Phytotoxic Activity of Alkaloids in the Desert Plant Sophora alopecuroides
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Allelopathic Potential of the Ethanol Extracts of S. alopecuroides and Its Total Alkaloids
2.2. Phytotoxic Effect of Selected Alkaloids via Petri Dish Assay
2.3. Phytotoxic Effect of Selected Alkaloids via Pot Experiments
2.4. Phytohormone Content Determination
2.5. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Antioxidative Enzyme Activity Determination
3. Discussion
4. Conclusions
5. Materials and Methods
5.1. Material and Reagents
5.2. Preparation of the Ethanol Extract and the Total Alkaloids
5.3. Phytotoxic Effect of Each Individual Alkaloid and Their Mixture
5.4. Phytohormone Content Determination
5.5. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Antioxidative Enzyme Activity Determination
5.6. Statistical Analyses
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Wang, R.Z.; Deng, X.X.; Gao, Q.X.; Wu, X.L.; Han, L.; Gao, X.J.; Zhao, S.P.; Chen, W.B.; Zhou, R.R.; Li, Z.Y.; et al. Sophora alopecuroides L.: An ethnopharmacological, phytochemical, and pharmacological review. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2020, 248, 112172. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, Y.; Wang, G.; Liu, J.; Ouyang, L. Quinolizidine alkaloids derivatives from Sophora alopecuroides Linn: Bioactivities, structure-activity relationships and preliminary molecular mechanisms. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2020, 188, 111972. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, X.; Cui, D.; Zhao, Y.; Yan, J.J.; Zhang, S.S.; Liu, Y.Y. Root ecological stoichiometric characteristics of Sophora alopecuroides and their relationship with soil physical and chemical factors in different habitats in the Yili River Valley. J. Ecol. 2021, 40, 1–12. [Google Scholar]
- Mehmet, E.; Wang, D. Effects of Sophora alopecuroides Extract on seed germination and seedling growth of “Bihekki” Melon. China Fruit Veg. 2021, 41, 57–60, 67. [Google Scholar]
- Shao, H.; Huang, X.L.; Zhang, Y.M.; Zhang, C. Main alkaloids of Peganum harmala L. and their different effects on dicot and monocot crops. Molecules 2013, 18, 2623–2634. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhou, S.X.; Zokir, T.; Mei, Y.; Lei, L.J.; Shi, K.; Zou, T.; Zhang, C.; Shao, H. Allelopathic effect of Serphidium kaschgaricum (Krasch.) Poljak. volatiles on selected species. Plants 2021, 10, 495. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yuan, Z.G.; Zheng, X.W.; Zhao, Y.; Liu, Y.; Zhou, S.X.; Wei, C.X.; Hu, Y.X.; Shao, H. Phytotoxic compounds isolated from leaves of the invasive weed Xanthium spinosum. Molecules 2018, 23, 2840. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Inderjit; Van der Putten, W.H. Impacts of soil microbial communities on exotic plant invasions. Trends Ecol. Evol. 2010, 25, 512–519. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shao, H.; Zeng, R.S.; Wang, R.L.; Zhang, B.C.; Zhang, C. Selective phytotoxicity of xanthinin and xanthatin from invasive weed Xanthium italicum Morretti on test plants. Allelopath. J. 2015, 35, 77–86. [Google Scholar]
- Zhang, Y.; Chang, S.H.; Song, Y.N.; Cheng, Y.X.; Hou, F.J. Application of plant allelopathy in agro-ecosystem. Chin. Agric. Sci. Bull. 2018, 34, 61–68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lv, D.K.; Ba, Y.S.; Liu, Y.; Zhao, Y. The effect of aqueous extract from Sophora Alopecuroides seed on germination and seedling growth of Festuca Arundinacea. Xinjiang Agric. Sci. 2012, 49, 1477–1482. [Google Scholar]
- Yan, X.F.; Fang, S.; Du, Q.; Shi, C.; Zhou, L.B. Allelopathic effect of Sophora alopecuroides extract on seed germination of seabuckthorn and Lycium barbarum. China Seed Ind. 2011, 3, 30–32. [Google Scholar]
- Wink, M. Inhibition of seed germination by quinolizidine alkaloids: Aspects of allelopathy in Lupinus albus L. Planta 1983, 158, 365–368. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wang, H.Q.; Xia, C.B.; Chen, L.; Zhao, J.J.; Tao, W.W.; Zhang, X.; Wang, J.H.; Gao, X.J.; Yong, J.J.; Duan, J.A. Phytochemical information and biological activities of quinolizidine alkaloids in Sophora: A comprehensive review. Curr. Drug Targets 2019, 20, 1572–1586. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bunsupa, S.; Yamazaki, M.; Saito, K. Quinolizidine alkaloid biosynthesis: Recent advances and future prospects. Front. Plant Sci. 2012, 3, 239. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Li, J.C.; Dai, W.F.; Liu, D.; Zhang, Z.J.; Jiang, M.Y.; Rao, K.R.; Li, R.T.; Li, H.M. Quinolizidine alkaloids from Sophora alopecuroides with anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties. Bioorg. Chem. 2021, 110, 104781. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hu, X.Y.; Li, X.B.; Hu, J.P.; Wang, Z. HPLC determination of aloperine in branches and leaves of Sophora alopecuroides L. Indian J. Tradit. Knowl. 2015, 14, 393–396. [Google Scholar]
- Kucukboyaci, N.; Ozkan, S.; Tosun, F. Characterisation and antimicrobial activity of Sophora alopecuroides L. var. alopecuroides alkaloid extracts. Turk. J. Biol. 2011, 35, 379–385. [Google Scholar]
- Wan, C.X.; Liu, M.Y.; Sun, H.Z.; Liu, W.J.; Zhang, L.L. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of 13 constituents of alkaloids from Sophora alopecuroides by GC-MS. West China J. Pharm. Sci. 2009, 24, 587–590. [Google Scholar]
- Weng, Z.B.; Duan, J.A.; Guo, S.; Zhu, Z.H.; Gu, J.F.; Lei, Z.H.; Li, A.P. Evaluation analysis of alkaloids in seed of Sophora flavescens from Shanxi province and exploration of its utilization value. China J. Chin. Mater. Med. 2016, 41, 3265–3271. [Google Scholar]
- Tian, J.; Fan, X.R.; Li, X.D.; Sun, H.M. HPLC analysis of multiple alkaloids in the whole herbs of Sophora alopecuroides L. Chin. J. Pharm. Anal. 2010, 30, 810–813. [Google Scholar]
- Ma, T.; Yan, H.; Shi, X.L.; Liu, B.T.; Ma, Z.Q.; Zhang, X. Comprehensive evaluation of effective constituents in total alkaloids from Sophora alopecuroides L. and their joint action against aphids by laboratory toxicity and field efficacy. Ind. Crop. Prod. 2018, 111, 149–157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chang, A.H.; Cai, Z.; Wang, Z.H.; Sun, S.K. Extraction and isolation of alkaloids of Sophora alopecuroides and their anti-tumor effects in H22 tumor-bearing mice. Afr. J. Tradit. Complementary Altern. Med. Ajtcam 2014, 11, 245–258. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhou, H.F.; Li, J.Y.; Sun, F.; Wang, F.X.; Li, M.Y.; Dong, Y.L.; Fan, H.; Hu, D.S. A review on recent advances in aloperine eesearch: Pharmacological activities and underlying biological mechanisms. Front. Pharmacol. 2020, 11, 538137. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lin, Z.; Huang, C.F.; Liu, X.S.; Jiang, J.K. In vitro anti-tumour activities of quinolizidine alkaloids derived from Sophora flavescens Ait. Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 2011, 108, 304–309. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nakano, H.; Nakajima, E.; Hiradate, S.; Fujii, Y.; Yamada, K.; Shigemoi, H.; Hasegawa, K. Growth inhibitory alkaloids from mesquite (Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC.) leaves. Phytochemistry 2004, 65, 587–591. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Adler, M.J.; Chase, C.A. Comparison of the allelopathic potential of leguminous summer cover crops: Cowpea, Sunn Hemp, and Velvetbean. Hortscience 2007, 42, 289–293. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hill, E.C.; Ngouajio, M.; Nair, M.G. Allelopathic potential of hairy vetch (Vicia Villosa) and cowpea (Vigna Unguiculata) methanol and ethyl acetate extracts on weeds and vegetables. Weed Technol. 2007, 21, 437–444. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Villa-Ruano, N.; Pacheco-Hernandez, Y.; Rubio-Rosas, E.; Ruiz-Gonzalez, N.; Cruz-Duran, R.; Lozoya-Gloria, E.; Zurita-Vasquez, G. Alkaloid profile, antibacterial and allelopathic activities of Lupinus jaimehintoniana B.L. Turner (Fabaceae). Arch. Biol. Sci. 2012, 64, 1065–1071. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Petroski, R.J.; Dornbos, D.L.; Powell, R.G. Germination and growth inhibition of annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) by loline alkaloids and synthetic N-acylloline derivatives. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1990, 38, 1716–1718. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Qin, X.G.; Ma, Z.H.; Yuan, Y.J. Preliminary study on agricultural activity of alkaloids from Sophora alopecuroides. J. Jiamusi Univ. (Nat. Sci. Ed.) 2002, 3, 340–344. [Google Scholar]
- Zhang, X.W.; Li, L.Y.; Shang, H.; Zou, Z.M. Advances in structural modification of matrine and its analogues. Chin. Tradit. Herb. Drugs 2019, 50, 5892–5900. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, X.J.; Deng, H.Z.; Jiang, B.; Yao, H. The natural plant product sophocarpine ameliorates dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice by regulating cytokine balance. Int. J. Colorectal Dis. 2012, 27, 575. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lu, Z.G.; Li, M.H.; Wang, J.S.; Wei, D.D.; Liu, Q.W.; Kong, L.Y. Developmental toxicity and neurotoxicity of twomatrine-type alkaloids, matrine and sophocarpine, in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos/larvae. Reprod. Toxicol. 2014, 47, 33–41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chen, L.; Yang, X.G.; Song, N.P.; Zhuo, D.P.; Liu, W.; Liu, X.D. Allelopathy of aqueous extract from Caragana intermedia root on seven kinds of shrubs and herbs and its chemical component analysis. J. Zhejiang Univ. (Agric. Life Sci.) 2016, 42, 150–162. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, K.; Guo, Z.; Bao, Y.; Pang, Y.; Song, D. Structure–activity relationship of aloperine derivatives as new anti–liver fibrogenic agents. Molecules 2020, 25, 4977. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dou, M.Y.; Yao, M.; Wu, Z.F.; Zheng, W.; Ma, Z.Q.; Zhang, X. The environment behavior of matrine in the soil. Chin. J. Pestic. Sci. 2017, 19, 576–582. [Google Scholar]
- Jilani, G.; Mahmood, S.; Chaudhry, A.N.; Hassan, I.; Akram, M. Allelochemicals: Sources, toxicity and microbial transformation in soil-a review. Ann. Microbiol. 2008, 58, 351–357. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fahad, S.; Hussain, S.; Matloob, A.; Khan, F.A.; Huang, J. Phytohormones and plant responses to salinity stress: A review. Plant Growth Regul. 2014, 75, 391–404. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, Y.D. Auxin biosynthesis and its role in plant development. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 2010, 61, 49–64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Du, H.; Liu, H.B.; Xiong, L.Z. Endogenous auxin and jasmonic acid levels are differentially modulated by abiotic stresses in rice. Front. Plant Sci. 2013, 4, 397. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bi, Y.L.; Zhang, J.; Song, Z.H.; Wang, Z.G.; Qiu, L.; Hu, J.J.; Gong, Y.L. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi alleviate root damage stress induced by simulated coal mining subsidence ground fissures. Sci. Total Environ. 2019, 652, 398–405. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cheng, Y.Q.; Liu, J.F.; Yang, X.D.; Ma, R.; Liu, Q.; Liu, C.M. Construction of ethylene regulatory network based on the phytohormones related gene transcriptome profiling and prediction of transcription factor activities in soybean. Acta Physiol. Plant. 2013, 35, 1303–1317. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kraj, W.; Zarek, M. Biochemical basis of altitude adaptation and antioxidant system activity during autumn leaf senescence in beech populations. Forests 2021, 12, 529. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kiarash, J.G.; Geoffrey, M.; Sepideh, G.K.; Ali, H.; Fatemeh, S. Short-term cold stress affects physiological and biochemical traits of pistachio rootstocks. S. Afr. J. Bot. 2021, 141, 90–98. [Google Scholar]
- Fardus, J.; Hossain, M.S.; Fujita, M. Modulation of the antioxidant defense system by exogenous l-Glutamic acid application enhances salt tolerance in lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.). Biomolecules 2021, 11, 587. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chen, L.L.; Shan, W.; Cai, D.L.; Chen, J.Y.; Lu, W.J.; Su, X.G.; Kuang, J.F. Postharvest application of glycine betaine ameliorates chilling injury in cold-stored banana fruit by enhancing antioxidant system. Sci. Hortic. 2021, 287, 110264. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Faizan, M.; Bhat, J.A.; Chen, C.; Alyemeni, M.N.; Wijaya, L.; Ahmad, P.; Yu, F.Y. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) induce salt tolerance by improving the antioxidant system and photosynthetic machinery in tomato. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 2021, 161, 132–140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, H.E.; Yao, W.J.; Fu, Y.R.; Shao, K.; Guo, Q.Q. De novo assembly and discovery of genes that are involved in drought tolerance in Tibetan Sophora moorcroftiana. PLoS ONE 2015, 10, 111054. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gao, C.Q.; Wang, Y.C.; Liu, G.F.; Wang, C.; Jiang, J.; Yang, C.P. Cloning of ten peroxidase (POD) genes from Tamarix Hispida and characterization of their responses to abiotic stress. Plant Mol. Biol. Rep. 2010, 28, 77–89. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dui, T.; Liri-Rajli, I.; Mitrovi, A.; Radoti, K. Activities of antioxidant systems during germination of chenopodium rubrum seeds. Biol. Plant. 2003, 47, 527–533. [Google Scholar]
- Li, X.; Zhang, L.; Li, Y. Preconditioning alters antioxidative enzyme responses in rice seedlings to water stress. Procedia Environ. Sci. 2011, 11, 1346–1351. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Islam, S.; Parrey, Z.A.; Shah, S.H.; Mohammad, F. Glycine betaine mediated changes in growth, photosynthetic efficiency, antioxidant system, yield and quality of mustard. Sci. Hortic. 2021, 285, 110170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ji, H.F.; Zhang, L.W.; Cheng, F.Y.; Wang, L.Y.; Jin, H.H.; Song, R.Q. Effect of extract from Lactarius vellereus fermentation liquid on antioxidant enzymes activities of Alternaria alternata K. Adv. Mater. Res. 2011, 282, 514–517. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ibrahim, M. Nitrogen fertillizer alleviated negative impacts of nacl on some physiological parameters of wheat. Pak. J. Bot. 2018, 50, 2059–2168. [Google Scholar]
- Yan, P.; Li, J.W.; Zeng, L.Y. Effect of salt and drought stress on antioxidant enzymes activities and SOD isoenzymes of liquorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch). Plant Growth Regul. 2006, 49, 157–165. [Google Scholar]
- Fang, S.; Tao, Y.; Zhang, Y.Z.; Kong, F.Y.; Wang, Y.B. Effects of metalaxyl enantiomers stress on root activity and leaf antioxidant enzyme activities in tobacco seedlings. Chirality 2018, 30, 469–474. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Alkaloids | Concentration | (µg/mL) | Lolium perenne | Amaranthus retroflexus | Medicago sativa | Setaria viridis | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Root | Shoot | Root | Shoot | Root | Shoot | Root | Shoot | |||
Aloperine | 0 | 3.69 0.32 a | 3.57 0.21 a | 3.19 0.13 a | 2.87 0.10 a | 2.81 0.19 a | 2.47 0.12 a | 1.63 0.14 a | 6.11 0.42 a | |
20 | 2.71 0.41 b | 2.77 0.22 b | 2.64 0.30 b | 2.34 0.25 b | 1.62 0.32 b | 2.54 0.13 a | 1.48 0.33 a | 6.31 0.44 a | ||
100 | 2.77 0.22 b | 2.73 0.28 a | 1.71 0.23 c | 2.11 0.29 b | 1.90 0.10 b | 1.53 0.28 b | 1.29 0.23 a | 4.95 0.39 a | ||
500 | 1.76 0.37 c | 1.80 0.35 b | 0.14 0.05 d | 0.29 0.10 c | 0.63 0.09 c | 1.03 0.16 c | 1.04 0.12 a | 4.92 0.37 a | ||
2500 | 0.00 ± 0.00 d | 0.63 ± 0.18 c | 0.00 ± 0.00 d | 0.00 ± 0.00 c | 0.05 ± 0.03 d | 0.07 ± 0.03 d | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | 1.13 ± 0.47 b | ||
Matrine | 0 | 4.49 0.48 a | 3.17 0.28 a | 2.43 0.17 a | 2.14 0.10 a | 2.81 0.19 a | 2.47 0.12 a | 2.34 0.75 a | 4.59 0.58 b | |
20 | 4.45 0.26 a | 3.41 0.17 a | 2.34 0.10 a | 1.86 0.07 a,b | 2.08 0.28 b | 2.66 0.22 a | 2.18 0.45 a | 7.12 0.68 a | ||
100 | 4.17 0.46 a | 3.12 0.35 a | 2.12 0.22 a | 2.13 0.13 a | 1.31 0.16 c | 2.18 0.17 a | 2.00 0.31 a | 5.39 0.70 a,b | ||
500 | 3.44 0.43 a | 3.70 0.36 a | 1.47 0.10 b | 1.80 0.11 b | 1.72 0.10 b,c | 2.67 0.21 a | 2.51 0.57 a | 5.17 0.52 a,b | ||
2500 | 0.12 0.04 b | 2.96 0.29 a | 0.28 0.04 c | 0.27 0.08 c | 0.57 0.03 d | 0.45 0.14 b | 0.24 0.06 b | 3.71 1.01 b | ||
Oxymatrine | 0 | 4.49 0.48 a | 3.17 0.28 a | 2.43 0.17 a | 2.14 0.10 a | 2.81 0.19 a | 2.47 0.12 a | 1.66 0.21 a | 5.15 ± 0.66 b | |
20 | 4.41 ± 0.30 a | 3.67 0.15 a | 2.09 0.14 a,b | 1.97 0.11 a | 1.93 0.25 b | 2.29 0.18 a | 2.37 0.28 a | 6.48 0.5 a,b | ||
100 | 3.63 ± 0.36 a,b | 3.56 0.29 a | 1.87 0.14 b | 2.01 0.10 a | 1.86 0.13 b | 2.70 0.11 a | 2.19 0.27 a | 7.08 0.45 a | ||
500 | 3.40 0.34 a,b | 3.41 0.28 a | 1.26 0.10 c | 1.53 0.13 b | 0.75 0.18 c | 1.36 0.32 b | 2.03 0.69 a | 5.50 0.32 a,b | ||
2500 | 3.06 0.33 b | 2.93 0.27 a | 0.58 0.09 d | 1.17 0.17 c | 0.72 0.05 c | 0.79 0.14 c | 1.81 0.22 a | 5.73 0.55 a,b | ||
Oxysophocarpine | 0 | 3.69 0.32 a | 3.57 0.21 a | 3.19 0.13 a | 2.87 0.10 a | 2.81 0.10 a | 2.47 0.14 a | 1.63 0.14 a | 6.11 0.42 a | |
20 | 3.32 0.31 a | 2.99 0.30 a | 2.08 0.14 a | 2.04 0.17 a,b | 2.39 0.05 c | 2.41 0.22 b | 1.76 0.24 a | 6.33 0.35 a | ||
100 | 3.36 0.24 a,b,c | 3.41 0.23 a | 2.01 ± 0.18 a | 2.30 0.15 a | 1.25 ± 0.07 c | 2.21 0.11 b | 1.22 0.15 a | 6.47 0.44 a | ||
500 | 3.14 0.25 b,c | 3.09 0.19 a | 1.12 ± 0.12 b | 1.54 0.13 b,c | 1.50 0.00 d | 2.22 0.00 c | 1.71 ± 0.22 a | 5.36 0.84 a | ||
2500 | 2.59 0.22 c | 3.33 0.26 a | 0.08 0.07 c | 0.18 ± 0.09 c | 0.92 ± 0.07 b | 2.50 0.17 a | 1.21 0.24 a | 5.11 0.40 a | ||
Sophocarpine | 0 | 2.16 0.40 a | 1.87 0.36 a | 3.13 0.20 a,b | 2.59 ± 0.15 a | 1.02 0.12 b | 2.92 0.24 a | 2.09 0.22 a | 5.50 0.45 a | |
20 | 2.43 0.46 a | 2.22 0.37 a | 3.55 0.13 a | 2.73 0.09 a | 1.34 0.09 a | 3.16 0.19 a | 1.96 0.28 a,b | 5.33 0.44 a | ||
100 | 1.74 0.40 a,b | 1.82 0.51 a | 2.73 0.18 b | 2.46 0.22 a | 0.42 0.08 c | 0.37 0.09 b | 1.58 0.22 a,b | 5.05 0.42 a | ||
500 | 1.08 0.33 b | 1.61 0.55 a | 1.53 0.14 c | 1.19 0.10 b | 0.42 0.06 c | 0.40 0.05 b | 1.44 0.20 b | 4.56 0.45 a | ||
2500 | 0.00 ± 0.00 c | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | 0.00 ± 0.00 d | 0.00 ± 0.00 c | 0.07 ± 0.03 d | 0.08 ± 0.04 b | 0.12 ± 0.04 c | 0.24 ± 0.07 b | ||
Sophoridine | 0 | 4.49 0.48 a | 3.17 0.28 a | 2.43 0.17 a | 2.14 0.10 a | 2.81 0.19 a | 2.47 0.12 a | 1.66 0.21 a | 5.15 0.66 a,b | |
20 | 4.63 0.42 a | 3.15 0.29 a | 1.72 0.22 b | 1.86 0.15 a | 1.99 0.17 b | 2.50 0.14 a | 1.91 0.15 a | 7.00 0.52 a | ||
100 | 4.45 0.27 a | 3.69 0.30 a | 1.97 0.17 a,b | 1.80 0.09 a | 1.81 0.12 b | 2.79 0.12 a | 1.59 0.39 a | 6.47 0.53 a | ||
500 | 3.83 0.38 a | 3.59 0.24 a | 1.06 0.13 c | 1.39 0.15 b | 1.70 0.11 b | 2.88 0.14 a | 1.10 0.42 a | 4.88 0.69 a,b | ||
2500 | 1.23 0.23 b | 3.62 0.36 a | 0.36 0.09 d | 0.58 0.08 c | 0.58 0.07 c | 0.69 0.18 b | 0.23 0.09 b | 3.57 1.03 b | ||
Mixture | 0 | 4.49 0.48 a | 3.17 0.28 b | 2.43 0.17 a | 2.14 0.10 a | 2.81 0.19 a | 2.47 0.12 a | 1.66 0.21 a | 5.15 0.66 b | |
20 | 4.08 0.37 a | 4.01 0.23 a | 2.00 0.23 a | 1.86 0.10 a,b | 2.43 0.24 a,b | 2.55 0.25 a | 2.35 0.33 a | 6.10 0.41 a,b | ||
100 | 4.25 0.39 a | 4.29 0.26 a | 0.98 0.15 b | 1.53 0.17 b,c | 2.15 0.12 b | 2.54 0.10 a | 2.05 0.34 a | 6.44 0.56 a,b | ||
500 | 4.76 0.39 a | 3.60 0.22 a,b | 0.58 0.12 b,c | 1.33 0.22 c | 0.62 0.13 c | 1.09 0.25 b | 1.93 0.24 a | 6.99 0.39 a | ||
2500 | 0.10 ± 0.04 b | 2.29 ± 0.33 c | 0.29 ± 0.01 c | 0.35 ± 0.03 d | 0.18 ± 0.04 c | 0.17 ± 0.05 c | 0.13 ± 0.06 b | 3.43 0.43 c |
Alkaloids | Concentration (µg/g) | Lolium perenne | Amaranthus retroflexus | Medicago sativa | Setaria viridis | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Root | Shoot | Root | Shoot | Root | Shoot | Root | Shoot | ||
Aloperine | 0 | 2.86 0.14 b | 6.02 0.33 b | 1.94 0.10 a | 4.23 0.14 a | 2.21 0.11 a | 4.31 0.09 c | 1.69 0.10 a | 8.95 0.26 a,b |
20 | 3.49 0.17 a | 7.24 0.25 a | 1.68 0.07 b | 4.28 0.17 a | 1.95 0.14 a | 5.09 0.14 a,b | 2.10 0.20 a | 9.08 0.27 a,b | |
100 | 3.27 0.17 a b | 7.36 0.25 a | 1.74 0.07 a,b | 3.98 0.16 a,b | 1.97 0.11 a | 4.76 0.14 b | 1.67 0.22 a | 9.24 0.34 a | |
500 | 2.91 0.19 b | 7.33 0.25 a | 1.65 0.09 b | 3.94 0.21 a,b | 2.17 0.10 a | 5.27 0.14 a | 1.83 0.15 a | 8.78 0.36 a,b | |
2500 | 2.97 0.13 b | 6.87 0.25 a | 1.59 0.08 b | 3.71 0.12 b | 2.00 0.10 a | 4.73 0.18 b | 1.81 0.12 a | 8.08 0.27 b | |
Matrine | 0 | 2.86 0.14 b | 6.02 0.33 c | 1.94 0.10 a | 4.23 0.14 a | 2.21 0.11 a,b | 4.31 0.09 c | 1.69 0.10 b | 8.95 0.26 a |
20 | 4.03 0.22 a | 8.67 0.29 a | 1.57 0.09 b | 4.11 0.19 a | 2.07 0.13 b | 4.67 0.12 a,b | 2.10 0.20 a,b | 8.30 0.43 a,b | |
100 | 3.95 0.19 a | 8.30 0.38 a,b | 2.02 0.13 a | 4.11 0.22 a | 2.27 0.09 a,b | 4.96 0.10 a | 2.44 0.15 a | 8.38 0.22 a,b | |
500 | 3.81 0.19 a | 7.86 0.37 a,b | 1.73 0.17 a,b | 4.25 0.15 a | 2.50 0.15 a | 4.57 0.12 b,c | 2.26 0.15 a | 7.80 0.22 b,c | |
2500 | 3.27 0.21 b | 7.52 0.24 b | 1.14 ± 0.11 c | 3.51 0.23 b | 2.17 0.10 a,b | 4.39 0.11 b,c | 1.73 0.11 b | 7.33 0.49 c | |
Oxymatrine | 0 | 2.86 0.14 b | 6.02 0.33 b | 1.94 0.10 a | 4.23 0.14 a | 2.21 0.11 a | 4.31 0.09 a | 1.69 0.10 b | 8.95 0.26 a |
20 | 3.47 0.16 a | 7.41 0.20 a | 1.30 0.06 b | 3.29 0.13 b | 1.69 0.12 b,c | 3.69 0.12 b | 2.10 0.07 a | 7.83 0.17 b | |
100 | 2.86 0.19 b | 8.09 0.21 a | 1.59 ± 0.10 b | 3.62 0.15 b | 1.88 0.10 b,c | 4.02 0.10 a | 1.29 0.09 c | 6.54 0.31 c | |
500 | 2.90 0.18 b | 7.96 0.24 a | 0.91 0.08 c | 3.46 0.25 b | 1.72 0.09 b | 3.62 0.11 b | 1.62 0.10 b | 7.29 0.31 b | |
2500 | 2.81 ± 0.14 b | 7.59 0.26 a | 0.80 0.08 c | 1.94 0.32 c | 1.48 0.08 c | 3.28 0.11 c | 1.54 0.08 b | 5.80 0.29 c | |
Oxysophocarpine | 0 | 2.86 ± 0.14 b | 6.02 0.33 b | 1.94 0.10 a | 4.23 0.14 a | 2.21 ± 0.11 a | 4.31 0.09 a,b,c | 1.69 ± 0.10 a | 8.95 0.26 a |
20 | 3.68 0.17 a | 8.28 ± 0.23 a | 1.63 ± 0.10 b | 3.66 ± 0.18 b | 2.07 ± 0.13 a,b | 4.61 ± 0.11 a | 1.74 0.12 a | 8.33 0.29 a b | |
100 | 3.75 0.17 a | 8.35 ± 0.34 a | 1.47 ± 0.08 b | 3.96 ± 0.16 a,b | 1.80 ± 0.10 b,c | 4.53 ± 0.14 a,b | 1.78 ± 0.13 a | 7.88 0.39 b | |
500 | 3.11 0.18 b | 8.20 0.32 a | 1.43 0.10 b | 3.83 0.18 a,b | 1.96 0.14 a,b,c | 4.21 0.14 b,c | 1.62 0.11 a | 7.68 0.26 b | |
2500 | 3.17 0.19 b | 8.49 0.26 a | 0.64 0.07 c | 2.77 0.26 c | 1.64 0.09 c | 4.01 0.10 c | 1.60 0.12 a | 7.85 0.32 b | |
Sophocarpine | 0 | 4.62 0.24 a,b | 7.14 0.33 a,b | 1.64 0.09 a | 3.93 0.21 b | 2.53 0.19 a | 4.46 ± 0.20 a | 2.09 0.16 a | 6.74 0.36 c |
20 | 4.67 0.46 a,b | 8.31 0.21 a | 1.75 0.07 a | 4.24 0.12 a,b | 1.74 0.08 b | 4.59 0.15 a | 2.03 0.10 a | 9.1 0.27 a | |
100 | 4.44 0.24 a,b | 7.99 0.70 a | 1.53 0.06 a | 4.47 0.17 a | 1.77 0.11 b | 4.65 0.22 a | 1.84 0.20 a | 8.33 0.36 a | |
500 | 4.97 0.12 a | 7.18 0.41 a,b | 1.63 0.06 a | 4.38 0.20 a,b | 1.49 0.08 b | 4.88 0.16 a | 2.03 0.11 a | 8.07 0.27 a,b | |
2500 | 3.95 0.51 b | 6.54 0.51 b | 1.23 ± 0.07 b | 3.44 0.12 c | 1.61 ± 0.07 b | 4.52 0.11 a | 2.16 0.12 a | 7.18 0.58 b,c | |
Sophoridine | 0 | 2.86 0.14 b | 6.02 0.33 c | 1.94 0.10 a | 4.23 0.14 a | 2.21 0.11 a | 4.31 0.09 c | 1.69 0.10 a | 8.95 0.26 a |
20 | 3.11 0.19 a,b | 8.49 0.35 a | 1.63 0.08 b | 3.82 0.11 b | 2.27 0.13 a | 4.93 0.11 a | 2.14 0.20 a | 8.82 0.38 a | |
100 | 3.55 0.19 a | 8.56 0.34 a | 1.45 0.10 b,c | 3.32 0.23 c | 2.54 0.12 a | 4.58 0.14 b,c | 2.23 0.28 a | 7.81 0.63 a | |
500 | 3.63 0.20 a | 8.30 0.28 a | 1.45 0.09 b,c | 3.37 0.13 c | 2.32 0.09 a | 4.49 0.13 b,c | 2.04 0.14 a | 8.51 0.37 a | |
2500 | 2.82 0.21 b | 7.02 0.43 b | 1.26 0.06 c | 2.89 0.10 d | 2.48 0.09 a | 4.71 0.13 a,b | 2.07 0.16 a | 7.98 0.27 a | |
Mixture | 0 | 2.86 0.14 b | 6.02 0.33 b | 1.94 0.10 a | 4.23 0.14 a | 2.21 0.11 a,b | 4.31 0.09 a | 1.69 0.10 b | 8.95 0.26 a |
20 | 3.77 0.18 a | 7.43 0.18 a | 1.27 0.11 c,d | 3.68 0.14 b | 2.51 0.13 a | 3.86 0.11 b | 1.93 0.10 b | 6.83 0.17 b | |
100 | 3.08 0.14 b | 7.89 0.31 a | 1.43 0.07 b,c | 3.11 0.11 c | 2.06 0.11 b | 3.86 0.11 b | 2.39 0.11 a | 6.50 0.18 b | |
500 | 2.97 0.11 b | 7.91 0.26 a | 1.62 0.09 b | 3.76 0.10 b | 2.06 0.11 b | 3.79 0.13 b | 2.30 0.11 a | 6.69 0.17 b | |
2500 | 2.87 0.14 b | 7.70 0.18 a | 1.05 ±0.09 d | 3.24 0.15 c | 1.69 ± 0.08 c | 3.75 0.07 b | 1.84 0.13 b | 6.71 0.16 b |
Alkaloids | A. retroflexus | M. sativa | L. perenne | S. viridis | Average Value of IC50 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Root | Shoot | Root | Shoot | Root | Shoot | Root | Shoot | Root | Shoot | Root + Shoot | ||
(1) Aloperine | 0.171 | 0.221 | 0.184 | 0.452 | 1.739 | 1.813 | 0.779 | 2.203 | 0.718 | 1.172 | 0.945 | |
(2) Matrine | 0.674 | 1.694 | 1.141 | 2.113 | 1.813 | 3.298 | 2.117 | 2.704 | 1.436 | 2.452 | 1.944 | |
(3) Oxymatrine | 0.525 | 1.343 | 0.232 | 0.603 | 4.695 | 3.805 | 3.907 | 11.246 | 2.340 | 4.249 | 3.295 | |
(4) Oxysophocarpine | 0.259 | 0.620 | 0.482 | / | 4.905 | / | 3.026 | / | 2.168 | 0.620 | 1.394 | |
(5) Sophocarpine | 0.475 | 0.464 | 0.351 | 0.155 | 0.474 | 1.194 | 0.958 | 1.459 | 0.565 | 0.818 | 0.692 | |
(6) Sophoridine | 0.422 | 0.905 | 1.039 | 2.268 | 2.422 | 4.540 | 0.699 | 3.172 | 1.146 | 2.721 | 1.934 | |
(7) Average of individual alkaloid | 0.421 | 0.875 | 0.572 | 1.118 | 2.675 | 2.930 | 1.914 | 4.057 | 1.396 | 2.005 | 1.701 | |
(8) Mixture | 0.178 | 0.791 | 0.275 | 0.457 | 2.038 | 3.409 | 1.786 | 2.675 | 1.069 | 1.833 | 1.451 |
Alkaloids | A. retroflexus | M. sativa | L. perenne | S. viridis | Average Value of IC50 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Root | Shoot | Root | Shoot | Root | Shoot | Root | Shoot | Root | Shoot | Root + Shoot | |
(1) Aloperine | 15.493 | 11.730 | 3.634 | 4.139 | 12.905 | 6.350 | 31.652 | 10.911 | 15.921 | 8.283 | 12.102 |
(2) Matrine | 2.756 | 3.645 | 3.323 | 16.524 | 8.810 | 8.324 | 3.616 | 9.683 | 4.626 | 9.544 | 7.085 |
(3) Oxymatrine | 1.550 | 2.382 | 4.203 | 7.428 | 12.065 | 4.905 | 12.086 | 3.587 | 7.476 | 4.576 | 6.026 |
(4) Oxysophocarpine | 1.711 | 3.027 | 4.381 | 11.219 | 11.401 | / | 15.896 | 43.086 | 8.347 | 19.111 | 27.458 |
(5) Sophocarpine | 3.931 | 3.646 | 9.602 | 4.177 | 3.315 | 7.148 | 9.247 | 8.552 | 6.524 | 5.881 | 6.203 |
(6) Sophoridine | 5.035 | 5.188 | / | 472.484 | 3.264 | 6.190 | 37.014 | 6.668 | 15.104 | 122.634 | 68.869 |
(7)Average of individual alkaloid | 5.079 | 4.936 | 5.029 | 85.995 | 8.627 | 6.583 | 18.252 | 13.748 | 9.666 | 28.338 | 21.291 |
(8) Mixture | 2.571 | 3.422 | 4.857 | 40.489 | 9.108 | 5.190 | 3.411 | / | 4.987 | 16.637 | 10.677 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Lei, L.; Zhao, Y.; Shi, K.; Liu, Y.; Hu, Y.; Shao, H. Phytotoxic Activity of Alkaloids in the Desert Plant Sophora alopecuroides. Toxins 2021, 13, 706. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13100706
Lei L, Zhao Y, Shi K, Liu Y, Hu Y, Shao H. Phytotoxic Activity of Alkaloids in the Desert Plant Sophora alopecuroides. Toxins. 2021; 13(10):706. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13100706
Chicago/Turabian StyleLei, Lijing, Yu Zhao, Kai Shi, Ying Liu, Yunxia Hu, and Hua Shao. 2021. "Phytotoxic Activity of Alkaloids in the Desert Plant Sophora alopecuroides" Toxins 13, no. 10: 706. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13100706