Modern Advances in Magnetic Materials of Wireless Power Transfer Systems: A Review and New Perspectives
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. History, Theory and Applications of WPT
2.1. Brief History of WPT
2.2. Classification, Principle, and Comparison of WPT
2.2.1. US-WPT and MW-WPT
2.2.2. OWPT
2.2.3. EC-WPT
2.2.4. MCR-WPT
2.3. The State-of-the-Art of MCR-WPT
3. Magnetic Materials and Their Applications in WPT
3.1. Brief History of Soft Magnetic Materials
3.2. Mn-Zn and Ni-Zn Soft Ferrites
3.3. Amorphous and Nanocrystalline Alloys
3.4. Comparison of the Typical WPT Materials
3.5. Novel Electromagnetic Metamaterials
4. Critical Issues and Hotspots of Magnetic Materials in WPT
4.1. Aggregated Magnetic Coupler Design
4.2. Modeling of the MC under Finite Size Core Conditions
4.3. Electromagnetic Shielding of WPT
4.4. Magnetic Core Structure Optimization
4.4.1. Refinement Crushing Process and Staggered Arrangement
4.4.2. Laminated Arrangement Direction
4.4.3. Embedded and Composite Magnetic Materials
4.5. Discontinuities of Magnetic Core Channel
5. Trends and Opportunities of WPT Magnetic Materials
5.1. Proactive Response to The Technology Demands
- (1)
- Magnetic Permeability and Resistivity
- (2)
- Maximum Saturation Magnetic Flux Density
- (3)
- Frequency Applicability Range and Power Loss
- (4)
- Mechanical Characteristics and Costs
5.2. Rational Utilization of the Existing Products
5.3. Promote the Research and Development of Novel Materials Technology
6. Outlook
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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WPT Technologies | Power Range | Frequency Range | Transmission Distance | Transmission Efficiency | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Far Field | US-WPT | 0.1 mW~10 W | 50 kHz~5 MHz | 1 mm~5 m | <20% |
MW-WPT | 1 mW~3 MW | 10 MHz~100 GHz | 1 mm~10 m | <30% | |
OPWT | 1 W~1 MW | 100 THz~1 PHz | 1 m~10 km | <40% | |
Near Field | EC-WPT | 1 W~3 kW | 1 MHz~10 MHz | 1 mm~10 cm | 70~85% |
MCR-WPT | 100 W~1 MW | 10 kHz~3 MHz | 1 cm~1 m | 80~95% |
WPT Technologies | Main Advantages | Potential Shortcomings | |
---|---|---|---|
Far Field | US-WPT |
|
|
MW-WPT |
|
| |
OPWT |
|
| |
Near Field | EC-WPT |
|
|
MCR-WPT |
|
|
Institute | Year | Frequency (kHz) | Gap (cm) | Power Level (kW) | Efficiency |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
University of Auckland | 2011 | 20 | 20 | 2 | 80% |
2013 | 20 | 10~25 | 7 | / | |
2015 | 85 | 10 | 1 | 91.3% | |
2017 | 20 | 15~20 | 1 | 90% | |
KAIST | 2011 | 100 | 17 | 6 | 72% |
2013 | 20 | 12 | 15 | 74% | |
2014 | 20 | 20 | 27 | 74% | |
2015 | 20 | 20 | 22 | 91% | |
Korea Railroad Research Institute | 2015 | 60 | 5 | 1000 | 83% |
ORNL | 2018 | / | 15.24 | 120 | 85% |
2018 | 22 | 12.7 | 50 | 85% | |
University of Michigan | 2017 | 85 | 15 | 3 | 95.5% |
Saitama University | 2012 | 50 | 20 | 3 | 90% |
HIT | 2015 | 85 | 15 | 3 | 87% |
2017 | 30 | 30 | 85 | 90% | |
Chongqing University | 2015 | 20 | 20 | 10 | 82.5% |
2016 | 40 | 20 | 30 | 90% |
Company | Year | Frequency (kHz) | Gap (cm) | Power Level (kW) | Efficiency |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Qualcomm Halo | 2011 | 85 | 22 | 3.3~20 | 90% |
ZTE New Energy | 2014 | 45 | 20 | 30/60 | 90% |
Bombardier | 2014 | 85 | 6 | 200 | 90% |
WiTricity | 2016 | 85 | 25 | 3.3/7.7/11 | 91~93% |
Zone Charge | 2017 | 85 | 19 | 7.7/20/30 | 90% |
Momentum Dynamics | 2018 | 85 | 30.5 | 200 | 95% |
INVIS Power | 2019 | 85 | 14 | 7.7 | 90% |
Parameters | PC40 | PC44 | PC45 | PC46 | PC47 | PC95 | PC90 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
μi(25 °C) | 2300 | 2400 | 2500 | 3200 | 2500 | 2500 | 2200 |
Bs(25 °C)/mT | 510 | 510 | 530 | 530 | 530 | 530 | 540 |
Bs(100 °C)/mT | 390 | 390 | 420 | 410 | 420 | 420 | 450 |
Pc(25 °C, 200 mT, 100 kHz)/mW·cm−3 | 600 | 600 | 570 | 350 | 600 | 350 | 680 |
Pc(100 °C, 200 mT, 100 kHz)/mW·cm−3 | 410 | 300 | 460 | 660 | 250 | 320 | 320 |
Tc/°C | 215 | 215 | 230 | 230 | 230 | 230 | 250 |
Parameters | 3C90 | 3C91 | 3C92 | 3C93 | 3C94 | 3C95 | 3C96 | 3C97 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
μi(25 ℃) | 2300 | 3000 | 1500 | 1800 | 2300 | 3000 | 2000 | 3000 |
Bs(25 ℃)/mT | 430 | 430 | ~470 | ~50 | 430 | 530 | 430 | 530 |
Bs(100 ℃)/mT | 340 | 340 | 400 | 370 | 340 | 410 | 370 | 410 |
Pc(100 ℃, 200 mT,100 kHz)/mW·cm−3 | ~450 | <330 | <400 | ~350 | <400 | <330 | <330 | <300 |
Types | Fixed Position Type | Single-Coil Free Position Type | Multi-Coil Free Position Type |
---|---|---|---|
Operating frequency | 110~205 kHz | 140 kHz | 105~113 kHz |
Material requirements | Low loss and magnetic leakage | High reliability | Low loss and high Bs |
Material recommendations | Material 44 (Fair Rite) Material 28 (Steward Inc.) CMG22G (Ceramic Magnetics) DPR-MF3 (Daido Steel) HS13-H (Daido Steel) | Material 78 (Fair Rite) 3C94 (Ferroxcube.) N87 (Epcos AG.) PC44 (TDK Corp.) | Material 78 (Fair Rite) 3C94 (Ferroxcube.) N87 (Epcos AG.) PC44 (TDK Corp.) |
Parameters | Finemet | Nanoperm | Hitperm |
---|---|---|---|
Ingredients | Fe73.5Si13.5B9Nb3Cu1 | Fe90Zr7B2Cu1 | Fe44Co44Zr7B4Cu1 |
Grains | α-Fe(Si) | α-Fe | α-FeCo |
D/nm | 10 | 10 | 8 |
Bs/T | 1.24 | 1.65 | 1.6~2.1 |
Hc/A·m−1 | 0.53 | 2.4 | 10 |
μi/103 | 100 | 17 | 1.8 |
λs/10−6 | 2.1 | 1 | 30 |
Tc/℃ | 570 | 770 | 980 |
Magnetic Material | Material Type | Bs (T) | Hc (A/m) | μr | Tc (℃) | ρc (μΩ·cm) | Pc (mW/cm3) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PC40 | Ferrite | 0.5 | 15 | 2300 | 200 | 650 × 106 | 70 (0.2 T,25 kHz) 420 (0.2 T,100 kHz) |
PC90 | Ferrite | 0.54 | 13 | 2200 | 250 | 600 × 106 | 68 (0.2 T,25 kHz) 320 (0.2 T,100 kHz) |
PC95 | Ferrite | 0.53 | 9.5 | 3300 | 215 | 600 × 106 | 280 (0.2 T,100 kHz) |
HS72 | Ferrite | 0.41 | 6.0 | 7500 | 130 | 20 × 106 | 1500 (0.2 T,100 kHz) |
2605SAI (0.025 mm) | Amorphous | 1.59 | 3.2 | 45,000 | 392 | 130 | 180 (0.4 T,10 kHz) |
2714A (0.015 mm) | Amorphous | 0.57 | 0.2 | 170,000 | 225 | 142 | 91.1 (0.5 T,20 kHz) 303.6 (0.2 T,100 kHz) |
FeCuNbSiB (0.018 mm) | Nanocrystalline | 1.24 | 0.53 | 157,000 | 843 | 120 | 15.4 (0.2 T,100 kHz) 280 (0.2 T,100 kHz) |
Items | PC95 (Mn-Zn Ferrite) | Finemet (Nanocrystalline) |
---|---|---|
Magnetic Saturation limit | 0.53 T | 1.24 T |
Mechanical Properties | Brittleness | Flexibility |
Additional Eddy Loss | Low | Slight High |
Core Loss | 280 (0.2 T,100 kHz) | 280 (0.2 T,100 kHz) |
Core Weight | 2.8 kg (5 mm) | 2 kg (3 mm) |
Cost | ≈14 USD/kg | ≈40 USD/kg |
Coupling Performance | Good | Accepatable (Slight Weak) |
Shelding Performance | Good | Accepatable (Slight Weak) |
Standards | Frequency Range | Electric Field Strength (V/m) | Electric Field Strength (A/m) | Magnetic Flux Density (μT) |
---|---|---|---|---|
ICNIRP 1998 | 3 kHz~150 kHz | 87 | 5 | 6.25 |
0.15 MHz~1 MHz | 87 | 0.73/f | 0.92/f | |
1 MHz~10 MHz | 87/f1/2 | 0.73/f | 0.92/f | |
ICNIRP 2010 | 3 kHz~10 MHz | 83 | 21 | 27 |
IEEE C95.1 2005 | 0.1 MHz~1.34 MHz | 614 | 16.3/f | - |
1.34 MHz~3 MHz | 823.8/f | 16.3/f | - | |
3 MHz~30 MHz | 823.8/f | 16.3/f | - |
Categories | Shielding Structure | Reference | Applicability | Potential Shortcomings |
---|---|---|---|---|
Passive shielding | magnetic field shielding | [52,187,251,255] | Medium and low frequency and power level | Insufficient shielding effect |
electric field shielding | [256,257,258] | Medium and low frequency and power level | Additional eddy loss | |
Metamaterials shielding | [259,260,261,262,263] | High frequency | Structure and frequency limitations | |
Reactive resonance shielding | Reactive resonance coils | [241,264,265] | Medium and high frequency | Additional coils and compensators |
Active shielding | Active coils | [266,267,268] | Focused areas of MC | Complex structure and large size |
Combined shielding | Magnetic core + Aluminum plate | [269,270] | Medium and high frequency and power level | Generally acceptable |
Reactive resonance coils + Active coils | [271,272] | Multi-degree of freedom and open MC | Complex structure and large size |
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Wang, D.; Zhang, J.; Cui, S.; Bie, Z.; Song, K.; Zhu, C.; Matveevich, M.I. Modern Advances in Magnetic Materials of Wireless Power Transfer Systems: A Review and New Perspectives. Nanomaterials 2022, 12, 3662. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12203662
Wang D, Zhang J, Cui S, Bie Z, Song K, Zhu C, Matveevich MI. Modern Advances in Magnetic Materials of Wireless Power Transfer Systems: A Review and New Perspectives. Nanomaterials. 2022; 12(20):3662. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12203662
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, De’an, Jiantao Zhang, Shumei Cui, Zhi Bie, Kai Song, Chunbo Zhu, and Milyaev Igor Matveevich. 2022. "Modern Advances in Magnetic Materials of Wireless Power Transfer Systems: A Review and New Perspectives" Nanomaterials 12, no. 20: 3662. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12203662