Cynara cardunculus L. var. scolymus L. Landrace “Carciofo Ortano” as a Source of Bioactive Compounds
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Phenolic Composition of Leaf Extracts
2.2. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
2.3. Antiproliferative and Cytotoxic Activities
2.4. Antimicrobial Activity
2.5. Antifungal Activity
3. Discussion
3.1. Chemical Composition
3.2. Biological Activities
3.2.1. Cytotoxic Activity
3.2.2. Antimicrobial Activity
3.2.3. Antifungal Activity against Plant Pathogens
3.3. Compounds Likely Involved in Biological Activities
4. Material and Methods
4.1. Plant Material
4.2. Sample Preparation
4.3. HPLC-DAD Analysis
4.4. SPME Sampling
4.5. GC-MS Analysis of Samples
4.6. Antiproliferative and Cytotoxic Activities
4.7. Antibacterial Activities
4.8. Antifungal Activities
4.9. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Orte 1 | Orte 2 | Grato 1 | |
---|---|---|---|
1-O-caffeoylquinic acid | 106.8 ± 2.8 | 96.3 ± 20.6 | 59.5 ± 1.6 |
3-O-caffeoylquinic acid | 141.9 ± 1.0 | 156.0 ± 10.1 | 59.7 ± 0.6 |
5-O-caffeoylquinic acid (chlorogenic acid) | 5156.7 ± 11.0 | 7842.9 ± 430.7 | 2425.2 ± 39.3 |
Caffeic acid | 238.0 ± 3.6 | 118.4 ± 3.2 | 34.0 ± 0.4 |
1,3-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (cynarin) | n.d. | 67.1 ± 8.5 | 51.8 ± 1.1 |
3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid | 385.7 ± 4.6 | 2970.9 ± 238.3 | 305.1 ± 31.1 |
1,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid | 1750.7 ± 71.1 | 4133.1 ± 96.1 | 696.2 ± 74.9 |
total caffeoylquinic acids | 7780.0 ± 88.6 b | 15,384.9 ± 263.0 a | 3631.4 ± 58.9 c |
luteolin 7-O-rutinoside | 994.5 ± 1.6 | 665.3 ± 8.7 | 1197.9 ± 116.5 |
luteolin 7-O-glucoside | 1591.5 ± 13.6 | 764.7 ± 18.1 | 2036.5 ± 43.0 |
luteolin | n.d. | n.d. | 10.8 ± 1.2 |
total luteolin | 2586.0 ± 15.3 b | 1429.9 ± 26.8 c | 3245.2 ± 160.8 a |
apigenin 7-O-glucoside | n.d. | n.d. | 5.8 ± 0.5 |
apigenin | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
total apigenin | n.d. | n.d. | 5.8 ± 0.5 |
total polyphenols | 10,366.0 ± 73.4 b | 16,814.8 ± 236.2 a | 6882.4 ± 220.1 b |
Not identified | 283.4 ± 6.1 | n.d. | 495.4 ± 30.9 |
cynaropicrin | 3946.3 ± 5.4a | 8143.3 ± 2845.4a | 4994.9 ± 253.7a |
Components 1 | LRI 2 | LRI 3 | Orte 1 | Orte 2 | Grato 1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
3-methyl-1-butanol | 699 | 700 | 39.9 ± 3.6 | 71.4 ± 9.5 | 73.4 ± 10.1 |
2-methyl-1-butanol | 748 | 744 | 21.0 ± 2.1 | 28.4 ± 0.1 | 26.6 ± 5.1 |
3-hexen-1-ol | 868 | 875 | 39.1 ± 4.1 | n.d. | n.d. |
β-caryophyllene | 1414 | 1418 | n.d. | 0.1 ± 0.0 | n.d. |
β-eudesmene | 1488 | 1481 | n.d. | 0.1 ± 0.0 | n.d. |
Orte 1 | Orte 2 | Grato 1 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
SH-SY5Y | 24 h | 18.3 ± 0.2 | 51.8 ± 5.3 | 16.9 ± 0.6 |
48 h | 12.6 ± 0.5 | 47.1 ± 9.1 | 21.9 ± 0.5 | |
72 h | 35.4 ± 1.2 | 59.8 ± 3.6 | 33.7 ± 0.8 | |
MCF7 | 24 h | 85.2 ± 2.3 | >250 | 46.2 ± 1.8 |
48 h | 44.7 ± 4.2 | 95.0 ± 2.3 | 77.1 ± 3.4 | |
72 h | 23.3 ± 1.2 | 33.6 ± 1.6 | 35.6 ± 1.6 | |
MDA | 24 h | 69.0 ± 2.3 | 75.6 ± 1.8 | 49.2 ± 0.5 |
48 h | 33.4 ± 0.9 | 46.3 ± 3.2 | 14.3 ± 1.9 | |
72 h | 26.5 ± 1.2 | 40.1± 2.9 | 17.7 ± 0.4 | |
MCF10A | 24 h | >250 | >250 | >250 |
48 h | >250 | >250 | >250 | |
72 h | >250 | >250 | >250 |
B. cereus | K. marina | A. bohemicus | E. coli | P. fluorescens | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Orte 1 | |||||
MIC | 0.5 | n.d. | 2.0 | n.d. | n.d. |
MBC | 1.0 | n.d. | 4.0 | n.d. | n.d. |
MIC/MBC | 0.5 | n.d. | 0.5 | n.d. | n.d. |
Orte 2 | |||||
MIC | 2.0 | n.d. | 2.0 | n.d. | n.d. |
MBC | 2.0 | n.d. | 2.0 | n.d. | n.d. |
MIC/MBC | 1.0 | n.d. | 1.0 | n.d. | n.d. |
Grato 1 | |||||
MIC | 2.0 | n.d. | 2.0 | n.d. | n.d. |
MBC | 2.0 | n.d. | 4.0 | n.d. | n.d. |
MIC/MBC | 1.0 | n.d. | 0.5 | n.d. | n.d. |
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Laghezza Masci, V.; Alicandri, E.; Antonelli, C.; Paolacci, A.R.; Marabottini, R.; Tomassi, W.; Scarascia Mugnozza, G.; Tiezzi, A.; Garzoli, S.; Vinciguerra, V.; et al. Cynara cardunculus L. var. scolymus L. Landrace “Carciofo Ortano” as a Source of Bioactive Compounds. Plants 2024, 13, 761. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13060761
Laghezza Masci V, Alicandri E, Antonelli C, Paolacci AR, Marabottini R, Tomassi W, Scarascia Mugnozza G, Tiezzi A, Garzoli S, Vinciguerra V, et al. Cynara cardunculus L. var. scolymus L. Landrace “Carciofo Ortano” as a Source of Bioactive Compounds. Plants. 2024; 13(6):761. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13060761
Chicago/Turabian StyleLaghezza Masci, Valentina, Enrica Alicandri, Chiara Antonelli, Anna Rita Paolacci, Rosita Marabottini, William Tomassi, Giuseppe Scarascia Mugnozza, Antonio Tiezzi, Stefania Garzoli, Vittorio Vinciguerra, and et al. 2024. "Cynara cardunculus L. var. scolymus L. Landrace “Carciofo Ortano” as a Source of Bioactive Compounds" Plants 13, no. 6: 761. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13060761