Synthesis and Characterization of 1,10-Phenanthroline-mono-N-oxides

Abstract

N-oxides of N-heteroaromatic compounds find widespread applications in various fields of chemistry. Although the strictly planar aromatic structure of 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) is expected to induce unique features of the corresponding N-oxides, so far the potential of these compounds has not been explored. In fact, appropriate procedure has not been reported for synthesizing these derivatives of phen. Now, we provide a straightforward method for the synthesis of a series of mono-N-oxides of 1,10-phenanthrolines. The parent compounds were oxidized by a green oxidant, peroxomonosulfate ion in acidic aqueous solution. The products were obtained in high quality and at good to excellent yields. A systematic study reveals a clear-cut correlation between the basicity of the compounds and the electronic effects of the substituents on the aromatic ring. The UV spectra of these compounds were predicted by DFT calculations at the TD-DFT/TPSSh/def2-TZVP level of theory.

1. Introduction

N-oxides of heterocycles are of great importance due to their widespread applicability, including, but not limited to, manufacturing chirality chemosensors [1], oxidizing agents in annulation reactions [2], intramolecular oxidants in Baeyer–Villiger reaction of ketones [3], directing group and source of oxygen atom in sulfonylation reactions [4], phase-transfer catalysts in enantioselective transformations [5], starting materials in C-C bond forming processes [6,7,8,9], or in the synthesis of 2-aminopyridines [10] and N-azine sulfoximines [11]. Recently published papers have discussed the cycloaddition reactions of N-oxides [12], their photochemistry [13,14] and their applications in organocatalysis [15,16,17]. Within this family of compounds, only limited information is available on 1,10-phenanthroline-1-N-oxide (phenO) and its derivatives. A few metal complexes of phenO have been synthesized in solid phase since the 1970s, but the detailed characterization of these compounds is not available [18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28]. Recent results show that platinum(II) complexes of phenO have broad potential as oxygen atom transfer reagents because of their ability to activate the N–O bond [29].

The N-oxidation of 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) has been studied since the 1940s [30]. It was shown that the use of H₂O₂ or its derivatives such as H₂O₂ in glacial acetic acid (where the active oxidant is most likely peracetic acid) [31,32,33] or the adduct between H₂O₂ and urea (known as UHP) [34] results in phenO. Earlier, an unsuccessful effort was made to obtain phenO₂ by refluxing phen for 2 days in 90% hydrogen peroxide, glacial acetic acid, and concentrated sulfuric acid, where Caro’s acid (peroxomonosulfuric acid, H₂SO₅) is the dominant form of the oxidant [33]. A plausible reason behind the fruitless synthesis under such conditions was the use of inappropriate pH. Up to now, two successful methods have been reported in the literature that yield the di-N-oxide of phen (phenO₂): one applies elemental fluorine as an oxidant [35], while the other one uses peroxomonosulfate ion (PMS) in aqueous solution under neutral conditions [36].

Recently, we have shown that the pH plays an important role in the kinetics of the oxidation of phen and its derivatives by PMS [36,37]. In acidic solutions, the relatively slow oxidation reaction follows net second-order kinetics with 1:1 stoichiometry of the reactants, and the reaction yields only mono-N-oxide. The sluggishness of the reaction is due to the protonation of the substrate which hinders the oxidative attack on the nitrogen atoms. Under such conditions, the product is also present in protonated form (HphenO⁺) featuring a strong intramolecular hydrogen bond. This prevents the oxidation of the second nitrogen atom, i.e., the formation of the corresponding di-N-oxide. This pH-dependence offers a simple way for the synthesis of mono-N-oxides of phen derivatives under relatively mild conditions and without the interference of the formation of the di-N-oxides.

Apart from phenO, only the preparation of 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline-1-N-oxide (DMPO) was reported earlier in the literature [38]. Now, we report the synthesis and full characterization of a series of N-oxides obtained from phen derivatives (Figure 1,

Table 1. The phen derivatives used in this study.

Name	Abbrev.	R2	R3	R4	R5	R6	R7	R8	R9
1,10-phenanthroline	phen	H	H	H	H	H	H	H	H
4-methyl-1,10-phenanthroline	4MP	H	H	Me	H	H	H	H	H
5-methyl-1,10-phenanthroline	5MP	H	H	H	Me	H	H	H	H
2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline	DMP	Me	H	H	H	H	H	H	Me
3,4,7,8-tetramethyl-1,10-phenanthroline	TMP	H	Me	Me	H	H	Me	Me	H
5-nitro-1,10-phenanthroline	5NP	H	H	H	NO2	H	H	H	H
5-chloro-1,10-phenanthroline	5CP	H	H	H	Cl	H	H	H	H

). The rigid N-heteroaromatic ring structure is a specific feature of these compounds which may lead the way for unique applications in the fields mentioned above. The main objective of this study is to prepare the corresponding N-oxides for further studies to explore these possibilities.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Synthesis of the N-oxides

On the basis of our earlier kinetic results [36,37], we developed a synthetic method to obtain solely the mono-N-oxides of 1,10-phenanthroline derivatives by avoiding the further oxidation of the primary products. We have shown earlier that the rate of the oxidation increases significantly by increasing the pH, and various oxidation products are formed in the excess of Oxone at neutral pH. Furthermore, phen is not converted solely into phenO, even when one equivalent of PMS is used under neutral conditions [36]. The spent reaction mixture contains approximately 10–15% of phen, 70–75% of phenO and 10–15% of phenO₂. Thus, the most important prerequisite of the selective synthesis of phenO is the use of appropriate pH, i.e., as long as the mono-N-oxide is in the protonated form, the di-N-oxidation does not take place.

Oxone itself is acidic due to its KHSO₄ content, but ~0.015 M H₂SO₄ was also added to the reaction mixtures to provide required acidic conditions for controlled oxidation. Oxone was used in less than 10% excess over the substrate. While increased concentration of the oxidant would have reduced the reaction time significantly, such conditions were not used in order to avoid complications during further steps of the preparative process. A systematic study of the temperature dependence of the oxidation rates revealed that the reactions proceed more than an order of magnitude faster above 60 °C than at room temperature. However, it was reported earlier that temperatures above 70 °C may result in the opening of the middle ring of the substrate [38]. Thus, the oxidation was performed at 60 °C by strictly controlling the temperature. The progress of the reaction was monitored by analyzing the reaction mixture for the substrate and the product by the HPLC method. In the HPLC chromatograms of the spent reaction mixtures, the characteristic peak of the substrate was absent, and only one intense new peak appeared, which was assigned to the product (Figure S1, in the Supplementary Materials). The quantitative (more than 99 %) conversion of the substrates into the corresponding mono-N-oxides was also confirmed by conventional 1D ¹H and ¹³C NMR measurements, 2D correlation (¹H-¹H and ¹H-¹³C) techniques, and mass spectrometry (Figures S2–S58). The chemical shifts are listed in the Supplementary Materials. The results are in excellent agreement with the data reported for phenO [29] and DMPO [38].

The time required for complete consumption of the substrate varied between 2 and 38 h (

Table 2. Synthesis of 1,10-phenanthroline-mono-N-oxides.

Product a	Reaction Time (h)	Yield (%)
phenO	3.5	86.6
DMPO	10.0	91.2
TMPO	2.0	88.1
5MPO and 6MPO	3.5	79.5
5NPO and 6NPO	9.5	92.1
5CPO and 6CPO	38.0	87.2
4MPO and 7MPO	3.5	82.5

^a: phenO, DMPO, TMPO, 5MPO, 6MPO, 5NPO, 6NPO, 5CPO, 6CPO, 4MPO and 7MPO stand for the 1,10-phenanthroline-, 2,9-dimethyl-, 3,4,7,8-tetramethyl-, 5-methyl-, 6-methyl-, 5-nitro-, 6-nitro-, 5-chloro-, 6-chloro-, 4-methyl- and 7-methyl-1,10-phenanthroline-1-N-oxide, respectively.

) depending on the substituents on phen. In order to obtain solid products, an aliquot of 2 M NaOH solution was added to the reaction mixture to set the pH between 9 and 10. Due to the pH change, the color of the solution turned into deep orange. Subsequently, the reaction mixture was extracted with appropriate amount of chloroform. Finally, the organic solvent was removed in a vacuum rotational evaporator. The color of the final products varied between yellow and purple depending on the substituent. The hydration of these dry materials led to a brownish color change.

The desired products were obtained from good to excellent yields (Table 2). When isomer N-oxides are formed, the yield of the product is given before separation of the isomers. As indicated in our previous paper [37], the 5MPO-6MPO, 5NPO-6NPO and 5CPO-6CPO isomer pairs form in about a 1:1 ratio, while 3 times more 4MPO is produced than 7MPO in the oxidation of 4MP. Finally, the isomers were separated by preparative HPLC method.

2.2. The Acid Dissociation Constants of Substituted Mono-N-oxide Derivatives

Proper characterization of the acid-base properties of the synthetized N-heteroaromatic compounds are of great significance for various reasons. These features have crucial implications in the coordination and redox chemistry of these compounds, as well as in their practical applications. Furthermore, the pK_a-s of these compounds are also important regarding the synthesis of mono-N-oxides, because they need to be in protonated form during the oxidation of the parent compounds in order to avoid the formation of further oxidation products. In contrast, the sufficient extraction of the products from aqueous solution by organic solvents requires that they are present mainly in deprotonated (neutral) form.

The acid dissociation constants of the phenanthrolinium ion (Equation (1)) of phenO-s were determined by one of the methods discussed in the subsequent paragraphs.

$${\mathrm{HL}}^{+} \rightleftharpoons \mathrm{L}+{\mathrm{H}}^{+} {\mathrm{K}}_{\mathrm{a}}=\frac{\left[\mathrm{L}\right]\left[{\mathrm{H}}^{+}\right]}{\left[{\mathrm{LH}}^{+}\right]}$$

(1)

where L denotes the N-oxide.

When the solubility of the substrate was sufficiently high, standard pH-potentiometric titration was performed as described earlier [39]. The relatively small solubility of TMPO and DMPO at 25.0 °C prevented the use of pH-potentiometric titration, and a combined pH-potentiometric and spectrophotometric method was used, where the UV-Vis spectra of the samples were recorded as a function of pH (Figure 2) [40].

The compounds reported here typically feature intense absorption bands in the UV region with ε = 20,000–30,000 M⁻¹cm⁻¹. Thus, reliable spectrophotometric measurements are feasible in their dilute solutions at concentration levels as low as ~10–100 μM. Acidified solutions of L (ionic strength is set to the desired value) were titrated with standardized NaOH solution and the pH and the spectra were recorded. The absorbance data at 4–5 wavelengths were fitted simultaneously to Equation (2) (Figure 2).

$$A=\frac{{\epsilon }_{\mathrm{HL}}\left[{\mathrm{H}}^{+}\right]+{\epsilon }_{\mathrm{L}}{K}_{\mathrm{a}}}{\left[{\mathrm{H}}^{+}\right]+K_{\mathrm{a}}}{c}_{\mathrm{tot}}$$

(2)

where A is the absorbance measured at a given [H]⁺ and wavelength (λ), ε_HL and ε_L are the molar absorption coefficients for the protonated and deprotonated forms at λ, K_a is the acid dissociation constant and c_tot is the analytical concentration of the substrate.

In several cases, the N-oxidation of the substrate yields structural isomers of very similar basicity. The pH-potentiometric and spectrophotometric methods are not suitable to simultaneously determine the corresponding pK_a-s without separation of these compounds because the protolytic equilibria strongly overlap. In such a situation, ¹H NMR spectra were recorded in the solutions of the unseparated isomers. The chemical shifts of the NMR peaks of each isomer were selectively followed as a function of pH and used for calculating the pK_a-s. As an example, the pH dependent ¹H NMR spectra of the 4MPO-7MPO system (the isomer oxidation products of 4MP) are shown in Figure 3A. Each isomer has 7 chemically inequivalent aromatic and 3 equivalent methyl protons. The assignment of the aromatic proton peaks corresponds to Figure 1. (pH-dependent ¹H NMR spectra of the 5CPO-6CPO, 5NPO-6NPO, 5MPO-6MPO pairs are reported in Figures S59–S61.). The goodness of the fit is demonstrated in Figure 3B, where the relative chemical shift (Equation (3)) is plotted as a function of pH.

$${\delta }_{\mathrm{rel}}=\frac{{\delta }_{\mathrm{pH}}–{\delta }_{\mathrm{L}}}{{\delta }_{\mathrm{HL}}–{\delta }_{\mathrm{L}}}$$

(3)

Some of the peaks overlap at a specific pH and cannot be used for calculating the pK_a-s. Finally, the chemical shifts of three 4MPO (methyl, A2, A9) peaks, as well as three 7MPO (methyl, B2, B9) peaks, were fitted simultaneously to Equation (4).

$$\delta =\frac{{\delta }_{\mathrm{HL}}{[\mathrm{H}]}^{+}+{\delta }_{\mathrm{L}}{K}_{\mathrm{a}}}{\left[{\mathrm{H}}^{+}\right]+K_{\mathrm{a}}}$$

(4)

where δ is the chemical shift measured at a given [H⁺], δ_HL and δ_L are the chemical shifts for the protonated and deprotonated forms.

The identical pH patterns of the chemical shifts of the peaks of the given isomer also corroborate the peak assignments of the ¹H NMR spectra.

The calculated pK_a-s are listed in

Table 3. Acid dissociation constants of the phen derivatives.

Compound	pKa	Substrate	pKa
phen	5.12 a
phenO	7.10 ± 0.02 b
DMP	5.96 a
DMPO	8.83 ± 0.02 c
TMP	6.53 a
TMPO	9.03 ± 0.03 b
5MP	5.28 a
5MPO	7.40 ± 0.02 d	6MPO	7.50 ± 0.03 d
4MP	5.75 a
4MPO	7.36 ± 0.03 d	7MPO	7.85 ± 0.02 d
5CP	4.51 a
5CPO	6.40 ± 0.02 d	6CPO	6.14 ± 0.03 d
5NP	3.46 a
5NPO	5.41 ± 0.04 d	6NPO	5.27 ± 0.03 d

^a: Data are taken from Ref. [37]; ^b: by standard pH-potentiometric titration, T = 25.0 °C, I = 1.00 M (NaNO₃); ^c: by combined pH-potentiometric and UV-vis titration, T = 25.0 °C, I = 1.00 M (NaCl).^d: by ¹H NMR titration, T = 25.0 °C, I = 0.10 M (NaCl).

. Basicity data for phenO-s have not been reported before.

The comparison of the data in Table 3 reveals that phen and its derivatives are significantly (typically about 1.5 to 2.5 pK_a units) stronger acids than the corresponding mono-N-oxides. In our recent study, we reported unequivocal evidence for the formation of a strong intramolecular hydrogen bond in HphenO⁺ where the NH⁺ proton partially bonds to the NO oxygen and a six-membered ring forms [36]. This structure stabilizes the protonated species and reduces the driving force of the acid dissociation.

The interpretation of the trends in the pK_a-s for both sets of the 5-substituted compounds (phen-s and phenO-s) is straightforward when the electronic effects of the substituents are considered. Electron withdrawing groups (EWG); such as -NO₂, -Cl, reduce the electron density of the aromatic rings and make the molecule more acidic, while an electron donating group (EDG; methyl in our case) decreases the acid strength compared to the non-substituted molecules (phen and phenO).

The distance of the substituent from the protonation site is also a key factor in these compounds. In the N-oxides, the protonation center is the unoxidized nitrogen atom. The closer of the substituent is to the unoxidized nitrogen atom the bigger its electronic contribution to the pK_a. Pairwise comparison of the acidities of the corresponding derivatives clearly demonstrates this effect: pK_a(6CPO) < pK_a(5CPO); pK_a(6NPO) < pK_a(5NPO); and pK_a(4MPO) < pK_a(5MPO) < pK_a(6MPO) < pK_a(7MPO).

Finally, the same reasoning is valid when the acidities of the mono-, di- and tetramethyl derivatives are compared. The pK_a increases in both series when the number of the electron donating methyl groups is increased.

pK_a(phen) < pK_a(4MP)/pK_a(5MP) < pK_a(DMP) < pK_a(TMP)

and pK_a(phenO) < pK_a(4MPO)/pK_a(5MPO) < pK_a(DMPO) < pK_a(TMPO)

2.3. X-ray Structures of 1,10-Phenanthroline-1-N-oxide Derivatives

The structures of three new 1,10-phenanthroline-mono-N-oxide derivatives were analyzed by X-ray diffractometry. Good quality crystals of 5CPO×H₂O and 6CPO×H₂O were obtained from their concentrated non-anhydrous methanolic solutions. Both derivatives crystallize in the monoclinic P2₁/c space group. The corresponding structures are shown in Figures S62–S65 and the most important bond lengths are listed in

Table 4. The most important bond lengths (Å) of 5CPO×H₂O, 6CPO×H₂O and 6CPO.

	5CPO×H2O	6CPO×H2O	6CPO	JAJBAX a	AZASEB b
N1-O1	1.297(4)	1.306(2)	1.284(3)	1.284	1.320
C-Cl	1.738(4)	1.745(2)	1.740(2)	–	–
O1-O2W	2.870(4)	2.863(2)	–	2.747	2.819
N-O2W	3.012(5)	2.979(3)	–	3.479	2.836
plate-plate	3.494	3.392		6.667	3.358

^a 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline-1-N-oxide. Data are taken from Ref. [38]. ^b 4,10-phenanthroline-4-N-oxide. Data are taken from Ref. [41].

(further crystallographic data are listed in Tables S1–S10, in the Supplementary Materials).

The N–O bond distances in 5CPO×H₂O and 6CPO×H₂O (1.294(4) Å, 1.306(2) Å, respectively) compare well with the average of N–O distances observed in other 1,10-phenanthroline-mono-N-oxides. [38,41] The chemical occupancies of the oxygen atoms 1 (100%) are consistent with the formation of mono-N-oxides. In both cases, the 15 atoms of the ring system are essentially located in one plane, so the N-oxidation does not lead to the distortion of the planar aromatic structure of the 1,10-phenanthroline backbone. The asymmetric units of the two compounds contain one water molecule as a solvent which links the polar fragments (Figures S66–S69). The organic molecules are layered at a distance of 3.494 Å and 3.392 Å, respectively. The parallel packing structures of these compounds are stabilized by the stacking interactions between the aromatic rings and the hydrogen bond network (Tables S4 and S7), as shown in Figure 4.

The 6CPO isomer was also crystallized from chloroform by slow evaporation. In this case, crystals of the orthorhombic Pbca space group were obtained and the asymmetric unit contains only the mono-N-oxide (Figures S64 and S70). As expected, the molecular structures of 6CPO and 6CPO×H₂O are very similar, although the N–O distance is somewhat shorter in 6CPO, 2.284(3) Å.

In the case of 5CPO, 6CPO and 6CPOw, the calculated distortion angle between N1, C10B, C10A and N10 (3.3(5)°, 0.9(3)° and 0.5(3)°, respectively) practically indicates planar geometry.

TMPO was crystallized from non-anhydrous methanolic solution but the diffraction pattern of the crystals is weak. A number of data sets were also collected but in the case of the best sets the R₁ and wR₂ are 9.81% and 30.92%. While this prevented the determination of the exact bond lengths, the connectivities of TMPO are clearly established and are in good agreement with the results of the ¹H-, ¹³C-NMR data (Figure S65).

TMPO crystallizes in the triclinic crystal system $\overline{P}1$ space group (as 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline-1-N-oxide dihydrate [38]), the asymmetric unit contains two mono-N-oxides linked by hydrogen network of four water molecules as shown in Figure 5 and Figures S71 and S72.

2.4. DFT Calculations

In order to elucidate the electronic absorption spectra and the nature of the electronic transitions of the N-oxides, DFT and TD-DFT calculations were performed (Cartesian coordinates are reported in Tables S11–S21). The comparison of all calculated data (using different functionals) with the experimental spectra revealed that the 10% exact exchange as represented by the TPSSh functional combined with the triple-ζ def2-TZVP basis set provides the best prediction of the UV-Vis spectra of these compounds. The experimental and calculated spectra are compared for phenO in Figure 6 (spectra for the other phenO-s are shown in Figures S73–S80).

All spectra exhibit three or four characteristic absorption bands in the 200–400 nm wavelength range (Table S22). The most intensive band at 260–280 nm features the superposition of two transitions, which are due to a combination of excitations from occupied MOs with π_arom character. The absorptions are mainly associated with the π-π* transitions of the aromatic system and the oscillator strengths are consistent with the experimental values of molar absorptivities. It is also noticeable, that neither the electron donating nor the electron withdrawing groups have significant effects on the energy of the main transition. This also confirms that the excitation is associated with the MOs bearing aromatic character.

The ¹H NMR chemical shifts of phenO were calculated by using the GIAO approach. The experimental and the predicted parameters are in excellent agreement (Figure 7).

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. General Information

All reagents and solvents were of analytical grade and were used as received from commercial sources. All the studied phen-s are commercially available (Aldrich) and were used without further purification. Potassium peroxomonosulfate is available as a stable triple salt, a brand named Oxone (2KHSO₅·KHSO₄·K₂SO₄, Aldrich) and the solid was added directly to the reaction mixtures during the synthesis of the N-oxides.

UV-Vis spectra were recorded on scanning spectrophotometers (Shimadzu UV-1800, Shimadzu, Duisburg, Germany) at a constant temperature maintained by the use of thermostats attached to the instruments. All measurements were performed at 25.0 ± 0.1 °C. Standard 1.000 cm quartz cuvettes were used.

The pH-metric and iodometric measurements were performed with a Metrohm 785 DMP Titrino (Metrohm Magyarország, Budapest, Hungary) automatic titrator equipped with 6.0262.100 and 6.0451.100 combined electrodes, respectively. The pH-electrode was calibrated by two buffers according to IUPAC recommendations [42]. The pH readings were converted to hydrogen ion concentration, as described by Irving et al. [43]. The acid-base equilibria of the N-oxides were studied by various methods: standard pH-potentiometric titration, combined pH-potentiometric and UV-vis spectrophotometric method or combined pH-potentiometric and ¹H NMR technique.

ESI-TOF-MS measurements were made with a Bruker maXis II MicroTOF-Q type Qq-TOF-MS instrument (Bruker Daltonik, Bremen, Germany) in positive mode. The instrument was equipped with an electrospray ion source where the spray voltage was 4 kV. N₂ was utilized as a drying gas and the drying temperature was 200 °C. The spectra were accumulated and recorded using a digitalizer at a sampling rate of 2 GHz. The mass spectra were calibrated externally using the exact masses of the clusters generated from the electrosprayed solution of sodium trifluoroacetate (NaTFA). The spectra were analyzed with the DataAnalysis 4.4 software from Bruker.

1D ¹H, ¹³C and 2D (¹H–¹H COSY, and ¹H–¹³C HSQC, HMBC) NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker Avance I 400 spectrometer ((Bruker Daltonik, Bremen, Germany) equipped a BB inverse z gradient probe at 298 K in CDCl₃ solution with TMS, as an internal standard (δ = 0 ppm). The COSY spectrum of phenO was obtained at 400 Hz in D₂O solution with TMS, too. In the combined pH-potentiometric and ¹H NMR method, the spectra were measured at 400 MHz. The solutions were prepared in H₂O, and DSS (4,4-dimethyl-4-silapentane-1-sulfonic acid) in D₂O was added to the sample in a capillary as an external standard for ¹H (0 ppm). The ¹H NMR spectra were recorded by using the standard watergate pulse sequence for the suppression of water proton signal. In each experiment, 32 scans were collected with 16K data points using a sweep width of 5995 Hz, a pulse angle of 90°, an acquisition time of 1.366 s, and a relaxation delay of 1 s. The HSQC spectra were collected by using gradient pulses in the z direction with the standard Bruker pulse sequence.

The isomer N-oxides were separated by a YL 9100 preparative HPLC system equipped with a YL 9120S UV/Vis detector and using Phenomenex Luna C18 column Nr 429545-1.

Non-linear least squares fittings of the different types of titration curves were performed with the software Scientist [44].

The ionic strength was kept constant by using appropriate amounts of sodium nitrate or sodium chloride in all experiments.

3.2. The Preparation of 1,10-Phenanthroline-1-N-oxides

A ~15 mM aqueous solution of the organic substrate was prepared. Small amounts of sulfuric acid were added to the solution to increase the solubility of the substrate and to provide slightly acidic conditions (pH ~ 2), which prevents di-N-oxidation. About 1.1-1.2 equivalent of solid PMS was added and the mixture was stirred at 60 °C for 2–38 h. After complete conversion, the reaction mixture was neutralized by adding NaOH solution and the pH was set about 3–3.5 pH unit above the pK_a of the initial phen derivative to ensure that the produced N-oxide completely deprotonates. After repeated extraction with CHCl₃ (10 mL × 3 times), the combined organic extract was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. In the case of non-symmetrical initial phen derivatives, the oxidation results in the formation of structurally isomer mono-N-oxides. The isomers were separated by preparative HPLC. The separated fractions were concentrated to 1/10 of the initial volume, extracted by CHCl₃, the extract was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure.

1,10-phenanthroline-1-N-oxide (phenO). 1,10-Phenanthroline (phen) (150.26 mg, 0.758 mmol) was dissolved in water under acidic conditions (30 mL H₂O, 200 μL 2 M H₂SO₄, pH < 2) and was reacted with potassium peroxomonosulfate (PMS) (276.95 mg, 0.778 mmol). The general procedure was followed and yellowish-brown solid was obtained (128.91 mg, 0.65 mmol, yield 86.6%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃, 25 °C, TMS) δ (ppm): 7.35 (dd, J = 6.5, 1.4 Hz, 1H, 8), 7.55 (dd, J = 8.0, 4.5 Hz, 1H, 3), 7.62 (m, 1H, 7), 7.66 (m, 1H, 5), 7.68 (m, 1H, 6), 8.11 (dd, J = 8.0, 1.4 Hz 1H, 4), 8.62 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 1H, 9), 9.19 (dd, J = 4.5, 1.5 Hz, 1H, 2). ¹³C NMR (100.6 MHz, CDCl₃, 25°C, TMS) δ (ppm): 121.8 (C8), 122.1 (C3), 123.8 (C7), 125.4 (C6), 127.9 (C4A), 128.0 (C5), 132.2 (C6A), 134.9(C4), 137.1 (C10A), 139.6 (C9), 141.4 (C10B), 148.8 (C2). ESI-MS calculated (calcd.) for C₁₂H₉N₂O⁺ [M+H]⁺ = 197.0709, found 197.0712.

2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline-1-N-oxide (DMPO). 2,9-Dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (DMP) (100.7 mg, 0.484 mmol) was dissolved in water under acidic conditions (30 mL H₂O, 100 μL 2 M H₂SO₄, pH < 2) and was reacted with PMS (177.0 mg, 0.500 mmol). The general procedure was followed, and dark purple solid was obtained (91.0 mg, 0.406 mmol, yield 83.91%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃, 25 °C, TMS) δ (ppm): 2.69 (s, 3H, 2), 2.86 (s, 3H, 9), 7.42 (d, J = 3.0 Hz, 1H, 7), 7.43 (d, J = 3.0 Hz, 1H, 4), 7.54 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H, 8), 7.58 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H, 6), 7.62 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H, 5), 8.02 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H, 3). ¹³C NMR (100.6 MHz, CDCl₃, 25 °C, TMS) δ (ppm): 18.5 (–CH₃(9)), 25.0 (–CH₃(2)), 122.4 (C7), 122.6 (C4), 123.0 (C8), 124.5 (C6), 126.0 (C10A), 126.9 (C5), 130.8 (C6A), 134.9 (C3), 137.0 (C4A), 141.2 (C10B), 149.2 (C9A), 157.7 (C2A). ESI-MS calcd. for C₁₄H₁₃N₂O⁺ [M+H]⁺ = 225.1022, found 225.1025, calcd. for C₁₄H₁₂N₂ONa⁺ [M+Na]⁺ = 247.0842, found 247.0840.

3,4,7,8-tetramethyl-1,10-phenanthroline-1-N-oxide (TMPO). 3,4,7,8-Tetramethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (TMP) (150.12 mg, 0.635 mmol) was dissolved in water under acidic conditions (35 mL H₂O, 200 μL 2 M H₂SO₄, pH < 2) and was reacted with PMS (226.91 mg, 0.637 mmol). The general procedure was followed, and yellow solid was obtained (141.26 mg, 0.559 mmol, yield 88.1%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃, 25 °C, TMS) δ (ppm): 2.43 (s, 3H, 3), 2.53 (s, 3H, 4), 2.61 (s, 3H, 8), 2.67 (s, 3H, 7), 7.94 (d, J = 9.6 Hz, 1H, 6), 8.06 (d, J = 9.6 Hz, 1H, 5), 8.60 (s, 1H, 9), 9.02 (s, 1H, 2). ¹³C NMR (100.6 MHz, CDCl₃, 25 °C, TMS) δ (ppm): 14.8 (C11), 15.0 (C12), 17.7(C13, C14), 122.1 (C6), 124.5 (C5), 127.3 (C3), 130.9 (C6A), 131.2 (C4,C7), 131.6 (C4A), 136.8 (C8), 141.0 (C10A), 141.1 (C9), 141.4 (C10B), 151.0 (C2). ESI-MS calcd. for C₁₆H₁₇N₂O⁺ [M+H]⁺ = 253.1335, found 253.1335.

4-methyl-1,10-phenanthroline-1-N-oxide (4MPO) and 7-methyl-1,10-phenanthroline-1-N-oxide (7MPO). 4-Methyl-1,10-phenanthroline (4MP) (150.12 mg, 0.776 mmol) was dissolved in water under acidic conditions (30 mL H₂O, 100 μL 2 M H₂SO₄, pH < 2) and was reacted with PMS (275.38 mg, 0.773 mmol). The general procedure was followed and dark green solid was obtained (134.65 mg, 0.643 mmol, overall yield for the two isomers 82.8 %). The separation of the two isomers was achieved on Luna® Prep C18(2) (100 Å, 250 mm × 21.2 mm; 5 μm) column using isocratic elution with 16 % Na₂HPO₄ (5 mM in water): 76% NaH₂PO₄ (5 mM in water): 8% ACN solvent mixture as a mobile phase using 25 mL/min flow-rate.

4-methyl-1,10-phenanthroline-1-N-oxide (4MPO): HPLC t_R = 11.0 min. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, D₂O, 25 °C, TMS) δ (ppm): 3.01 (s, 3H, –CH₃), 8.01 (dd, J = 8.3, 6.4 Hz, 1H, 8), 8.15 (d, 1H, J = 9.3 Hz, 5), 8.20 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H, 3), 8.26 (d, J = 9.3 Hz, 1H, 6), 8.38 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H, 7), 8.87 (dd, J = 6.3, 0.7 Hz, 1H, 9), 9.00 (d, J = 5.8 Hz, 1H, 9). ¹³C NMR (100.6 MHz, D₂O, 25 °C, TMS) δ (ppm): 19.1 (–CH₃), 123.9 (C6), 125.7 (C8), 126.0 (C3), 127.9 (C6A), 128.3 (C5), 128.5 (C4), 131.2 (C4), 131.4 (C7), 132.1 (C10A), 139.6 (C9), 139.8 (C2), 157.1 (C10B). ESI-MS calcd. for C₁₃H₁₁N₂O⁺ [M+H]⁺ = 211.0866, found 211.0864, calcd. for C₁₃H₁₁N₂ONa⁺ [M+Na]⁺ = 233.0685 found 233.0681.

7-methyl-1,10-phenanthroline-1-N-oxide (7MPO): HPLC t_R = 15.9 min. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, D₂O, 25 °C, TMS) δ (ppm): 2.83 (s, 3H, –CH₃), 7.86 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 1H, 8), 8.25 (d, 1H, J = 9.3 Hz, 5), 8.30 (d, J = 9.3 Hz, 1H, 6), 8.37 (dd, J = 8.4, 5.5 Hz, 1H, 3), 8.78 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 1H, 9), 9.16 (dd, J = 8.5, 1.3 Hz, 1H, 4), 9.22 (dd, J = 5.6, 1.4 Hz, 1H, 2). ¹³C NMR (100.6 MHz, D₂O, 25°C, TMS) δ (ppm): 17.7 (–CH₃), 125.1 (C3), 125.3 (C6), 126.1 (C8), 127.1 (C5), 127.4 (C6A), 129.2 (C4A), 131.3 (C7), 132.7 (C10A), 138.4 (C9), 141.2 (C2), 142.2 (C10B), 144.4 (C4). ESI-MS calcd. for C₁₃H₁₁N₂O⁺ [M+H]⁺ = 211.0866, found 211.0865, calcd. for C₁₃H₁₁N₂ONa⁺ [M+Na]⁺ = 233.0685 found 233.0682.

5-methyl-1,10-phenanthroline-1-N-oxide (5MPO) and 6-methyl-1,10-phenanthroline-N-oxide (6MPO).5-Methyl-1,10-phenanthroline (5MP) (150.27 mg, 0.777 mmol) was dissolved in water under acidic conditions (35 mL H₂O, 200 μL 2 M H₂SO₄, pH < 2) and was reacted with PMS (279.60 mg, 0.785 mmol). The general procedure was followed, and pale brown solid was obtained (129.36 mg, 0.618 mmol, overall yield for the two isomers 79.5%). The preparative separation of the two isomers was achieved on Luna® Prep C18(2) (100 Å, 250 mm × 21.2 mm; 5 μm) column using isocratic elution with 35 v/v% Na₂HPO₄ (5 mM in water): 55 v/v% NaH₂PO₄ (5 mM in water):10 v/v% ACN solvent mixture as a mobile phase using 25 mL/min flow-rate.

5-methyl-1,10-fenantroline-1-N-oxide (5MPO): HPLC: t_R = 21.8 min. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, D₂O, 25 °C, TMS) δ (ppm): 2.48 (s, 3H, –CH₃), 7.55 (s, 1H, 6), 7.83 (dd, J = 8.6, 6.3 Hz, 1H, 8), 8.08 (dd, J = 8.3, 5.2 Hz, 1H, 3), 8.18 (dd, J = 8.6, 0.6 Hz, 1H, 7), 8.61 (dd, J = 8.3, 1.3 Hz, 1H, 4), 8.68 (dd, J = 6.3, 0.6 Hz, 1H, 9), 8.95 (dd, J = 5.3, 1.4 Hz, 1H, 2). ¹³C NMR (100.6 MHz, D₂O, 25°C, TMS) δ (ppm): 17.7 (–CH₃), 124.2 (C8), 124.4 (C3), 125.8 (C6), 126.8 (C7), 128.2 (C10B), 128.5 (C6A), 131.6 (C5), 131.7 (C4A), 135.4 (C10A), 138.5 (C2), 141.2 (C9), 141.5 (C4). ESI-MS calcd. for C₁₃H₁₁N₂O⁺ [M+H]⁺ = 211.0866, found 211.0868.

6-methyl-1,10-fenantroline-1-N-oxide (6MPO): HPLC: t_R = 24.5 min. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, D₂O, 25 °C, TMS) δ (ppm): 2.32 (s, 3H, –CH₃), 7.25 (s, 1H, 5), 7.64 (dd, J = 8.1, 6.3 Hz, 1H, 8), 7.77 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H, 7), 7.95 (dd, J = 8.4, 5.0 Hz, 1H, 3), 8.49 (d, J = 6.2 Hz, 1H, 9), 8.57 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H, 4), 8.87 (dd, J = 5.1, 0.9 Hz, 1H, 2). ¹³C NMR (100.6 MHz, D₂O, 25°C, TMS) δ (ppm): 16.7 (–CH₃), 123.7 (C3), 124.1 (C8), 125.5 (C5), 127.6 (C6A), 127.9 (C6), 129.0 (C7), 131.0 (C10A), 133.3 (C4A), 134.7 (C10B), 137.6 (C4), 138.0 (C9), 142.2 (C2). ESI-MS calcd. for C₁₃H₁₁N₂O⁺ [M+H]⁺ = 211.0866, found 211.0866.

5-chloro-1,10-phenanthroline-1-N-oxide (5CPO) and 6-chloro-1,10-phenanthroline-1-N-oxide (6CPO). 5-Chloro-1,10-phenanthroline (5CP) (100.1 mg, 0.430 mmol) was dissolved in water under acidic conditions (30 mL H₂O, 100 μL 3 M H₂SO₄, pH < 2) and was reacted with PMS (173 mg, 0.489 mmol). The general procedure was followed, and pale brown solid was obtained (86.5 mg, 0.375 mmol, overall yield for the two isomers 87.2%). The preparative separation of the two isomers was achieved on Luna® Prep C18(2) column (100 Å, 250 mm × 21.2 mm) using acetonitrile – 0.005 M citrate buffer (pH = 6.27) solvent mixture at 19/81 v/v ratio as a mobile phase with the flow-rate of 25 mL/min.

5-chloro-1,10-fenantroline-1-N-oxide (5CPO): HPLC: t_R = 11.4 min. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃, 25 °C, TMS) δ (ppm): 7.42 (t, J = 8.4, 6.9 Hz, 1H, 8), 7.60 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H, 7), 7.72 (dd, J = 8.4, 4.4 Hz, 1H, 3), 7.82 (s, 1H, 6), 8.66 (s, 2H, 4,9), 9.29 (d, J = 3.1 Hz, 1H, 2). ¹³C NMR (100.6 MHz, CDCl₃, 25 °C, TMS) δ (ppm): 122.5 (C8), 122.6 (C3, C7), 124.7 (C6), 125.7 (C6A), 131.3 (C5), 131.6 (C4A), 132.0 (C4), 136.3 (C10A), 140.1 (C9), 142.0 (C10B), 149.3 (C2). ESI-MS calcd. for C₁₂H₈N₂OCl⁺ [M+H]⁺ = 231.0320, found 231.0325, calcd. for C₁₂H₇N₂OClNa⁺ [M+Na]⁺ = 253.0139, found 253.0148.

6-chloro-1,10-fenantroline-1-N-oxide (6CPO): HPLC: t_R = 10.3 min. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ (ppm): 7.51 (dd, J = 8.3, 6.4 Hz, 1H, 8), 7.62 (dd, J = 8.0, 4.4 Hz, 1H, 3), 7.89 (s, 1H, 5), 8.10 (dd, J = 8.2, 1.4 Hz, 1H, 4), 8.17 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 7), 8.72 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 1H, 9), 9.24 (dd, J = 4.5, 1.6 Hz, 1H, 2). ¹³C NMR (100.6 MHz, CDCl₃, 25°C, TMS) δ (ppm): 120.4 (C7), 122.1 (C8), 122.8 (C3), 127.1 (C4A), 127.4 (C5), 128.6 (C6A), 130.3 (C6), 134.2 (C4), 138.1 (C10A), 140.4 (C9), 140.6 (C10B), 149.1 (C2). ESI-MS calcd. for C₁₂H₈N₂OCl⁺ [M+H]⁺ = 231.0320, found 231.0327, calcd. for C₁₂H₇N₂OClNa⁺ [M+Na]⁺ = 253.0139, found 231.0150.

5-nitro-1,10-phenanthroline-1-N-oxide (5NPO) and 6-nitro-1,10-phenanthroline-1-N-oxide (6NPO). 5-Nitro-1,10-phenanthroline (99.9 mg, 0.411 mmol) was dissolved in water under acidic conditions (30 mL H₂O, 100 μL 3 M H₂SO₄, pH < 2) and was reacted with PMS (164 mg, 0.463 mmol). The general procedure was followed, and orange solid was obtained (91.2 mg, 0.378 mmol, overall yield for the two isomers 92.1%). Eluent used for the separation of the isomers was as follows: 0.005 M acetic acid (the pH was adjusted to 5.12 by adding an appropriate amount of NaOH) and ACN solvent mixture at 90/10 v/v ratio. The preparative separation of the two isomers was achieved on Luna® Prep C18(2) column (100 Å, 250 mm × 21.2 mm) using 25 mL/min flow rate.

5-nitro-1,10-fenantroline-1-N-oxide (5NPO): HPLC: t_R = 14.9 min. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃, 25 °C, TMS) δ (ppm): 7.54 (dd, J = 8.0, 6.5 Hz, 1H, 8), 7.77 (dd, J = 8.6, 4.4 Hz, 1H, 3), 7.84 (d, J = 8 Hz, 1H, 7), 8.45 (s, 1H, 6), 8.78 (dd, J = 6.4, 0.5 Hz, 1H, 9), 8.82 (dd, J = 8.6, 1.6 Hz, 1H, 4), 9.33 (dd, J = 4.4, 1.6 Hz, 1H, 2). ¹³C NMR (100.6 MHz, CDCl₃, 25°C, TMS) δ (ppm): 119.5 (C6A), 123.2 (C8), 123.3 (C3), 123.5 (C6), 124.6 (C7), 129.3 (C4A), 130.7 (C4), 138.3 (C10B), 142.0 (C10A), 142.7 (C9), 144.9 (C5), 149.8 (C2). ESI-MS calcd. for C₁₂H₈N₃O₃⁺ [M+H]⁺ = 242.0561, found 242.0560, calcd. for C₁₂H₇N₃O₃Na⁺ [M+Na]⁺ = 264.0380, found 264.0380.

6-nitro-1,10-fenantroline-1-N-oxide (6NPO): HPLC: t_R = 13.4 min. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, D₂O (+NaOD), 25 °C, TMS) δ (ppm): 6.01 (s, 1H, 5), 7.53 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 1H, 8), 7.57 (dd, J = 8.2, 4.7 Hz, 1H, 3), 7.74 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H, 7), 8.31 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 1H, 9), 8.58 (dd, J = 4.8, 1.0 Hz, 1H, 4), 8.81 (dd, J = 8.5, 1 Hz, 1H, 2). ¹³C NMR (100.6 MHz, D₂O (+NaOD), 25°C, TMS) δ (ppm): 66.0 (C5), 121.2 (C6A), 123.6 (C3), 124.9 (C8), 127.6 (C4A), 129.4 (C7), 136.6 (C2), 138.9 (C10B), 139.0 (C9), 141.8 (C10A), 142.3 (C6), 145.7 (C4). ESI-MS calcd. for C₁₂H₈N₃O₃⁺ [M+H]⁺ = 242.0565, found 242.0560, calcd. for C₁₂H₇N₃O₃Na⁺ [M+Na]⁺ = 264.0389, found 264.0380.

3.3. X-ray Structures of 1,10-Phenatroline-1-N-oxide Derivatives

Suitable single crystals of 1,10-phenatroline-1-N-oxide derivatives were mounted on the Mitegen loops with oil. Data sets were collected at 100 K or room temperature on a Bruker D8 Venture (SC-XRD) diffractometer (Bruker Daltonik, Bremen, Germany) system using INCOATEC IμS 3.0 dual (Mo, Cu) sealed tube microsources (Mo-Kα irradiation (λ = 0.71073 Å) was applied for all measurements). and Photon II Charge-integrating Pixel Array detector. Bruker APEX3 software was applied to collect and made the absorption correction using the MULTI-SCAN method and integration of the data sets [45]. The structures were solved by the direct method using SHELXT [46] and refined on F² data using full matrix least-squares by SHELXL [47], were managed with OLEX² [48] and WinGX software suites [49]. All non-hydrogen atoms were refined anisotropically. All hydrogens were included in the model at geometrically calculated positions and refined using the riding model. OH (water) hydrogens were located on the difference electron density map.

The optimized structures of the compounds were analyzed using PLATON [50]; publication materials were prepared with the Mercury CSD-4.3.0 [51] and OLEX² software.

The crystallographic data for all compounds were deposited in the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre (CCDC) with the No. CCDC 2075043, 2075044, 2075045, 2075046.

3.4. DFT and TD-DFT Calculations

The ground state geometry optimization of the protonated N-oxides was computed through Gaussian 09 Rev. C.01 [52] software at DFT level of theory using the hybrid B3P86 functional and the triple-ζ def2-TZVP basis set [53]. In all cases, the polarizable continuum model (PCM) for water was used to take into account the effect of the solvent [54]. Harmonic frequency calculations were computed at the same level of theory for the ground state compounds which represented true minima on the potential energy surface (PES).

The electronic transitions were calculated at TD-DFT level of theory using PCM for water. Ten functionals were tested which are as follows: functionals based on the generalized gradient approximations (GGA) including CAM-B3LYP [55], ω-B97x-D [56], HSE06 [57], BH&HLYP [52]; the meta GGA functionals TPSSh [58], M06 [59], M06-2X [59], tHCTH [60] and the pure BLYP [61] and TPSS functionals [58]. All of them were combined with the def2-TZVP basis set. The molecular orbitals involved in the transitions were simulated through Mulliken population analysis at TPSSh/def2-TZVP level of theory. The representation of the UV-Vis spectra was generated using the GaussSum software [62].

4. Conclusions

The oxidation of substituted phen derivatives by PMS yields only the corresponding mono-N-oxides under acidic conditions because the intramolecular hydrogen bond involving the un-oxidized N and the N–O moiety inhibits further oxidation of the primary product. This resistance towards di-N-oxidation was utilized for the synthesis of a series of phenO-s. The reaction conditions are mild, the procedure is simple and results in the mono-N-oxides with good to excellent yields. The very nature of these compounds is still to be explored. They may prove valuable as specific ligands in coordination chemistry, as new precursors of building blocks in material science, materials for altering surfaces in electrochemical processes, etc. Our ongoing studies have already been directed toward evaluating these aspects of the chemistry of mono-N-oxides of 1-10 phenanthroline.