Student's t-test for two comparisons or an analysis of variance followed by the Student-Newman-Keuls test for multiple comparisons. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 23.0 (IBM Corp.). P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.

Results

Expression of lncRNA RMRP is upregulated in cardiac fibrosis

Rats subjected to AAB surgery for 6 weeks exhibited cardiac fibrosis, as demonstrated by an increased collagen accumulation in the myocardial tissue (Fig. 1A) and upregulated α-SMA and collagen mRNA and protein expression (Fig. 1B and C). In the fibrotic myocardium, RMRP expression was significantly upregulated (P<0.01; Fig. 1D). Cardiac fibroblasts and cardiomyocytes are widely considered to be the two most common cardiac cell types, accounting for 90% of cardiac cells (18). Therefore, primary cardiac fibroblasts and cardiomyocytes were isolated from rat hearts to determine RMRP expression. The results demonstrated that RMRP expression exhibited a significantly increased upregulation in the cardiac fibroblasts and cardiomyocytes of the AAB group compared with the sham group (P<0.01; Fig. 1E). Similar results were obtained from the in vitro study, which indicated that RMRP was significantly upregulated in the Ang II-treated cardiac fibroblasts and cardiomyocytes (P<0.05; Fig. 1F). Furthermore, the upregulation of RMRP in cardiac fibroblasts exhibited greater significance than the upregulation in cardiomyocytes, which led to the speculation that RMRP may serve a key role in cardiac fibroblast activation during cardiac fibrosis.

Figure 1. The expression of lncRNA RMRP in AAB-induced cardiac fibrosis. (A) Accumulation of collagen was assessed by Masson staining (magnification, ×200). (B) The mRNA expression of α-SMA and Collagen I in myocardial tissue was measured using RT-qPCR. (C) The protein expression of α-SMA in myocardial tissue was determined using western blotting. (D) The expression of RMRP in myocardial tissue was assessed using RT-qPCR. (E) The expression of RMRP in cardiac fibroblasts and cardiomyocytes isolated from rat hearts was measured using RT-qPCR. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM. n=8 animals for each group. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 vs. Sham. (F) The expression of RMRP in Ang-II-treated cardiac fibroblasts and cardiomyocytes was measured using RT-qPCR. Data are mean ± SEM. n=3 independent experiments. #P<0.05, ##P<0.01 vs. Con. AAB, abdominal aortic banding; SEM, standard error of the mean; RT-q, reverse transcription-quantitative; Con, control; α-SMA, α-smooth muscle actin; RMRP, RNA component of mitochondrial RNA processing endoribonuclease; Ang II, angiotensin II.

RMRP knockdown inhibits the cardiac fibroblast activation induced by Ang-II

The activation of cardiac fibroblasts is associated with the development of cardiac fibrosis. Ang-II and TGF-β1 myocardial levels are increased in a number of pathologies that are characterized by myocardial remodeling and fibrosis. Ang-II and TGF-β1 have been indicated to promote cardiac fibroblast activation, which serve a key role in cardiac fibrosis (19). Therefore, Ang-II and TGF-β1 were used to induce the activation of cardiac fibroblasts in the present study and the results demonstrated that RMRP expression was upregulated in cardiac fibroblasts treated with Ang-II and TGF-β1. The significant different between Ang-II and the control was greater than that of TGF-β1 (Fig. 2A). Therefore, Ang-II was used to induce cardiac fibroblast activation in the current study.

Figure 2. The effect of RMRP knockdown on the Ang-II-induced cardiac fibroblasts activation. (A) The effect of Ang-II and TGF-β1 on the RMRP expression of cardiac fibroblasts. The effect of RMRP siRNA on the (B) RMRP expression, (C) cell viability, (D) proliferation, (E) mRNA and (F) protein expression of α-SMA and (G) Collagen of Ang-II-treated cardiac fibroblasts. Magnification, ×400 for the EdU images of D. Data are mean ± standard error of the mean. n=3 independent experiments. **P<0.01 vs. Con; #P<0.05 and ##P<0.01 vs. Ang-II. NC, RMRP siRNA negative control; si, small interfering; Con, control; TGD, transforming growth factor; α-SMA, α-smooth muscle actin; RMRP, RNA component of mitochondrial RNA processing endoribonuclease; Ang II, angiotensin II.

To investigate the role of RMRP in cardiac fibrosis, the effect of RMRP knockdown on Ang-II-induced cardiac fibroblast activation was investigated. As presented in Fig. 2B, RMRP siRNA was indicated to significantly downregulate RMRP expression (P<0.01), suggesting the successful knockdown of RMRP. Furthermore, RMRP siRNA inhibited the Ang-II-induced cardiac fibroblast proliferation (Fig. 2C and D). In addition to proliferation, differentiation and collagen accumulation were also indicated to be important pathological features in the activation of cardiac fibroblasts. According to a previous study (19), α-SMA and collagen mRNA and protein expression were upregulated in cardiac fibroblasts following Ang-II treatment. However, the effects of Ang-II were also reversed by RMRP siRNA, which suggested that RMRP knockdown inhibited the Ang-II-induced differentiation and collagen accumulation of cardiac fibroblasts (Fig. 2E-G). Collectively, these results indicated that RMRP knockdown inhibited Ang-II-induced cardiac fibroblast activation.

RMRP interacts with miR-613 in cardiac fibroblasts

To investigate the interaction between RMRP and miRNAs, the miRcode algorithm was used to predict the RMRP-miRNA interaction. The results demonstrated that RMRP contained one seed sequence that may bind six miRNAs, including miR-1, miR-206, miR-613, miR-122, miR-122a and miR-1352 (Fig. 3A). Among the predicted target miRNAs, miR-613 and miR-1 have been reported to be closely associated with myocardial I/R injury and cardiac hypertrophy, respectively (20,21). Furthermore, miR-613 and miR-1 expression was downregulated in Ang-II treated cardiac fibroblasts (Fig. 3B). RMRP knockdown by siRNA upregulated miR-613 expression but did not affect miR-1 expression. Therefore, it was suggested that RMRP interacted with miR-613 in cardiac fibroblasts. As presented in Fig. 3B, Ang-II downregulated miR-613 expression, which was reversed by RMRP siRNA, suggesting that RMRP regulated miR-613. To further explore the interaction between RMRP and miR-613, a luciferase reporter and MS2 RIP assays were performed. The miR-613 binding site of RMRP was predicted, as presented in Fig. 3C and RMRP-MUT was designed according to this binding site. A luciferase reporter assay containing RMRP-WT or RMRP-MUT was constructed and the results revealed that miR-613 overexpression decreased RMRP-WT activity more so than RMRP-MUT (Fig. 3D). To validate the direct binding between miR-613 and RMRP, MS2 RIP was used to isolate the endogenous miRNAs that are associated with RMRP. The results revealed that miR-613 was significantly upregulated (Fig. 3E and F). These results suggested that RMRP interacts with miR-613 in cardiac fibroblasts.

Figure 3. RMRP interacts with miR-613 in cardiac fibroblasts. (A) An miRcode algorithm was used to predict RMRP-miRNA interaction. RMRP contains one seed sequence that can combine 6 miRNAs. (B) Effect of RMRP siRNA on the miR-613 and miR-1 expression in Ang-II-treated cardiac fibroblasts was assessed using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. (C) Sequence alignment showing the complementarity between RMRP and miR-613. ‘|’ indicates base pairing. (D) Luciferase activity in cardiac fibroblasts co-transfected miR-613 mimic and luciferase reporters containing RMRP. (E) A diagram and the (F) results of MS2 RIP, performed to detect miR-613 endogenously associated with RMRP. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error of the mean. n=3 independent experiments. **P<0.01 vs. Con; ##P<0.01 vs. Ang-II; &&P<0.01 vs. pmirGLO; $$P<0.01 vs. MS2. miRNA, microRNA; siRNA, small interfering RNA; GFP, green fluorescent protein; Con, control; RMRP, mitochondrial RNA processing endoribonuclease; WT, wild-type; MUT, mutant; RIP, radioimmunoprecipitation; Ang II, angiotensin II.

miR-613 mediates the promoting effect of RMRP on cardiac fibroblast activation

To further investigate whether miR-613 mediated the effect of RMRP on cardiac fibroblast activation, an miR-613 inhibitor was used to inhibit miR-613 expression in cardiac fibroblasts treated with Ang-II and RMRP siRNA. The results demonstrated that RMRP siRNA inhibited Ang-II-induced cardiac fibroblast proliferation, differentiation and collagen accumulation, while miR-613 inhibitor reversed the effect of RMRP siRNA (Fig. 4A-F). These results suggested that RMRP promoted cardiac fibroblast activation by downregulating miR-613.

Figure 4. RMRP promotes cardiac fibroblasts activation through miR-613. The effect of miR-613 inhibitor on the proliferation as shown by (A) EdU staining and (B) graphical analysis (C) cell viability, α-SMA and Collagen (D) mRNA and (E) protein expression (F) of cardiac fibroblasts treated with Ang-II and RMRP siRNA. Magnification, ×400 for the EdU images of A. miR-613 inhibitor NC, miR-613 inhibitor negative control. Data are mean ± standard error of the mean. n=3 independent experiments. **P<0.01 vs. Con; #P<0.05 and ##P<0.01 vs. Ang-II; &P<0.05 and &&P<0.01 vs. Ang-II+RMRP siRNA. Con, control; RMRP, RNA component of mitochondrial RNA processing endoribonuclease; si, small interfering; NC, negative control; miR, microRNA; α-SMA, α-smooth muscle actin; Ang II, angiotensin II.

Discussion

New sequencing technologies, combined with bioinformatics and computational tools, have transformed the traditional view of ncRNA as the ‘junk of the genome’, with the appreciation that these transcripts may influence disease-associated genes and contribute to disease pathogenesis (22). ncRNAs are classified into two groups: Small ncRNAs (≤200 nucleotides long) and lncRNAs (>200 nucleotides). Small ncRNAs, which include miRNAs, have been investigated for a number of years, while lncRNA studies have only started recently. In recent years, it has become increasingly evident that lncRNAs serve a key role in the posttranscriptional, epigenetic and translational coordination of gene expression in developmental and disease processes (23). lncRNAs have been reported to have implications for cancer biology (24). Furthermore, increasing evidence has demonstrated the roles of lncRNAs in a variety of biological processes. Cardiovascular disease is a research area of increasing interest. The expression of lncRNAs has been revealed to be associated with numerous cardiovascular conditions and lncRNAs have been indicated to be involved in regulating the development of cardiovascular diseases, including pathological hypertrophy, vascular disease, atherosclerosis, dyslipidemia and metabolic disorder (6).

Recent studies have demonstrated the mechanistic function of lncRNAs in cardiac fibroblast activation and cardiac fibrosis (5). Tao et al (25) demonstrated that lncRNA GAS5 was downregulated in cardiac fibrosis tissues and activated cardiac fibroblasts, while the overexpression of GAS5 inhibited cardiac fibroblast proliferation. In a mouse model of myocardial infarction, lncRNA MIAT was upregulated during cardiac interstitial fibrosis. MIAT knockdown has been revealed to reduce cardiac fibrosis (26). Consistent with this in vivo study, MIAT expression was upregulated in activated cardiac fibroblasts that were induced by Ang-II, whereas MIAT knockdown abrogated the fibrogenesis (26). Similarly, the upregulated lncRNA n379519 and PFL exhibited pro-fibrotic effects during myocardial infarction (27,28). In the present study, RMRP expression was upregulated and accompanied by cardiac fibrosis in an AAB-treated rat model. This was also determined in cardiac fibroblasts that were isolated from the fibrotic myocardium and Ang-II-treated cardiac fibroblasts, suggesting that RMRP may serve an important role in cardiac fibroblast activation. Previous studies investigating RMRP have focused on its role in carcinogenesis, including in lung cancer, gastric tumor and glioma (8–10). The upregulation of RMRP was indicated in left ventricle biopsies of patients with non-end-stage heart failure (12). Therefore, in the current study, the role of RMRP in cardiac fibroblasts activation was investigated further. The results demonstrated that RMRP knockdown by siRNA can inhibit Ang-II-induced proliferation, differentiation and collagen accumulation in cardiac fibroblasts, suggesting the promoting effect of RMRP on cardiac fibroblast activation.

lncRNAs can be used as competitive endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) to regulate a variety of biological functions in cells. lncRNAs contain complements of the sequence domain of miRNAs, which allow them to act as natural sponges to bind with numerous miRNAs (29). lncRNA n379519 has been revealed to promote cardiac fibrosis in the post-infarct myocardium, by targeting miR-30 (28). PFL has also been indicated to contribute to cardiac fibrosis by acting as a ceRNA of let-7d (27). H19 was demonstrated to act as a ceRNA to mediate CTGF expression, by sponging miR-455, in cardiac fibrosis (30). In the present study, six miRNAs were predicted as targets of RMRP, according to the RNA sequence produced by the miRcode algorithm. Among them, miR-613 and miR-1 were reported to be closely associated with myocardial I/R injury and cardiac hypertrophy, respectively. miR-613 can suppress I/R-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis by directly targeting PDCD10 and activating the PI3K/Akt pathway (20). Karakikes et al (21) demonstrated that normalization of miR-1 gene expression, which was downregulated in hypertrophy, reversed cardiac hypertrophy and attenuated pathological remodeling by simultaneously affecting a variety of processes that are associated with pathological hypertrophy and heart failure. In the present study, Ang-II downregulated miR-613 and miR-1 expression, while RMRP knockdown promoted miR-613 expression more so than miR-1. The results also demonstrated that RMRP shared complementary binding sites with miR-613 and this was validated using luciferase reporter and MS2 RIP assays. These results indicated that RMRP negatively regulated miR-613 expression in cardiac fibroblasts and allowed investigation into the role of miR-613 in the promoting effect of RMRP on cardiac fibroblast activation. The results revealed that the inhibition of miR-613 reversed the effect of RMRP knockdown on cardiac fibroblast activation. Collectively, RMRP promoted cardiac fibroblast activation by acting as a ceRNA for miR-613. Recently, Kong et al (31) demonstrated that the overexpression of RMRP aggravated hypoxia-induced injury in H9c2 cardiomyocytes by sponging miR-206 to target ATG3 expression. RMRP may be involved in the pathological process of heart diseases by regulating cardiac fibroblast and cardiomyocyte function.

In conclusion, the results of the current study revealed that RMRP expression was upregulated in the fibrotic myocardium and activated cardiac fibroblasts during cardiac fibrosis, and RMRP promoted the activation of cardiac fibroblasts by competitively binding miR-613. These findings provided an advanced insight into the pathogenesis of lncRNAs in cardiac fibrosis, suggesting that RMRP inhibition may be a novel therapy for cardiac fibrosis. The prognostic significance of RMRP and miR-613 expression will aid in the prediction of heart-related disease phenotypes. Individual therapy targeting RMRP and miR-613, in combination, may provide more curative effects.

Supplementary Material

Supporting Data

Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Funding

No funding was received.

Availability of data and materials

All data generated and/or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

Authors' contributions

SYZ and SHH designed the study. SYZ, SHH, SXG and YBW performed the experiments. PJ and FJL performed data analysis. SYZ and SHH wrote the main manuscript. SYZ, SHH and SXG contributed to manuscript revisions. All authors reviewed the manuscript.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

All animal experiments performed in the current study were approved by The Animal Care and Use Committee of Lanzhou University (Lanzhou, China).

Patient consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

References