Metabolomic Profiling, Antibacterial, and Molluscicidal Properties of the Medicinal Plants Calotropis procera and Atriplex halimus: In Silico Molecular Docking Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Metabolic Profiling of the C. procera and A. halimus Methanol Extracts
2.2. Antibacterial Activity
2.3. Molluscicidal Activity
2.4. Molecular Docking
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Plants
4.1.1. Metabolites Extraction
4.1.2. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) Analysis
4.2. The Antibacterial Activities
4.3. Molluscicidal Activity
4.3.1. Snails
4.3.2. Assessment of the Molluscicidal Activity of the Plant’s Methanol Extracts
4.3.3. Effect of Plants Extract on Survival Rate of Snails
4.3.4. Effect of Plants’ Extracts on Hatchability of Snails’ Eggs
4.4. Tissue Preparation
4.4.1. Biochemical Analysis
4.4.2. Comet Assay
4.4.3. Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Analysis
4.5. The Molecular Docking Study
4.6. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Compound Name | Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight (g/mol) | Retention Time (min) | Area % | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Formaldehyde | CH2O | 30.02 | 4.16 | 1.3 |
2 | Pentitol | C5H12O5 | 152.15 | 5.42 | 0.3 |
3 | L-Valine | C5H11NO2 | 117.15 | 6.59 | 0.64 |
4 | L-Leucine | C6H13NO2 | 131.17 | 8.25 | 0.28 |
5 | L-Isoleucine | C6H13NO2 | 131.17 | 8.76 | 0.35 |
6 | Glycerol | C3H8O3 | 92.09 | 11.37 | 2.65 |
7 | Butanedioic acid | C4H6O4 | 118.09 | 12.35 | 6.19 |
8 | Malic acid | C4H6O5 | 134.09 | 16.76 | 2.34 |
9 | L-Proline | C5H9NO2 | 115.13 | 17.33 | 1.21 |
10 | DL-Phenylalanine | C9H11NO2 | 165.19 | 17.89 | 0.83 |
11 | Spathulenol | C15H24O | 220 | 18.71 | 0.71 |
12 | Methyl-β-D-glucopyranoside | C7H14O6 | 194.18 | 20.48 | 0.26 |
13 | L-Fucitol | C6H14O5 | 166.17 | 22.42 | 0.58 |
14 | 4-Coumaric acid | C9H8O3 | 164.16 | 23.36 | 0.23 |
15 | Azelaic acid | C9H16O4 | 188.22 | 23.61 | 0.21 |
16 | D-Fructofuranose | C6H12O6 | 180.16 | 23.80 | 2.40 |
17 | D-Tagatofuranose | C6H12O6 | 180.16 | 23.97 | 0.45 |
18 | Methyl D-glucofuranoside | C7H14O6 | 194.18 | 24.60 | 0.75 |
19 | α-L-Arabinopyranose | C5H10O5 | 150.130 | 24.68 | 0.32 |
20 | Dulcitol | C6H14O6 | 182.17 | 25.51 | 0.36 |
21 | α-d-glucopyranose | C6H12O6 | 180.16 | 25.86 | 0.52 |
22 | Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester | C17H34O2 | 270.4 | 26.19 | 0.23 |
23 | D-Xylofuranose | C5H10O5 | 150.13 | 26.96 | 0.54 |
24 | α-D-Allopyranose | C6H12O6 | 180.16 | 27.41 | 0.31 |
25 | D-Allofuranose | C6H12O6 | 180.16 | 27.60 | 0.45 |
26 | Palmitic Acid | C16H32O2 | 256.42 | 28.52 | 10.74 |
27 | 10-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester | C19H36O3 | 312.5 | 29.47 | 0.51 |
28 | Heptadecanoic acid | C17H34O2 | 270.5 | 30.31 | 0.32 |
29 | Phytol | C20H40O | 296.5 | 30.82 | 3.91 |
30 | 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (alpha-Linoleic acid) | C18H32O2 | 280.4 | 31.42 | 1.79 |
31 | Oleic Acid | C18H34O2 | 282.46 | 31.54 | 8.04 |
32 | Petroselinic acid | C18H34O2 | 282.46 | 31.68 | 0.92 |
33 | Stearic acid | C18H36O2 | 284.48 | 32.04 | 4.24 |
34 | 5,8,11-Eicosatriynoicacid | C20H28O2 | 300.4 | 32.76 | 0.30 |
35 | D-Trehalose | C12H22O11 | 342.3 | 36.63 | 3.23 |
36 | D-(+)-Turanose | C12H22O11 | 342.3 | 37.15 | 1.82 |
37 | Sucrose | C12H22O11 | 342.3 | 37.61 | 3.29 |
38 | Dasycarpidan-1-methanol, acetate (ester) | C20H26N2O2 | 326.4 | 39.17 | 1.46 |
39 | Trilinolein | C57H98O6 | 879.4 | 39.81 | 0.25 |
40 | Dasycarpidan-1-methanol, acetate (ester) | C20H26N2O2 | 326 | 40.02 | 0.52 |
41 | Oleic acid, eicosyl ester | C38H74O2 | 562.9 | 40.47 | 0.41 |
42 | Ser-Asp-Gly-Arg-Gly | C17H30N8O9 | 490 | 41.47 | 0.96 |
43 | Ursolic aldehyde | C30H48O2 | 440.7 | 42.45 | 1.31 |
44 | 2-Butenoic acid, 2-methyl-, 2-(acetyloxy)-1,1a,2,3,4,6,7,10,11,11 a-decahydro-7,10-dihydroxy-1,1,3,6, 9-pentamethyl-4a,7a-epoxy-5H-cyclo penta[a]cyclopropa[f]cycloundecen-1 1-yl ester | C27H38O8 | 490 | 43.02 | 0.22 |
45 | α-Tocopherol | C29H50O2 | 430.7 | 43.11 | 1.34 |
46 | L-Arabinitol pentaacetate | C15H22O10 | 362 | 43.44 | 0.29 |
47 | α-Carotene | C40H56 | 536 | 43.98 | 1.76 |
48 | Campesterol | C28H48O | 400.7 | 44.67 | 8.13 |
49 | Stigmasterol | C29H48O | 412.7 | 45.08 | 8.48 |
50 | Oleyl oleate | C36H68O2 | 532.9 | 45.41 | 1.41 |
51 | (Z)-Icos-11-en-1-yl oleate | C38H72O2 | 560.9 | 45.59 | 0.43 |
52 | 2-Hydroxy-3-[(9E)-9-octadecenoyloxy] propyl | C39H72O5 | 620.5 | 45.76 | 0.22 |
Total | 90.7% |
Compound Name | Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Retention Time (min) | Area % | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Propionic acid | C3H6O2 | 74.07 | 5.98 | 0.65 |
2 | Glycolic acid | C2H4O3 | 76.05 | 6.35 | 0.35 |
3 | L-Alanine | C3H7NO2 | 89.09 | 6.97 | 1.18 |
4 | Hydracrylic acid | C3H6O3 | 90.08 | 7.99 | 0.26 |
5 | L-Valine | C5H11NO2 | 117.15 | 9.77 | 0.31 |
6 | Urea | CH4N2O | 60.05 | 10.58 | 0.85 |
7 | Glycerol | C3H8O3 | 92.09 | 11.37 | 3.43 |
8 | L-Proline | C5H9NO2 | 115.13 | 11.79 | 0.64 |
9 | Butanedioic acid | C4H6O4 | 118.09 | 12.35 | 2.04 |
10 | L-Serine | C3H7NO3 | 105.09 | 13.56 | 0.38 |
11 | Homoserine | C4H9NO3 | 119.12 | 15.78 | 0.23 |
12 | L-5-Oxoproline | C5H7NO3 | 129.11 | 17.34 | 1.58 |
13 | L-Aspartic acid | C4H7NO4 | 133.1 | 17.49 | 0.23 |
14 | Methyl alpha-D-galactopyranoside | C7H14O6 | 194.18 | 17.75 | 0.32 |
15 | L-Threonic acid | C4H8O5 | 136.1 | 18.06 | 0.26 |
16 | 2,3,4-Trihydroxybutyric acid | C4H8O5 | 136.1 | 18.49 | 0.76 |
17 | Spathulenol | C15H24O | 220.35 | 18.71 | 0.61 |
18 | L-Asparagine | C4H8N2O3 | 132.12 | 19.20 | 0.45 |
19 | Pentanedioic acid | C5H8O4 | 132.11 | 19.37 | 0.36 |
20 | L-Phenylalanine | C9H11NO2 | 165.19 | 19.76 | 0.21 |
21 | Xylonic acid | C5H10O6 | 166.13 | 19.86 | 0.91 |
22 | D-(+)-Arabitol | C5H12O5 | 152.15 | 21.51 | 0.36 |
23 | L-Fucitol | C6H14O5 | 166.17 | 22.41 | 0.28 |
24 | Ribonic acid | C5H10O6 | 166.13 | 22.68 | 0.75 |
25 | L-(+)-Tartaric acid | C4H6O6 | 150.09 | 22.93 | 0.28 |
26 | D-Xylofuranose | C5H10O5 | 150.13 | 23.06 | 0.30 |
27 | D-Pinitol | C7H14O6 | 194.18 | 23.14 | 1.63 |
28 | α -D-Glucopyranosiduronic acid | C42H71NO19 | 894 | 23.61 | 0.60 |
29 | D-(-)-Fructofuranose | C6H12O6 | 180.16 | 23.80 | 2.72 |
30 | D-Psicofuranose | C6H12O6 | 180.16 | 23.9 | 2.54 |
31 | Citric acid | C6H8O7 | 192.12 | 24.10 | 4.05 |
32 | Myo-Inositol | C6H12O6 | 180.16 | 24.25 | 5.14 |
33 | Methyl-D-glucofuranoside | C7H14O6 | 194.18 | 24.60 | 2.20 |
34 | D-Mannonic acid | C6H12O7 | 196.16 | 24.98 | 1.52 |
35 | α-D-(+)-Talopyranose | C6H12O6 | 180.16 | 25.54 | 1.51 |
36 | 1,5-Anhydrohexitol | C6H12O5 | 164.16 | 25.69 | 0.32 |
37 | α –Lyxopyranose | C5H10O5 | 150.13 | 25.86 | 0.61 |
38 | Methyl palmitate | C17H34O2 | 270.5 | 26.20 | 0.75 |
39 | D-Lyxofuranose | C5H10O5 | 150.13 | 26.95 | 1.03 |
40 | D-(+)-Talofuranose | C6H12O6 | 180.16 | 27.75 | 0.44 |
41 | Palmitic Acid | C16H32O2 | 256.42 | 28.52 | 6.47 |
42 | D-Allofuranose | C6H12O6 | 180.16 | 28.92 | 0.42 |
43 | Linoleic acid ethyl ester | C20H36O2 | 308 | 29.32 | 0.80 |
44 | cis-13-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester | C19H36O2 | 296 | 29.46 | 1.21 |
45 | Methyl stearate | C19H38O2 | 298 | 29.98 | 0.36 |
46 | Phytol | C20H40O | 296.5 | 30.82 | 0.25 |
47 | 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid | C18H32O2 | 280.4 | 31.42 | 1.55 |
48 | Oleic Acid | C18H34O2 | 282.5 | 31.54 | 5.25 |
49 | cis-11-Octadecenoic acid | C18H34O2 | 282.5 | 31.68 | 0.82 |
50 | Stearic acid | C18H36O2 | 284.5 | 32.05 | 4.01 |
51 | Linoelaidic acid | C18H32O2 | 280.4 | 33.07 | 0.32 |
52 | D-(+)-Galacturonic acid | C6H10O7 | 194.14 | 34.36 | 0.33 |
53 | 11-Eicosenoic acid | C20H38O2 | 310.5 | 34.86 | 0.42 |
54 | á-D-Galactopyranoside | C6H12O6 | 180.16 | 35.30 | 0.33 |
55 | Sucrose | C12H22O11 | 342.3 | 36.63 | 2.24 |
56 | D-Trehalose | C12H22O11 | 342.3 | 37.15 | 0.85 |
57 | Oleic acid, eicosyl ester | C38H74O2 | 562 | 39.10 | 0.45 |
58 | Dasycarpidan-1-methanol, acetate (ester) | C20H26N2O2 | 326 | 39.17 | 0.19 |
59 | Fumaric acid | C4H4O4 | 116.07 | 39.22 | 0.19 |
60 | 2-Oleoylglycerol | C21H40O4 | 356.5 | 39.32 | 0.42 |
61 | 2-Hydroxy-3-[(9E)-9-octadecenoyloxy]propyl(9E)-9-octadecenoate | C39H72O5 | 620 | 40.03 | 0.45 |
62 | Dasycarpidan-1-methanol, acetate (ester) | C20H26N2O2 | 326 | 40.74 | 0.54 |
63 | 9-Octadecenoic acid, (2-phenyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-YL) Methyl ester | C28H44O4 | 444 | 43.14 | 0.50 |
64 | Stigmasterol | C29H48O | 412.7 | 45.06 | 0.36 |
65 | (Z)-Icos-11-en-1-yl oleate | C38H72O2 | 560 | 45.39 | 1.11 |
66 | E,E,Z-1,3,12-Nonadecatriene-5,14-d Iol | C19H34O2 | 294 | 45.62 | 0.83 |
Total | 73.7% |
Bacterial Species | Inhibition Clear Zone Diameter (mm) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Atriplex halimus | Calitropis procera | Gentamycin (10 μg/disc) | Ethyl Acetate | |
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 | -ve | -ve | 17 ± 0.2 | -ve |
Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 | -ve | 10 ± 0.1 b | 15 ± 0.8 a | -ve |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 7853 | 14 ± 0.5 c | 18 ± 0.3 a | 17 ± 0.6 b | -ve |
Proteus mirabilis ATCC 29906 | -ve | 18 ± 0.2 a | 10 ± 0.0 b | -ve |
Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 700721 | -ve | -ve | 12 ± 0.5 | -ve |
Slope | LC90 (mg/L) | LC50 (mg/L) | LC25 (mg/L) | LC10 (mg/L) | Plants |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1.1 | 260.4 | 223.8 | 204.5 | 187.2 | Atriplex halimus |
1.0 | 148.5 | 135 | 127.8 | 121.4 | Calitropis procera |
Weeks | Survival Rate (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Control | A. halimus | C. procera | |
1 | 99 c | 80 b | 55 a |
2 | 95 c | 60 b | 30 a |
3 | 95 c | 40 b | 15 a |
4 | 90 c | 20 b | 5 a |
Group | % Hatchability | % Mortality |
---|---|---|
Control | 100 c | 0 c |
Atriplex halimus | 60 b | 40 b |
Calitropis procera | 30 a | 70 a |
Olive Tail Moment | Tail Length (px) | % DNA in Tail | Tail Moment | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 1.71 | 4.62 ± 0.58 c | 16.39 ± 4.25 b | 0.94 ± 0.31 c |
Atriplex halimus (LC25) | 2.11 | 6.24 ± 0.12 b | 16.21 ± 1.11 b | 1.23 ± 1.13 b |
Calotropis procera(LC25) | 2.99 | 8.35 ± 0.92 a | 20.25 ± 0.21 a | 2.14 ± 0.72 a |
Alkaline Phosphatase (μmole/mg) | Acid Phosphatase (μmole/mg) | Total Protein g/100 mL | Albumin g/100 mL | Alanine Aminotransfersa (ALT) U/L | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 105.7 ± 0.05 c | 125 ± 0.2 b | 5.8 ± 0.11 b | 3.4 ± 0.1 b | 68.2 ± 0.5 c |
LC25 Atriplex halimus | 75.4 ± 0.1 b | 95.2 ± 0.4 a | 3.9 ± 0.12 a | 3.1 ± 0.1 b | 88.5 ± 0.6 b |
LC25 Calotropis procera | 60.5 ± 0.3 a | 80.5 ± 0.2 a | 3.6 ± 0.23 a | 2.4 ± 0.3 a | 107.2 ± 0.4 a |
PDB ID | Docking Score (Kcal/mol) | Interaction Type | Amino Acid Residue Involved in Docking |
---|---|---|---|
AP (1D2T) | −1.1 | H-donor H-acceptor H-acceptor | ALA 68 |
−4.3 | GLN 137 | ||
−2.0 | ASP 138 | ||
ALP (1alk) | −6.3 | H- donor H-acceptor H-acceptor | ASP 55 ARG 62 ARG 62 |
−2.6 | |||
−2.1 | |||
ALT (1XI9) | −0.7 −3.1 | H-acceptor H-acceptor | ASN 177 ARG 371 |
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© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Morad, M.Y.; El-Sayed, H.; El-Khadragy, M.F.; Abdelsalam, A.; Ahmed, E.Z.; Ibrahim, A.M. Metabolomic Profiling, Antibacterial, and Molluscicidal Properties of the Medicinal Plants Calotropis procera and Atriplex halimus: In Silico Molecular Docking Study. Plants 2023, 12, 477. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12030477
Morad MY, El-Sayed H, El-Khadragy MF, Abdelsalam A, Ahmed EZ, Ibrahim AM. Metabolomic Profiling, Antibacterial, and Molluscicidal Properties of the Medicinal Plants Calotropis procera and Atriplex halimus: In Silico Molecular Docking Study. Plants. 2023; 12(3):477. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12030477
Chicago/Turabian StyleMorad, Mostafa Y., Heba El-Sayed, Manal F. El-Khadragy, Asmaa Abdelsalam, Eman Zakaria Ahmed, and Amina M. Ibrahim. 2023. "Metabolomic Profiling, Antibacterial, and Molluscicidal Properties of the Medicinal Plants Calotropis procera and Atriplex halimus: In Silico Molecular Docking Study" Plants 12, no. 3: 477. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12030477