Characterization of the Initial Fouling Layer on the Membrane Surface in a Membrane Bioreactor: Effects of Permeation Drag
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Setup and Operation
2.2. Contact Angle and Zeta Potential Analysis
2.3. EPS Extraction and Analysis
2.4. Surface Thermodynamics and XDLVO Approach
2.5. Others
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Composition and Content of EPS Fractions in the Initial Fouling Layer
3.2. Surficial Properties of Membrane and Initial Fouling Layer
3.3. Changes in the Interaction Energy during Membrane Fouling
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
surface tension parameter | |
interaction energy per unit area | |
interaction energy | |
AB | Lewis acid-base |
EL | electrostatic double layer |
LW | Lishitz-van der Waals |
Superscripts | |
tol | total |
+ | electron acceptor |
− | electron donor |
Subscripts | |
adh | adhesion between foulants and membrane |
coh | cohesion among foulants |
s | solid |
w | water |
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Parameter | Content |
---|---|
COD in influent (mg/L) | 212.18 ± 2.15 |
NH4+–N in influent (mg/L) | 19.10 ± 2.90 |
TP in influent (mg/L) | 5.72 ± 0.62 |
COD removal (%) | 92.84 ± 4.31 |
NH4+–N removal (%) | 92.04 ± 6.04 |
TP removal (%) | 19.19 ± 1.09 |
MLSS (mg/L) | 4.50 ± 0.27 |
MLVSS (mg/L) | 3.46 ± 0.13 |
MLVSS/MLSS(%) | 0.77 ± 0.01 |
Components | EPS Fractions | Content (mg/g SS) |
---|---|---|
eDNA | S-EPS | 0.65 ± 0.21 |
LB-EPS | 0.64 ± 0.28 | |
TB-EPS | 2.13 ± 0.54 | |
Protein | S-EPS | 2.27 ± 1.58 |
LB-EPS | 3.12 ± 0.46 | |
TB-EPS | 18.07 ± 2.23 | |
Polysaccharide | S-EPS | 2.24 ± 0.29 |
LB-EPS | 1.84 ± 0.44 | |
TB-EPS | 21.36 ± 1.16 |
Samples | Peak A | Peak B | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Ex/Em (nm) | Intensity (a.u.) | Ex/Em (nm) | Intensity (a.u.) | |
No flux | 280/345 | 108.80 | 235/340 | 23.86 |
Normal flux | 280/345 | 195.02 | 235/340 | 32.15 |
Materials | Contact Angle (°) | Zeta Potential (mV) b | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Water | Glycerol | Diiodomethane | ||
Virgin membrane | 58.86 ± 2.27 | 53.08 ± 1.17 | 20.69 ± 0.99 | −31.22 ± 0.13 |
Fouled membrane (no flux) | 72.51 ± 0.29 | 69.45 ± 1.24 | 38.79 ± 3.34 | −9.59 ± 1.68 |
Fouled membrane (normal flux) | 78.55 ± 4.39 | 70.32 ± 5.54 | 45.43 ± 0.99 | −15.59 ± 4.95 |
Sludge flocs | 78.32 ± 2.13 | 85.52 ± 1.39 | 57.59 ± 3.45 | −26.23 ± 1.73 |
Materials | (mJ/m2) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Virgin membrane | 45.86 | 0.13 | 17.45 | 2.98 | 48.84 | −25.22 |
Fouled membrane (no flux) | 40.21 | 0.02 | 13.26 | −0.95 | 39.26 | −34.77 |
Fouled membrane (normal flux) | 36.78 | 0.06 | 7.76 | 1.37 | 38.15 | −47.39 |
Sludge flocs | 29.96 | 0.67 | 19.57 | −7.24 | 22.72 | −15.98 |
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Wang, S.; Lu, X.; Zhang, L.; Guo, J.; Zhang, H. Characterization of the Initial Fouling Layer on the Membrane Surface in a Membrane Bioreactor: Effects of Permeation Drag. Membranes 2019, 9, 121. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes9090121
Wang S, Lu X, Zhang L, Guo J, Zhang H. Characterization of the Initial Fouling Layer on the Membrane Surface in a Membrane Bioreactor: Effects of Permeation Drag. Membranes. 2019; 9(9):121. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes9090121
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Shengli, Xin Lu, Lanhe Zhang, Jingbo Guo, and Haifeng Zhang. 2019. "Characterization of the Initial Fouling Layer on the Membrane Surface in a Membrane Bioreactor: Effects of Permeation Drag" Membranes 9, no. 9: 121. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes9090121