Research Article
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Examination Of Sexual Violence, Emotional Status And Loneliness Level In Professional Athletes

Year 2022, Volume: 5 Issue: 3, 550 - 560, 28.09.2022

Erkan Bingöl Gülsüm Baştuğ

https://doi.org/10.38021/asbid.1152231

Abstract

This study aims to examine the level of sexual violence, mood, and loneliness level in professional athletes. A total of 195 athletes, 85 men, and 110 women, from different sports branches (Athletics, Basketball, Volleyball, Football, Fitness, Tennis, Boxing), with an average age of 24.04 ± 4.96 and a mean age of 2.27 ± 0.993, participated in the research. “The Profile of Mood States (POMS)” scale was used to determine the emotional states of the athletes, and the “UCLA Loneliness Scale” was used to determine their loneliness level. To determine the level of sexual violence of the athletes, the questions prepared by the researcher by scanning the relevant literature were applied. Frequency analysis, t-test, and Kruskal Wallis test were used to evaluate the data.
As a result, it has been determined that professional athletes participating in the research were exposed to sexually explicit words and that their teammate or another athlete has been exposed to sexual violence. It has been determined that the level of loneliness differs significantly according to the gender variable. It was found that the level of loneliness is high in male athletes. Depression-Dejection and Anger-Hostility levels were found to be high in female athletes. It is seen that the level of loneliness decreases as the age of sports increases. It was determined that there was a negative significant relationship between loneliness and vigor-activity mood. It is a remarkable finding that when the loneliness value increases in athletes, the "vigor-activity" mood value decreases.

Keywords

Athlete Sexual Violence Loneliness Mood.

References

  • Ahangarzadeh Rezaei, S., Nematolahei, A. ve Oladrostam, N. (2017). The effect of positive thinking training on stress, anxiety and depression in coronary heart disease. The J Urmia Nurs Midwifery Fac. 15(5): 339-348.
  • Argus, G.R., Terry, F.C., Bramston, F., Dinsdale, S.L. (2004). Measurement of mood in adolescents with intellectual disability. Res Dev Disabil. 25: 493-507.
  • Auweele, Y.V., Opdenacker, J., Vertommen, T., Boen, F., Van Niekerk, L., De Martelaer, K., & De Cuyper, B. (2008). Unwanted sexual experiences in sport: Perceptions and reported prevalence among Flemish female student‐athletes. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 6(4): 354-365.
  • Aylaz R, Aktürk Ü, Erci B, Öztürk H, Aslan H. (2012). Relationship between depression and loneliness in elderly and examination of influential factors, Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics. 55(3):48-54.
  • Bastug, G., Beyhan, R., Karacavus, H., Heb, S., Salman, F. (2021). Investigation of Physical, Psychological, Economic and Sexual Violence in Professional Athletes in terms of Gender Variable, Eurasian Research in Sport Science. 6,(1): 64-76.
  • Becker, S. (2016). Child maltreatment: Key facts. Retrieved from: http://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/child-maltreatment.
  • Bekhet, A. K., Zauszniewski, A. (2013). Measuring use of positive thinking skills: Psychometric testing of a new scale. Western Journal of Nursing Research. 35(8): 1074–1093.
  • Bulut, B. (2012). Investigation of the size and dimensions of violence against athletes ranging 14 to 18 year-olds in team and individual sports, Master Thesis, Uludag University, Institute of Educational Sciences, Physical Education and Sports Department, Bursa.
  • Domènech-Abella, J., Lara, E., Rubio-Valera, M., Olaya, B., Moneta MV, Rico-Uribe LA, Ayuso-Mateos JL., Mundó, J., Haro, JM. (2017). Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 52: 381.
  • Demir, A. (1989). Reliability and Validity of UCLA Loneliness Scale. Journal of Psychology. 7(23), 14-18.
  • Fasting, K., Brackenridge, C.H., Sundgot-Borgen, J. (2004). Prevalence of sexual harassment among Norwegian female elite athletes in relation to sport type. Int Rev Sociol Sport. 39: 373–86.
  • Fasting, K. (2005). Research on Sexual Harassment and Abuse in Sport, Institutt for Samfunnsfag, Norges idrettshøgskole, www.idrottsforum.org.
  • Fasting, K., Brackenridge, C., & Walseth, K. (2007). Women athletes’ personal responses to sexual harassment in sport. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology. 19(4): 419-433. https://doi.org/10.1080/104.132.00701599165
  • Fasting, K, Brackenridge, C. H., Knorre, N. (2010). Performance level and sexual harassment prevalence among female athletes in the Czech Republic. Women Sport Phys Act J. 19: 26–32. 13
  • Gerst-Emerson, K., Shovali, T.E., Markides, K.S. (2014). Loneliness among very old Mexican Americans: Findings from the hispanic established populations epidemiologic studies of the elderly, Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 59: 145-149.
  • Grover, S., Avasthi, A., Sahoo,S., Lakdawala, B., Dan, A., Nebhinani, N., Dutt, A., Tiwari, S.C., Gania, A.M., Subramanyam, A.A., Kedare, J., Suthar, N. (2018). Relationship of loneliness and social connectedness with depression in elderly: A multicentric study under the aegis of Indian association for geriatric mental health, Official Journal of Indian Association for Geriatric Mental Health. 5(2):99-106.
  • Gunduz, N., Sunay, H., Koz, M. (2007). xxIncidents of sexual harassment in Turkey on elite sportswomen. Sport J. 10:1–10.
  • Hanin, Y.L. (2003). Emotion-Performance Relationships in Sport: The Individual Zones of Optimal Functioning (IZOF) Model. Proceedings of the Daegu Universiade Conference: “Facing the Challenge”, Vol. I, (pp. 349-355). Daegu, South Korea: Yeungnam University Press.
  • Heinrich, L. M., & Gullone, E. (2006). The clinical significance of loneliness: A literatüre review. Clinical Psychology Review, 26(6), 695–718
  • Jones, M. V. (2012). Emotion regulation and performance. In S. M. Murphy (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Sport and Performance Psychology (pp. 154-172). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Kabátová O, Puteková S, Martinková J. (2016). Loneliness as a Risk Factor for depression in the elderly, Clinical Social Work Journal. 7(1):48-52.
  • Kılıç, M. (2019). Fact of Violence in Sports from Sociological Perspective: A Holistic View, Muhakeme Journal, 2 (1): 83-98.
  • Korkmazlar, O. Ü., Engin, P., Büyükyazıcı, Z. (2010). An investigation of child abuse and domestic violence in Turkey: Summary report] Retrieved from: http://www.unicef.org.tr/files/bilgimerkezi/doc/cocuk-istismariraporu-tr.pdf
  • Malekian, A., Biabri, S. M., Sarvari, A., & Fattahi, J. (2015). Investigation and comparison feeling of loneliness and locus of control among female athletes and non-athlete high school female students. Journal of Management Sciences. 1(1): 6-10.
  • McNair, D.M., Lorr, M., Droppleman, L.F. (1971). Manual for the Profile of Mood States. First ed., San Diego: Educational and Industrial Testing Service.
  • Mewett, P., Toffoletti, K. (2008). Rogue men and predatory women: female fans’ perceptions of Australian Footballers’ sexual conduct. Int Rev Sociol Sport. 43:165–80.
  • Mountjoy, M., Brackenridge, C., Arrington, M., Blauwet, C., Carska-Sheppard, A., Fasting, K., ... & Budgett, R. (2016). International Olympic Committee consensus statement: harassment and abuse (non-accidental violence) in sport. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 50(17): 1019-1029.
  • Nikmanesh, Z., Zandvakili, M. (2015). The effect of positive thinking training on quality of life, depression, stress and anxiety in delinquent juveniles. Positive Psychology Research, 1(2): 53-63.
  • Özen, G., Emir, E., Koca, C. (2018). Athletes’ Perceptions and Experiences of Sexual Harassment in Turkey, Hacettepe Journal of Sport Sciences. 29 (4): 157–177.
  • Polat, F., Karasu, F. (2020). The Relationshıp between Perceived Loneliness Level and Depression Among Elderly Individuals, Journal of Inonu University Health Services Vocational School. 8, 1: 72-82.
  • Qualter, P., Vanhalst, J., Harris, R. A., van Roekel, E., Lodder, G., Bangee, M., (2015). Loneliness across the life span. Perspectives on Psychological Science. 10: 250-264.
  • Robazza, C., Pellizzari, M., Bertollo, M., Hanin, Y. (2008). Functional impact of emotions on athletic performance: Comparing the IZOF model and the directional perception approach. Journal of Sports Sciences. 26: 1033–1047.
  • Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., Ferguson, M. L. (1978). Developing a measure of loneliness. Journal of Personality Assessment. 42 (3):290-294.
  • Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., & Cutrona, C. E. (1980). The revised UCLA loneliness scale: concurrent and discriminant validity evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 39(3): 472-480.
  • Samaei, L., Ramezani, Z. N., Semnani, A. S. H. (2012). Relationship between locus of control (internalexternal) and a feeling of the loneliness between athletic and non-athletic girls. European Journal of Experimental Biology. 2(5): 1862-1867.
  • Selvi,Y., Gulec,M., Aydin, A., Besiroglu, L. (2011). Psychometric evaluation of the Turkish language version of the Profile of Mood States (POMS), Journal of Mood Disorders. 1(4): 152-61.
  • Singh, A., Misra, N. (2009). Loneliness, depression and sociability in old age. Ind Psychiatry J. 18(1): 51–55.
  • Timpka, T., Janson, S., Jacobsson, J., et al. (2014). Lifetime sexual and physical abuse among elite athletes: a cross-sectional study of prevalence and correlates with athletic injury. Br J Sports Med. 48: 667.
  • Tomlinson A, Yorganci I. (1997). Male coach/female athlete relations: gender and power relations in competitive sport. J Sport Soc Issues. 21:134–55.
  • Vertommen T, Schipper van Veldhofen NS, Hartill MJ, et al. (2015). Sexual harassment and abuse in sport: the NOC*NSF Helpline. Int Rev Sociol Sport. 50: 822–39.
  • World Health Organization Child maltreatment: (2017).The Health Sector Responds. Retrieved from: http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/child/Child_maltreatment_infographic_EN.pdf?ua=1
  • World Health Organization (2020). https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/violence-against-women, 21.06.2021.
  • Wright, S. L., Burt, C. D. B., Strongman, K. T. (2006). “Loneliness Ġn The Workplace: Construct Definition And Scale Development”, New Zealand Journal Of Psychology, 35(2), p.59-68.
  • Yıldız, O. S. (2009). A pilot study of determining for sexual harassment and abuse in sports Istanbul University, Department of Social Sciences, Master Thesis, Istanbul.
  • Yousefi, B., & Hasani, Z. (2012). The comparison of feeling of loneliness among athlete and non-athlete University students. World Journal of Sport Sciences. 6(2): 200-203.
  • Zandvakili, M., Jalilvand, M. ve Nikmanesh, Z. (2014). The effect of positive thinking training on reduction of depression, stress and anxiety of juvenile delinquents. International Journal of Medical Toxicology and Forensic Medicine. 4(2): 55- 62.

Profesyonel Sporcularda Cinsel Şiddet, Duygu Durumu ve Yalnızlık Düzeyinin İncelenmesi

Year 2022, Volume: 5 Issue: 3, 550 - 560, 28.09.2022

Erkan Bingöl Gülsüm Baştuğ

https://doi.org/10.38021/asbid.1152231

Abstract

Bu çalışma, profesyonel sporcularda cinsel şiddet, duygu durum ve yalnızlık düzeylerini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Farklı spor dallarından (Atletizm, Basketbol, ​​Voleybol, Futbol, ​​Fitness, Tenis, Boks) 85'i erkek, 110'u kadın olmak üzere toplam 195 sporcu, yaş ortalaması 24.04 ± 4.96, yaş ortalaması 2.27 ± 0.993, araştırmaya katıldı. Sporcuların duygu durumlarını belirlemek için “Ruh Hali Profili (POMS)” ölçeği ve yalnızlık düzeylerini belirlemek için “UCLA Yalnızlık Ölçeği” kullanılmıştır. Sporcuların cinsel şiddet düzeylerini belirlemek için araştırmacı tarafından ilgili literatür taranarak hazırlanan sorular uygulanmıştır. Verilerin değerlendirilmesinde frekans analizi, t-testi ve Kruskal Wallis testi kullanıldı.
Sonuç olarak, araştırmaya katılan profesyonel sporcuların cinsel içerikli sözlere maruz kaldıkları ve takım arkadaşlarının veya başka bir sporcunun cinsel şiddete maruz kaldığı tespit edilmiştir. Cinsiyet değişkenine göre yalnızlık düzeyinin anlamlı düzeyde farklılaştığı tespit edilmiştir. Erkek sporcularda yalnızlık düzeyinin yüksek olduğu bulunmuştur. Kadın sporcularda Depresyon-Depresyon ve Öfke-Düşmanlık düzeyleri yüksek bulunmuştur. Spor yaşı arttıkça yalnızlık düzeyinin azaldığı görülmektedir. Yalnızlık ile dinçlik-aktivite duygu durumu arasında negatif yönde anlamlı bir ilişki olduğu belirlendi. Sporcularda yalnızlık değeri arttıkça “şiddet-aktivite” duygudurum değerinin düştüğü dikkat çekici bir bulgudur.

Keywords

Sporcu Cinsel Şiddet Yalnızlık Duygu Durumu.

References

  • Ahangarzadeh Rezaei, S., Nematolahei, A. ve Oladrostam, N. (2017). The effect of positive thinking training on stress, anxiety and depression in coronary heart disease. The J Urmia Nurs Midwifery Fac. 15(5): 339-348.
  • Argus, G.R., Terry, F.C., Bramston, F., Dinsdale, S.L. (2004). Measurement of mood in adolescents with intellectual disability. Res Dev Disabil. 25: 493-507.
  • Auweele, Y.V., Opdenacker, J., Vertommen, T., Boen, F., Van Niekerk, L., De Martelaer, K., & De Cuyper, B. (2008). Unwanted sexual experiences in sport: Perceptions and reported prevalence among Flemish female student‐athletes. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 6(4): 354-365.
  • Aylaz R, Aktürk Ü, Erci B, Öztürk H, Aslan H. (2012). Relationship between depression and loneliness in elderly and examination of influential factors, Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics. 55(3):48-54.
  • Bastug, G., Beyhan, R., Karacavus, H., Heb, S., Salman, F. (2021). Investigation of Physical, Psychological, Economic and Sexual Violence in Professional Athletes in terms of Gender Variable, Eurasian Research in Sport Science. 6,(1): 64-76.
  • Becker, S. (2016). Child maltreatment: Key facts. Retrieved from: http://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/child-maltreatment.
  • Bekhet, A. K., Zauszniewski, A. (2013). Measuring use of positive thinking skills: Psychometric testing of a new scale. Western Journal of Nursing Research. 35(8): 1074–1093.
  • Bulut, B. (2012). Investigation of the size and dimensions of violence against athletes ranging 14 to 18 year-olds in team and individual sports, Master Thesis, Uludag University, Institute of Educational Sciences, Physical Education and Sports Department, Bursa.
  • Domènech-Abella, J., Lara, E., Rubio-Valera, M., Olaya, B., Moneta MV, Rico-Uribe LA, Ayuso-Mateos JL., Mundó, J., Haro, JM. (2017). Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 52: 381.
  • Demir, A. (1989). Reliability and Validity of UCLA Loneliness Scale. Journal of Psychology. 7(23), 14-18.
  • Fasting, K., Brackenridge, C.H., Sundgot-Borgen, J. (2004). Prevalence of sexual harassment among Norwegian female elite athletes in relation to sport type. Int Rev Sociol Sport. 39: 373–86.
  • Fasting, K. (2005). Research on Sexual Harassment and Abuse in Sport, Institutt for Samfunnsfag, Norges idrettshøgskole, www.idrottsforum.org.
  • Fasting, K., Brackenridge, C., & Walseth, K. (2007). Women athletes’ personal responses to sexual harassment in sport. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology. 19(4): 419-433. https://doi.org/10.1080/104.132.00701599165
  • Fasting, K, Brackenridge, C. H., Knorre, N. (2010). Performance level and sexual harassment prevalence among female athletes in the Czech Republic. Women Sport Phys Act J. 19: 26–32. 13
  • Gerst-Emerson, K., Shovali, T.E., Markides, K.S. (2014). Loneliness among very old Mexican Americans: Findings from the hispanic established populations epidemiologic studies of the elderly, Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 59: 145-149.
  • Grover, S., Avasthi, A., Sahoo,S., Lakdawala, B., Dan, A., Nebhinani, N., Dutt, A., Tiwari, S.C., Gania, A.M., Subramanyam, A.A., Kedare, J., Suthar, N. (2018). Relationship of loneliness and social connectedness with depression in elderly: A multicentric study under the aegis of Indian association for geriatric mental health, Official Journal of Indian Association for Geriatric Mental Health. 5(2):99-106.
  • Gunduz, N., Sunay, H., Koz, M. (2007). xxIncidents of sexual harassment in Turkey on elite sportswomen. Sport J. 10:1–10.
  • Hanin, Y.L. (2003). Emotion-Performance Relationships in Sport: The Individual Zones of Optimal Functioning (IZOF) Model. Proceedings of the Daegu Universiade Conference: “Facing the Challenge”, Vol. I, (pp. 349-355). Daegu, South Korea: Yeungnam University Press.
  • Heinrich, L. M., & Gullone, E. (2006). The clinical significance of loneliness: A literatüre review. Clinical Psychology Review, 26(6), 695–718
  • Jones, M. V. (2012). Emotion regulation and performance. In S. M. Murphy (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Sport and Performance Psychology (pp. 154-172). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Kabátová O, Puteková S, Martinková J. (2016). Loneliness as a Risk Factor for depression in the elderly, Clinical Social Work Journal. 7(1):48-52.
  • Kılıç, M. (2019). Fact of Violence in Sports from Sociological Perspective: A Holistic View, Muhakeme Journal, 2 (1): 83-98.
  • Korkmazlar, O. Ü., Engin, P., Büyükyazıcı, Z. (2010). An investigation of child abuse and domestic violence in Turkey: Summary report] Retrieved from: http://www.unicef.org.tr/files/bilgimerkezi/doc/cocuk-istismariraporu-tr.pdf
  • Malekian, A., Biabri, S. M., Sarvari, A., & Fattahi, J. (2015). Investigation and comparison feeling of loneliness and locus of control among female athletes and non-athlete high school female students. Journal of Management Sciences. 1(1): 6-10.
  • McNair, D.M., Lorr, M., Droppleman, L.F. (1971). Manual for the Profile of Mood States. First ed., San Diego: Educational and Industrial Testing Service.
  • Mewett, P., Toffoletti, K. (2008). Rogue men and predatory women: female fans’ perceptions of Australian Footballers’ sexual conduct. Int Rev Sociol Sport. 43:165–80.
  • Mountjoy, M., Brackenridge, C., Arrington, M., Blauwet, C., Carska-Sheppard, A., Fasting, K., ... & Budgett, R. (2016). International Olympic Committee consensus statement: harassment and abuse (non-accidental violence) in sport. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 50(17): 1019-1029.
  • Nikmanesh, Z., Zandvakili, M. (2015). The effect of positive thinking training on quality of life, depression, stress and anxiety in delinquent juveniles. Positive Psychology Research, 1(2): 53-63.
  • Özen, G., Emir, E., Koca, C. (2018). Athletes’ Perceptions and Experiences of Sexual Harassment in Turkey, Hacettepe Journal of Sport Sciences. 29 (4): 157–177.
  • Polat, F., Karasu, F. (2020). The Relationshıp between Perceived Loneliness Level and Depression Among Elderly Individuals, Journal of Inonu University Health Services Vocational School. 8, 1: 72-82.
  • Qualter, P., Vanhalst, J., Harris, R. A., van Roekel, E., Lodder, G., Bangee, M., (2015). Loneliness across the life span. Perspectives on Psychological Science. 10: 250-264.
  • Robazza, C., Pellizzari, M., Bertollo, M., Hanin, Y. (2008). Functional impact of emotions on athletic performance: Comparing the IZOF model and the directional perception approach. Journal of Sports Sciences. 26: 1033–1047.
  • Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., Ferguson, M. L. (1978). Developing a measure of loneliness. Journal of Personality Assessment. 42 (3):290-294.
  • Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., & Cutrona, C. E. (1980). The revised UCLA loneliness scale: concurrent and discriminant validity evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 39(3): 472-480.
  • Samaei, L., Ramezani, Z. N., Semnani, A. S. H. (2012). Relationship between locus of control (internalexternal) and a feeling of the loneliness between athletic and non-athletic girls. European Journal of Experimental Biology. 2(5): 1862-1867.
  • Selvi,Y., Gulec,M., Aydin, A., Besiroglu, L. (2011). Psychometric evaluation of the Turkish language version of the Profile of Mood States (POMS), Journal of Mood Disorders. 1(4): 152-61.
  • Singh, A., Misra, N. (2009). Loneliness, depression and sociability in old age. Ind Psychiatry J. 18(1): 51–55.
  • Timpka, T., Janson, S., Jacobsson, J., et al. (2014). Lifetime sexual and physical abuse among elite athletes: a cross-sectional study of prevalence and correlates with athletic injury. Br J Sports Med. 48: 667.
  • Tomlinson A, Yorganci I. (1997). Male coach/female athlete relations: gender and power relations in competitive sport. J Sport Soc Issues. 21:134–55.
  • Vertommen T, Schipper van Veldhofen NS, Hartill MJ, et al. (2015). Sexual harassment and abuse in sport: the NOC*NSF Helpline. Int Rev Sociol Sport. 50: 822–39.
  • World Health Organization Child maltreatment: (2017).The Health Sector Responds. Retrieved from: http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/child/Child_maltreatment_infographic_EN.pdf?ua=1
  • World Health Organization (2020). https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/violence-against-women, 21.06.2021.
  • Wright, S. L., Burt, C. D. B., Strongman, K. T. (2006). “Loneliness Ġn The Workplace: Construct Definition And Scale Development”, New Zealand Journal Of Psychology, 35(2), p.59-68.
  • Yıldız, O. S. (2009). A pilot study of determining for sexual harassment and abuse in sports Istanbul University, Department of Social Sciences, Master Thesis, Istanbul.
  • Yousefi, B., & Hasani, Z. (2012). The comparison of feeling of loneliness among athlete and non-athlete University students. World Journal of Sport Sciences. 6(2): 200-203.
  • Zandvakili, M., Jalilvand, M. ve Nikmanesh, Z. (2014). The effect of positive thinking training on reduction of depression, stress and anxiety of juvenile delinquents. International Journal of Medical Toxicology and Forensic Medicine. 4(2): 55- 62.
There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Sport and Exercise Psychology, Exercise and Sports Psychology
Journal Section Arşiv
Authors

Erkan Bingöl 0000-0001-9425-4623

Gülsüm Baştuğ This is me 0000-0001-7916-2042

Publication Date September 28, 2022
Submission Date August 3, 2022
Acceptance Date September 16, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 5 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Bingöl, E., & Baştuğ, G. (2022). Examination Of Sexual Violence, Emotional Status And Loneliness Level In Professional Athletes. Akdeniz Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 5(3), 550-560. https://doi.org/10.38021/asbid.1152231
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