Abstract
Unpredictive visual transient cues have a biphasic effect on reaction times (RTs) to peripheral onset targets. At relatively short (e.g., 150-msec) cue-target stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs), RTs to targets at cued versus uncued locations are facilitated, whereas at relatively long SOAs (e.g., beyond 300 msec), they are inhibited. The present review explores the conditions under which this latter, inhibitory, effect-referred to as inhibition of return (IOR; Posner & Cohen, 1984)—is revealed and those conditions under which it is generated. We argue that the extant literature converges on the view that IOR reflects a motor response bias that is generated by the activation of an oculomotor program to fixate the cue. However, we reveal that current conceptualizations of IOR are based on a limited sampling of possible tests of the generation and measurement of IOR and indicate where further experimental research is critical.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abrams, R. A., &Dobkin, R. S. (1994). The gap effect and inhibition of return: Interactive effects on eye movement latencies.Experimental Brain Research,98, 483–487.
Abrams, R. A., &Dobkin, R. S. (1995). Inhibition of return: Effects of attentional cuing on eye movement latencies.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance,20, 467–477.
Albano, J. E., Mishkin, M., Westbrook, L. E., &Wurtz, R. H. (1982). Visuomotor deficits following ablation of monkey superior colliculus.Journal of Neurophysiology,48, 318–337.
Albano, J. E., &Wurtz, R. H. (1982). Deficits in eye position following ablation of monkey superior colliculus, pretectum and posteriormedial thalamus.Journal of Neurophysiology,48, 318–337.
Berlucchi, G., Tassinari, G., Marzi, C. A., &DiStefano, M. (1989). Spatial distribution of the inhibitory effect of peripheral non-informative cues on simple reaction time to non-fixated visual targets.Neuropsychologia,27, 201–221.
Biederman, I., &Cooper, E. E. (1992). Size invariance in visual object priming.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance,18, 121–133.
Braun, D., Weber, H., Mergner, T., &Schulte-Monting, J. (1992). Saccadic reaction times in patients with frontal and parietal lesions.Brain,115, 1359–1386.
Breau, L.,Mondor, T., &Milliken, B. (1995).Auditory inhibition of return. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian Society for Brain, Behavior, and Cognitive Science, Halifax, Nova Scotia.
Briand, K. A., &Klein, R. M. (1987). Is Posner’s “beam” the same as Treisman’s “glue”?: On the relation between visual orienting and feature integration theory.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance,13, 228–241.
Bushnell, M. C., Goldberg, M. E., &Robinson, D. L. (1981). Behavioral enhancement of visual responses in monkey cerebral cortex: I. Modulation in posterior parietal cortex related to selective visual attention.Journal of Neurophysiology,46, 755–771.
Cheal, M., Chastain, G., &Lyon, D. R. (1998). Inhibition of return in identification tasks.Visual Cognition,5, 365–388.
Chelazzi, L., Biscaldi, M., Corbetta, M., Peru, A., Tassinari, G., &Berlucchi, G. (1995). Oculomotor activity and visual spatial attention.Behavioural Brain Research,71, 81–88.
Colby, C. L. (1991). The neuroanatomy and neurophysiology of attention.Journal of Child Neurology,67, S90-S118.
Corbetta, M., Miezin, F. M., Dobmeyer, S., Shulman, G., L., &Petersen, S. E. (1990). Attentional modulation of neural processing of shape, color, and velocity in humans.Science,248, 1556–1559.
Danziger, S., Kingstone, A., &Snyder, J. J. (1998). Inhibition of return to successively stimulated locations in a sequential visual search paradigm.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance,24, 1467–1475.
Dorris, M. C., &Munoz, D. P. (1995). A neural correlate for the gap effect on saccadic reaction times in monkey.Journal of Neurophysiology,73, 2558–2562.
Downing, C. J. (1988). Expectancy and visual-spatial attention: Effects on perceptual quality.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance,14, 188–202.
Downing, C. J., &Treisman, A. (1995). The shooting line illusion: Attention or apparent motion?Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science,36, S856.
Downing, P. E., &Treisman, A. M. (1997). The line-motion illusion: Attention or impletion?Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance,23, 768–769.
Duncan, J. (1984). Selective attention and the organization of visual information.Journal of Experimental Psychology: General,113, 501–517.
Fischer, B., &Ramsperger, E. (1984). Human express saccades: Extremely short reaction times of goal directed eye movements.Experimental Brain Research,55, 232–242.
Foley, J. M., &Boynton, G. M. (1993). Forward pattern masking and adaptation: Effects of duration, interstimulus interval, contrast, and spatial and temporal frequency.Vision Research,33, 959–980.
Folk, C. L., Remington, R., &Johnston, J. C. (1992). Involuntary covert orienting is contingent on attentional control settings.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance,18, 1030–1044.
Fuentes, L. J.,Vivas, A. B., &Humphreys, G. W. (in press). Inhibitory tagging of stimulus properties in inhibition of return: Effects of semantic priming and flanker interference.Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology.
Gibson, B. S., &Egeth, H. (1994a). Inhibition and disinhibition of return: Evidence from temporal order judgments.Perception & Psychophysics,56, 669–680.
Gibson, B. S., &Egeth, H. (1994b). Inhibition of return to object-based and environment-based locations.Perception & Psychophysics,55, 323–339.
Guitton, D., Buchtel, H. A., &Douglas, R. M. (1985). Frontal lobe lesions in man cause difficulties in suppressing reflexive glances and in generating goal-directed saccades.Experimental Brain Research,58, 455–472.
Handy, T. C.,Jha, A. P., &Mangun, G. R. (in press). Promoting novelty in vision: Inhibition of return modulates perceptual-level processing.Psychological Science.
Harvey, N. (1980). Non-informative effects of stimuli functioning as cues.Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,32, 413–425.
Hawkins, H. L., Hillyard, S. A., Luck, S. J., Mouloua, M., Downing, C. J., &Woodward, D. P. (1990). Visual attention modulates signal detectability.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance,16, 802–811.
Hawkins, H. L., Shafto, M. G., &Richardson, K. (1988). Effects of target luminance and cue validity on the latency of visual detection.Perception & Psychophysics,44, 484–492.
Henderson, J. M. (1990).The allocation of visual-spatial attention prior to a saccadic eye movement. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Psychonomic Society, New Orleans.
Henderson, J. M., Pollatsek, A., &Rayner, K. (1989). Covert visual attention and extrafoveal information use during object identification.Perception & Psychophysics,45, 196–208.
Hepp, K., VanOpstal, A. J., Straumann, D., Hess, B. J., &Henn, V. (1993). Monkey superior colliculus represents rapid eye movements in a two-dimensional motor map.Journal of Neurophysiology,69, 965–979.
Hikosaka, O., Miyauchi, S., &Shimojo, S. (1993a). Focal visual attention produces illusory temporal order and motion sensation.Vision Research,33, 1219–1240.
Hikosaka, O., Miyauchi, S., &Shimojo, S. (1993b). Visual attention revealed by an illusion motion.Neuroscience Research,18, 11–18.
Hikosaka, O., Miyauchi, S., &Shimojo, S. (1993c). Voluntary and stimulus-induced attention detected as motion sensation.Perception,22, 517–526.
Hikosaka, O., &Wurtz, R. H. (1983a). Effects on eye movements of a GABA agonist and antagonist injected into monkey superior colliculus.Brain Research,272, 368–372.
Hikosaka, O., &Wurtz, R. H. (1983b). Visual and oculomotor functions of monkey substantia nigra pars reticulata: III. Memory-contingent visual and saccade responses.Journal of Neurophysiology,49, 1269–1284.
Hikosaka, O., &Wurtz, R. H. (1983c). Visual and oculomotor functions of monkey substantia nigra pars reticulata: IV. Relation of substantia nigra to superior colliculus.Journal of Neurophysiology,49, 1285–1301.
Hikosaka, O., &Wurtz, R. H. (1985a). The basal ganglia. In R. H. Wurtz & M. E. Goldberg (Eds.),The neurobiology of saccadic eye movements (pp. 257–281). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Hikosaka, O., &Wurtz, R. H. (1985b). Modification of saccadic eye movements by GABA-related substances: I. Effect of muscimol and bicuculline in monkey substantia nigra pars reticulata.Journal of Neurophysiology,53, 266–291.
Hoffman, J. E., &Subramaniam, B. (1995). The role of visual attention in saccadic eye movements.Perception & Psychophysics,57, 787–795.
Hughes, H. C., &Zimba, L. D. (1987). Natural boundaries for the spread of directed visual attention.Neuropsychologia,2, 5–18.
Inhoff, A. W., Pollatsek, A., Posner, M. I., &Rayner, K. (1989). Covert attention and eye movements during reading.Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,41A, 63–89.
Jonides, J. (1980). Towards a model of the mind’s eye’s movement.Canadian Journal of Psychology,34, 103–112.
Jonides, J. (1981). Voluntary versus automatic control over the mind’s eye’s movement. In J. B. Long & A. D. Baddeley (Eds.),Attention and performance IX (Vol. 9, pp. 187–203). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Jonides, J., &Mack, R. (1984). The cost and benefit of cost and benefit.Psychological Bulletin,96, 24–44.
Kingstone, A., &Klein, R. M. (1991). Combining shape and position expectancies: Hierarchical process and selective inhibition.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance,17, 512–519.
Kingstone, A., &Klein, R. M. (1993). Visual offsets facilitate saccadic latency: Does predisengagement of visuospatial attention mediate this gap effect?Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance,19, 1251–1265.
Klein, R. M. (1980). Does oculomotor readiness mediate cognitive control of visual attention? In J. B. Long & A. D. Baddeley (Eds.),Attention and performance VIII (Vol. 8, pp. 259–276). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Klein, R. M. (1994). Perceptual-motor expectancies interact with covert visual orienting under conditions of endogenous but not exogenous control.Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology,48, 167–181.
Klein, R. M., &Hansen, E. (1990). Chronometric analysis of spotlight failure in endogenous visual orienting.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance,16, 790–801.
Klein, R. [M.], &Kerr, B. (1974). Visual signal detection and the locus of foreperiod effects.Memory & Cognition,2, 431–435.
Klein, R. M., Kingstone, A., &Pontefract, A. (1992). Orienting of visual attention. In K. Rayner (Ed.),Eye movements and visual cognition: Scene perception and reading (pp. 46–65). New York: Springer-Verlag.
Klein, R. M., Schmidt, W. C., &Müller, H. J. (1998). Disinhibition of return: Unnecessary and unlikely.Perception & Psychophysics,60, 862–872.
Klein, R. M., &Taylor, T. L. (1994). Categories of cognitive inhibition, with reference to attention. In D. Dagenbach & T. H. Carr (Eds.),Inhibitory processes in attention, memory, and language (pp. 113–150). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Kowler, E., Anderson, E., Dosher, B., &Blaser, E. (1994). The role of attention in the programming of saccades.Vision Research,35, 1897–1916.
Krommenhoek, K. P., VanOpstal, A. J., Gielen, C. C. A. M., &Van-Gisbergen, J. A. M. (1993). Remapping of neural activity in the motor colliculus: A neural network study.Vision Research,9, 1287–1298.
Kwak, H., &Egeth, H. (1992). Consequences of allocating attention to locations and to other attributes.Perception & Psychophysics,51, 455–464.
Lambert, A. J., &Hockey, R. (1986). Selective attention and performance with a multidimensional visual display.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance,12, 484–495.
Lambert, A. [J.], &Hockey, R. (1991). Peripheral visual changes and spatial attention.Acta Psychologica,76, 149–163.
Law, M. B., Pratt, J., &Abrams, R. A. (1995). Color-based inhibition of return.Perception & Psychophysics,57, 402–408.
Lupiáñez, J., Milán, E. G., Tornay, F. J., Madrid, E., &Tudela, P. (1997). Does IOR occur in discrimination tasks? Yes, it does, but later.Perception & Psychophysics,59, 1241–1254.
Lyon, D. R. (1990). Large and rapid improvement in form discrimination accuracy following a location precue.Acta Psychologica,73, 69–82.
Mangun, G. R.,Hansen, J. C., &Hillyard, S. A. (1986, June).The spatial orienting of attention: Sensory facilitation or response bias. Paper presented at the Eighth International Conference on Eventrelated Potentials of the Brain, Stanford, CA.
Mangun, G. R., &Hillyard, S. A. (1991). Modulations of sensoryevoked brain potentials indicate changes in perceptual processing during visual-spatial priming.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance,17, 1057–1074.
Massone, L. L. E. (1994). A neural-network system for control of eye movements: Basic mechanisms.Biological Cybernetics,71, 293–305.
Maylor, E. (1985). Facilitatory and inhibitory components of orienting in visual space. In M. I. Posner & O. S. M. Marin (Eds.),Attention and performance XI (pp. 189–203). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Maylor, E., &Hockey, R. (1985). Inhibitory component of externally controlled covert orienting in visual space.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance,11, 777–787.
Maylor, E., &Hockey, R. (1987). Effects of repetition on the facilitatory and inhibitory components of orienting in visual space.Neuropsychologia,25, 41–54.
Mohler, C. W., &Wurtz, R. H. (1976). Organization of monkey superior colliculus: Intermediate layer cells discharging before eye movements.Journal of Neurophysiology,39, 722–744.
Mohler, C. W., &Wurtz, R. H. (1977). Role of striate cortex and superior colliculus in visual guidance of saccadic eye movements in monkeys.Journal of Neurophysiology,40, 74–94.
Müller, H. J., &Findlay, J. M. (1987). Sensitivity and criterion effects in the spatial cuing of visual attention.Perception & Psychophysics,42, 383–399.
Müller, H. J., &Rabbitt, P. M. A. (1989). Spatial cuing and the relation between the accuracy of “where” and “what” decisions in visual search.Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,41, 747–773.
Müller, H. J., &von Mühlenen, A. (1996). Attentional tracking and inhibition of return in dynamic displays.Perception & Psychophysics,58, 224–249.
Munoz, D. P., &Wurtz, R. H. (1992). Role of the rostral superior colliculus in active visual fixation and execution of express saccades.Journal of Neurophysiology,67, 1000–1002.
Munoz, D. P., &Wurtz, R. H. (1993a). Fixation cells in monkey superior colliculus: I. Characteristics of cell discharge.Journal of Neurophysiology,70, 559–575.
Munoz, D. P., &Wurtz, R. H. (1993b). Fixation cells in monkey superior colliculus: II. Reversible activation and deactivation.Journal of Neurophysiology,70, 576–589.
Nakayama, K., &Mackeben, M. (1989). Sustained and transient components of focal visual attention.Vision Research,29, 1631–1647.
Pontefract, A. J., &Klein, R. M. (1988).Assessing inhibition of return with simple and choice reaction time. Unpublished manuscript.
Posner, M. I. (1974). The psychobiology of attention. In M. Gazzaniga (Ed.),Handbook of psychobiology (pp. 441–480). New York: Academic Press.
Posner, M. I. (1980). Orienting of attention.Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,32, 3–25.
Posner, M. I., &Cohen, Y. (1980). Attention and the control of movements. In G. E. Stelmach & J. Requin (Eds.),Tutorials in motor behavior (pp. 243–258). Amsterdam: North-Holland.
Posner, M. I., &Cohen, Y. (1984). Components of visual orienting. In H. Bouma & D. G. Bouwhuis (Eds.),Attention and performance X (pp. 531–556). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Posner, M. I., Cohen, Y., Choate, L., Hockey, R., &Maylor, E. (1984). Sustained concentration: Passive filtering or active orienting? In S. Kornblum & J. Requin (Eds.),Preparatory states and processes (pp. 49–65). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Posner, M. I., Klein, R. M., Summers, J., &Buggie, S. (1973). On the selection of signals.Memory & Cognition,1, 2–12.
Posner, M. I., Rafal, R. D., Choate, L. S., &Vaughan, J. (1985). Inhibition of return: Neural basis and function.Cognitive Neuropsychology,2, 211–228.
Possamai, C. (1986). Relationship between inhibition and facilitation following a visual cue.Acta Psychologica,61, 243–258.
Pratt, J. (1995). Inhibition of return in a discrimination task.Psychonomic Bulletin & Review,2, 117–120.
Pratt, J., Kingstone, A., &Khoe, W. (1997). Inhibition of return in location- and identity-based choice decision tasks.Perception & Psychophysics,59, 964–971.
Rafal, R. D., Calabresi, P. A., Brennan, C. W., &Sciolto, T. K. (1989). Saccade preparation inhibits reorienting to recently attended locations.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance,15, 673–685.
Rafal, R. D., Egly, R., &Rhodes, D. (1994). Effects of inhibition of return on voluntary and visually guided saccades.Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology,48, 284–300.
Rafal, R. D., &Henik, A. (1994). The neurology of inhibition: Integrating controlled and automatic processes. In D. Dagenbach & T. H. Carr (Eds.),Inhibitory processes in attention, memory, and language (pp. 1–52). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Rayner, K., McConkie, G. W., &Ehrlich, S. (1978). Eye movements and integrating information across fixations.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance,4, 529–544.
Remington, R. W. (1980). Attention and saccadic eye movements.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance,6, 726–744.
Reulen, J. P. H. (1984). Latency of visually evoked saccadic eye movements: I. Saccadic latency and the facilitation model.Biological Cybernetics,50, 251–262.
Reuter-Lorenz, P. A., Hughes, H. C., &Fendrich, R. (1991). The reduction of saccadic latency by prior offset of the fixation point: An analysis of the gap effect.Perception & Psychophysics,49, 167–175.
Reuter-Lorenz, P. A., Jha, A. P., &Rosenquist, J. N. (1996). What is inhibited in inhibition of return?Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance,22, 367–378.
Rizzolatti, G., Riggio, L., Dascola, I., &Umiltà, C. (1987). Reorienting of attention across the horizontal and vertical meridians: Evidence in favor of a premotor theory of attention.Neuropsychologia,25, 31–40.
Saslow, M. G. (1967). Effects of components of displacement-step stimuli upon latency for saccadic eye movement.Journal of the Optical Society of America,57, 1024–1029.
Schall, J. D. (1997). Visuomotor areas of the frontal lobe. In K. S. Rockland, A. Peters, & J. Kaas (Eds.),Cerebral cortex: Vol. 12. Extrastriate cortex of primates (pp. 527–638) New York: Plenum.
Schiller, P. H. (1977). The effect of superior colliculus ablation on saccades elicited by cortical stimulation.Brain Research,122, 154–156.
Schiller, P. H., Sandell, J. H., &Maunsell, J. H. R. (1987). The effect of frontal eye field and superior colliculus lesions on saccadic latencies in the rhesus monkey.Journal of Neurophysiology,57, 1033–1049.
Schiller, P. H., True, S. D., &Conway, J. L. (1980). Deficits in eye movements following frontal eye-field and superior colliculus ablations.Journal of Neurophysiology,44, 1175–1189.
Schlag-Rey, M., Schlag, J., &Dassonville, P. (1992). How the frontal eye field can impose a saccade goal on superior colliculus neurons.Journal of Neurophysiology,67, 1003–1005.
Schmidt, W. C. (1996a). Inhibition of return is not detected using illusory line motion.Perception & Psychophysics,58, 883–898.
Schmidt, W. C. (1996b). “Inhibition of return” without visual input.Neuropsychologia,34, 943–952.
Segraves, M. A., &Park, K. (1993). The relationship of monkey frontal eye field activity to saccade dynamics.Journal of Neurophysiology,69, 1880–1889.
Shepherd, M., Findlay, J. M., &Hockey, R. J. (1986). The relationship between eye movements and spatial attention.Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,38, 475–491.
Shiu, L., &Pashler, H. (1994). Negligible effect of spatial precuing on identification of single digits.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance,20, 1037–1054.
Shiu, L., &Pashler, H. (1995). Spatial attention and vernier acuity.Vision Research,35, 337–343.
Shulman, G. L. (1984). An asymmetry in the control of eye movements and shifts of attention.Acta Psychologica,55, 53–69.
Sparks, D. L. (1978). Functional properties of neurons in the monkey superior colliculus: Coupling of neuronal activity and saccade onset.Brain Research,156, 1–16.
Sparks, D. L., &Mays, L. E. (1983). Spatial localization of saccade targets: I. Compensation for stimulation-induced perturbations in eye position.Journal of Neurophysiology,49, 45–64.
Sparks, D. L., &Porter, J. D. (1983). Spatial localization of saccade targets: II. Activity of superior colliculus neurons preceding compensatory saccades.Journal of Neurophysiology,49, 64–74.
Spence, C., &Driver, J. (1998a). Auditory and audiovisual inhibition of return.Perception & Psychophysics,60, 125–139.
Spence, C., &Driver, J. (1998b).Inhibition of return following an auditory cue: The role of central reorienting events. Manuscript submitted for publication.
Stein, B. E., &Meredith, M. A. (1990). Multisensory integration: Neural and behavioral solutions for dealing with stimuli from different sensory modalities. In A. Diamond (Ed.),The development of neural bases of higher cognitive functions (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 608, pp. 51–65). New York: New York Academy of Sciences.
Stelmach, L. B., &Herdman, C. M. (1991). Directed attention and perception of temporal order.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance,17, 539–550.
Sternberg, S. (1969). The discovery of processing stages: Extensions of Donders’ method. In W. G. Koster (Ed.),Attention and performance II (pp. 276–315). Amsterdam: North-Holland.
Sternberg, S., &Knoll, R. L. (1973). The perception of temporal order: Fundamental issues and a general model. In S. Kornblum (Ed.),Attention and performance IV (pp. 629–685). New York: Academic Press.
Tanaka, T., &Shimojo, S. (1996). Location vs feature: Reaction time reveals dissociation between two visual functions.Vision Research,36, 2125–2140.
Tassinari, G., Aglioti, S., Chelazzi, L., Marzi, C. A., &Berlucchi, G. (1987). Distribution in the visual field of the costs of voluntarily allocated attention and of the inhibitory after-effects of covert orienting.Neuropsychologia,25, 55–72.
Tassinari, G., Aglioti, S., Chelazzi, L., Peru, A., &Berlucchi, G. (1994). Do peripheral non-informative cues induce early facilitation of target detection?Vision Research,34, 179–189.
Tassinari, G., &Berlucchi, G. (1993). Sensory and attentional components of slowing of manual reaction time to non-fixated visual targets by ipsilateral primes.Vision Research,33, 1525–1534.
Tassinari, G., &Berlucchi, G. (1995). Covert orienting to noninformative cues: Reaction time studies.Behavioural Brain Research,71, 101–112.
Tassinari, G., Biscaldi, M., Marzi, C. A., &Berlucchi, G. (1989). Ipsilateral inhibition and contralateral facilitation of simple reaction time to nonfoveal visual targets from noninformative visual cues.Acta Psychologica,70, 267–291.
Tassinari, G., &Campara, D. (1996). Consequences of covert orienting to non-informative stimuli of different modalities: A unitary mechanism?Neuropsychologia,34, 235–245.
Taylor, T. L. (1997).Generating and measuring inhibition of return. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia.
Taylor, T. L., &Klein, R. M. (1998a). Inhibition of return to color: A replication and non-extension of Law, Pratt, and Abrams (1995).Perception & Psychophysics,60, 1452–1456.
Taylor, T. L., &Klein, R. M. (1998b).Motor and attentional bases of inhibition of return. Manuscript in preparation.
Terry, K. M., Valdes, L. A., &Neill, W. T. (1994). Does “inhibition of return” occur in discrimination tasks?Perception & Psychophysics,55, 279–286.
Theeuwes, J. (1991). Exogenous and endogenous control of attention: The effect of visual onsets and offsets.Perception & Psychophysics,49, 83–90.
Tipper, S. P., Driver, J., &Weaver, B. (1991). Object-centered inhibition of return of visual attention.Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,43, 289–298.
Tipper, S. P., Weaver, B., Jerreat, L. M., &Burak, A. L. (1994). Object-based and environment-based inhibition of return of visual attention.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance,20, 478–499.
Vaughan, J. (1984). Saccades directed at previously attended locations in space. In A. J. Gale & C.W. Johnson (Eds.),Theoretical and applied aspects of eye movement research (pp. 143–150). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Wallace, M. T., Meredith, M. A., &Stein, B. E. (1993). Converging influences from visual, auditory, and somatosensory cortices onto output neurons of the superior colliculus.Journal of Neurophysiology,69, 1797–1809.
Ward, L. M. (1994). Supramodal and modality-specific mechanisms for stimulus-driven shifts of auditory and visual attention.Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology,48, 242–259.
Weaver, B., Lupiáñez, J., &Watson, F. L. (1998). The effects of practice on object-based, location-based, and static-display inhibition of return.Perception & Psychophysics,60, 993–1003.
Werner, W., Dannenberg, S., &Hoffman, K. P. (1997). Arm movementrelated neurons in the primate superior colliculus and underlying reticular formation: Comparison of neuronal activity with EMGs of muscles of the shoulder, arm, and trunk during reaching.Experimental Brain Research,115, 191–205.
Yantis, S. (1993). Stimulus-driven attentional capture and attentional control settings.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance,19, 676–681.
Yantis, S., &Johnston, J. C. (1990). On the locus of visual selection: Evidence from focused attention tasks.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance,16, 135–149.
Yantis, S., &Jones, E. (1991). Mechanisms of attentional selection: Temporally modulated priority tags.Perception & Psychophysics,50, 166–178.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
This work derives from a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the PhD degree at Dalhousie University and was supported by Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) and Killam Memorial Trust Fund scholarships to the first author and by NSERC grants held by the second author. We thank Patricia McMullen, Bruce Earhard, Thomas Carr, and Chris Moore for their feedback on earlier versions of this work. We thank Richard Schweikert, Brad Gibson, and two anonymous reviewers for the time and care they put into reviewing our paper and for their stimulating comments on our work.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Taylor, T.L., Klein, R.M. On the causes and effects of inhibition of return. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 5, 625–643 (1998). https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03208839
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03208839