The authors would like to thank the staff of the Microbiology Laboratory in Firoozgar Hospital Tehran and Keyvan research lab who contributed to this research
References
Abbas, FM, Jarallah, EM. (2017). Detection of OXA-23 among Carbapenem-Resistant Clinical Isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae in Hilla. JUBPAS, 25(2):454-435.
Al Hindi, AA, El Shalakany, AH. (2016). Evaluation of a real-time PCR assay for the detection of the Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase gene (blaKPC) in Enterobacteriaceae isolates from clinical samples in Menoufia University Hospitals. Egypt Afr. J. Microbiol., 10:1397-1407.
Azimi, L, Nordmann, P, Lari, AR, Bonnin, RA. (2014). First report of OXA-48-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae strains in Iran. GMS Hyg. Infect. Control, 9(1). doi: 10.3205/dgkh000227.
Azimi, L, Talebi, M, Pourshafie, MR, Owlia, P, Lari, AR. (2015). Characterization of carbapenemases in extensively drug resistance Acinetobacter baumannii in a burn care center in Iran. Int. J. Mol. Cell Med., 4(1):46.
Bina, M, Pournajaf, A, Mirkalantari, S, Talebi, M, Irajian, G. (2015). Detection of the Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) in K. pneumoniae Isolated from the Clinical Samples by the Phenotypic and Genotypic Methods. Iran J. Pathol., 10(3):199.
Bush, K, Jacoby, GA. (2010). Updated functional classification of β-lactamases. Antimicrob Agents Chemother., 54(3):969-976.
Carvalhaes, CG, Picão, RC, Nicoletti, AG, Xavier, DE, Gales, AC. (2009). Cloverleaf test (modified Hodge test) for detecting carbapenemase production in Klebsiella pneumoniae: be aware of false-positive results. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 65(2):249-251.
Codjoe, F, Donkor, E. (2018). Carbapenem resistance: a review. Med. Sci., 6(1):1.
Cury, AP, Andreazzi, D, Maffucci, M, Caiaffa-Junior, HH, Rossi, F. (2012). The modified Hodge test is a useful tool for ruling out Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase. Clinics, 67(12):1427-1431.
Dhabaan, GN, AbuBakar, S, Cerqueira, GM, Al-Haroni, M, Pang, SP, Hassan, H. (2016). Imipenem treatment induces expression of important genes and phenotypes in a resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolate. Antimicrob Agents Chemother., 60(3):1370-1376.
Doern, CD, Dunne, WM, Burnham, CAD. (2011). Detection of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) production in non-Klebsiella pneumoniae Enterobacteriaceae isolates by use of the Phoenix, Vitek 2, and disk diffusion methods. J. Antimicrob Chemother., 49(3), 1143-1147.
Drawz, SM, Bonomo, RA. (2010). Three decades of β-lactamase inhibitors. Clin. Microbiol., 23(1):160-201.
Dumas, JL, Van Delden, C, Perron, K, Köhler, T. (2006). Analysis of antibiotic resistance gene expression in Pseudomonas aeruginosa by quantitative real-time-PCR. FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 254(2):217-225.
Eilertson, B, Chen, L, Chavda, KD, Kreiswirth, BN. (2017). Genomic characterization of two KPC-producing Klebsiella isolates collected in 1997 in New York City. Antimicrob Agents Chemother., 61(4):e02458-02416.
Fattouh, M, El-Din, AN, Omar, MA. (2015). Detection of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) producing gram-negative superbugs: an emerging cause of multidrug-resistant infections in General Surgery Department of Sohag University Hospital, Egypt. Int. J. Curr Microbiol. App. Sci., 4(5):1-15.
García-Sureda, L, Juan, C, Doménech-Sánchez, A, Albertí, S. (2011). Role of Klebsiella pneumoniae LamB Porin in antimicrobial resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother., 55(4):1803-1805.
Guo, Y, Cen, Z, Zou, Y, Fang, X, Li, T, Wang, J, Chang, D, Su, L, Liu, Y, Chen, Y, Yang, R, Liu, C. (2012). Whole-genome sequence of Klebsiella pneumonia strain LCT-KP214. J. Bacteriol, 194:3281-3281.
Gupta, N, Limbago, BM, Patel, JB, Kallen, AJ. (2011). Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae: epidemiology and prevention. Clin. Infect Dis., 53(1):60-67.
Haji Hashemi, B, Farzanehkhah, M, Dolatyar, A, Imani, M, Farzami, M, Rahbar, M, Hajia, M. (2012). A study on prevalence of KPC-producing from Klebsiella pneumoniae using Modified Hodge Test and CHROMagar in Iran. Ann. Biol. Res., 3(12):5659-5664.
Kelly, AM, Mathema, B, Larson, EL. (2017). Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in the community: a scoping review. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents, 50(2):127-134.
Kontopoulou, K, Protonotariou, E, Vasilakos, K, Kriti, M, Koteli, A, Antoniadou, E, Sofianou, D. (2010). Hospital outbreak caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae producing KPC-2 β-lactamase resistant to colistin. J. Hosp. Infec., 76(1):70-73.
Farivar, AS, Nowroozi, J, Eslami, G, Sabokbar, A, Hashemi, A. (2016). The study of antibiotic resistance among Klebsiella pneumoniae and expression level of oqxA and acrA genes by using real-time PCR. Res. Med., 40(1):42-48.
Kritsotakis, EI, Flora Kontopidou, EA, Roumbelaki, M, Ioannidou, E, Gikas, A. (2017). Prevalence, incidence burden, and clinical impact of healthcare-associated infections and antimicrobial resistance: a national prevalent cohort study in acute care hospitals in Greece. Infect. Drug Resist., 10:317.
Lee, CR, Lee, JH, Park, KS, Kim, YB, Jeong, BC, Lee, SH. (2016). Global dissemination of carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae: epidemiology, genetic context, treatment options, and detection methods. Front. Microbiol., 7:895.
Lee, JH, Lee, SH. (2010). Carbapenem resistance in gram-negative pathogens: Emerging non-metallo-carbapenemases. Res. J. Microbiol., 5(7):607-628.
Nordmann, P, Poirel, L, Dortet, L. (2012). Rapid detection of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Emerg. Infect. Diseases, 18(9):1503.
Pasteran, F, Mendez, T, Rapoport, M, Guerriero, L, Corso, A. (2010). Controlling false-positive results obtained with the Hodge and Masuda assays for detection of class A carbapenemase in species of Enterobacteriaceae by incorporating boronic acid. J. Clin. Microbiol., 48(4):1323-1332.
Prestinaci, F, Pezzotti, P, Pantosti, A. (2015). Antimicrobial resistance: a global multifaceted phenomenon. Pathog. Glob. Health, 109(7):309-318.
Solgi, H, Badmasti, F, Giske, CG, Aghamohammad, S, Shahcheraghi, F. (2018). Molecular epidemiology of NDM-1-and OXA-48-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in an Iranian hospital: clonal dissemination of ST11 and ST893. J. Antimicrob Chemother., 73(6):1517-1524.
Tzouvelekis, L, Markogiannakis, A, Piperaki, E, Souli, M, Daikos, G. (2014). Treating infections caused by carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Clin. Microbiol. Infect., 20(9):862-872.
Vasoo, S, Cunningham, SA, Kohner, PC, Simner, PJ, Mandrekar, JN, Lolans, K, Patel, R. (2013). Comparison of a novel, rapid chromogenic biochemical assay, the Carba NP test, with the modified Hodge test for detection of carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacilli. J. Clin. Microbiol., 51(9):3097-3101.
Zacharczuk, K, Piekarska, K, Szych, J, Zawidzka, E, Sulikowska, A, Wardak, S, Jagielski, M, Gierczyński, R. (2011). Emergence of Klebsiella pneumoniae coproducing KPC-2 and 16S rRNA methylase ArmA in Poland. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 55(1):443-446.