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Anciens et nouveaux usages sociaux de la maladie en Afrique / Old and New Social Usages of Sickness in Africa

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Arch Sc soc des Rel. 1982 54/1 janvier-mars) 5-19 Andras ZEMPL NI ANCIENS ET NOUVEAUX USAGES SOCIAUX DE LA MALADIE EN AFRIQUE Traditional forms of African medicine constitute healing arts for individuals in so far they are able to make social use of their illnesses Such social use of illness is founded upon paradoxal interpretation sickness is at once regarded as involontary and thus exempt from punishment and understood as either negative sanction for anterior action to be stigmatized or positive sign of future status change to be legitimized The social meaning of an ailment arises from its magico-religious interpretation This is cha racterized by the full recognition deliberate activation and mastery of an intersubjective process largely overlooked in western medi cine and neutralized through interpretation in psychoanalysis prolective-persecutive communication The manifest stake in this exchange of protective messages between the sick person his kin and his therapists is the interpretation of his troubles The latent stake is the renewing and focusing of conflicts or tensions that mark the life of the group affected by the sickness Traditional medicine is the art of linking the condition of individual bodies to that of social bodies by means of magico-religious symbolism It can be used to preserve or to subvert the sociocultural order Presentday therapeutic prophetisms maraboutisms and cults of possession make it possible to measure contemporary changes

Introduction

anthropologie sociale est-elle en passe et en mesure de lever amnésie humaniste dans laquelle le paradigme hippocratique si efficacement et durable ment plongé le sens et partant le substrat social de la maladie Comme récemment rappelé Clavreul 1) est en séparant les trois choses considérer le médecin la maladie et Vhomme que la médecine grecque pu isoler son objet la maladie elle définissait conformément idéal démocratique comme similaire chez tous les hommes et elle radi calement soustraite emprise des forces inobjectivables est-à-dire coupée des domaines de la religion et de la magie Le discours médical occidental est constitué au prix de la négation de la singularité sociale et individuelle du malade et sous effet comme au profit de affirmation de universalité de Homme où au demeurant on reviendra usage social humaniste de la maladie est on le sait sous influence du dualisme cartésien mais seulement au siècle dernier que la médecine occidentale est explicitement et légalement définie

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