Abstract
Goldfish readily learned to escape from a compartment by turning toward a door in the same real direction, although they approached the choice point from opposite directions on alternate trials. This ability reflects some capacity for discrimination of spatial relationships in the environment independent of a body-centered reference system.
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Tolman, E. C., Ritchie, B. F., & Kalish, D. Studies in spatial learning. II: Response learning versus place learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1946, 36, 221–229. (Received for publication July 31, 1972; revision received September 6, 1972.)
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This research was carried out while the first author was supported by an NIMH Career Scientist Development Award (K0213175). The second author worked as part of the McLean Hospital Volunteer Program.
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Ingle, D., Sahagian, D. Solution of a spatial constancy problem by goldfish. Psychobiology 1, 83–84 (1973). https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03326873
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03326873