Preparation and Characterization of Expanded Clay-Paraffin Wax-Geo-Polymer Composite Material
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Materials Characterization
2.3. PCM Encapsulation
2.3.1. Immersion
2.3.2. Vacuum Impregnation
2.3.3. Coating
2.4. Testing of Thermal Stability
2.4.1. Weathering Test
2.4.2. Controlled Indoor Test
2.4.3. Diffusion-Oozing Circle Test
3. Results
3.1. Composition and Microstructure of the Materials
3.1.1. X-ray Diffraction Analysis
3.1.2. Scanning Electron Microscopy Analysis
3.1.3. X-ray Fluorescence Analysis
3.2. Thermo-Physical Properties of PCM
3.2.1. Differential Scanning Calorimetry
3.2.2. Temperature History Method
3.3. Impregnation Efficiency
3.3.1. Immersion
3.3.2. Vacuum Impregnation
3.4. Thermal Stability
3.4.1. Weather and Rapid Thermal Cycling
3.4.2. Diffusion-Oozing Circle Test
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Production Process | Core Material | Shell Material | Findings |
---|---|---|---|
Sol–gel method [8] | Polyethylene glycol | Silicon dioxide | Hm was in the range of 102.8–111.1 J/g. There was no change on enthalpy and transition temperature after 50 thermal cycles. Polyethylene glycol decomposes at 410 °C. |
Emulsion polymerization [9] | Paraffin and palmitic acid | Styrene and ethyl acrylate | η was successful with 32.7 wt % of paraffin and 47.8 wt % palmitic acid. Φ was 165 nm and 265 nm for both CMs and they don’t decompose up to 200 °C. |
Emulsion polymerization [10] | Caprylic (octanoic) acid | Polystyrene | Crosslinking agent had a direct impact on the encapsulation efficiency. Efficiency was compromised with repeatability. |
Miniemulsion polymerization [11] | n-alkanes | Polystyrene | Thermal stability after RTC was reported. Mp range was from 20 °C to 35.9 °C and Hm range was 61.2 J/g to 46.1 J/g. |
Mini-emulsion polymerization [7] | Hexadecane | Urea–formaldehyde resin | The results indicated that the nano-capsules have a smooth surface and Φ was 270 nm. Capsules were stable when heated at 100 °C for 72 h after encapsulation decreased the undercooling of hexadecane by 94%. |
Mini-emulsion polymerization [12] | n-octadecane | Poly (ethyl methacrylate) + poly (methyl methacrylate) | Φ was 119 nm, Mp and Hm were 32.7 °C and 198.5 J/g respectively. The capsules have η of 89.5%. |
In situ polymerization [13] | Butyl stearate and paraffin | Poly (methyl methacrylate-co-divinylbenzene) | Φ was 5–10 μm. Capsules decomposes at temperatures above 200 °C. Capsules were thermally stable after 50 cycles. |
In situ polymerization [14] | Dodecanol | High-density polyethylene | η was successful yielding different sizes of the capsules in the range of 0.83 μm to 14.4 μm. Excellent thermal storage ability was good thermal stability reported. |
Emulsion-solvent evaporation [15] | n-hexadecane | Ethyl cellulose | Mp ranges from 18.5 °C to 19.5 °C while Hm ranges from 137.8 J/g to 147.1 J/g. The shell had porosity and leakage was observed. |
Solvent extraction [16] | Sodium nitrate | Perhydropolysilazane | SM in the capsules was 85 wt % while Φ was non-uniform with the range of 0.4 μm to 140 μm. SM was very stable at high temperatures of 350 °C. |
Suspension-like polymerization [17] | n-octadecane | Poly (stearyl methacrylate) | Particles have a spherical profile with an average φ of 5 μm and 21 μm. Good thermal energy storage and thermal regulation potential was reported. |
Suspension-like polymerization [18] | Paraffin | Poly Methyl Methacrylate | 89.5 wt % of CM was encapsulated successfully with good thermal stability. Nano particles of 0.1 μm to 19 μm and micro particles of 94 μm were produced. |
Suspension-like polymerization [19] | n-octadecane | Polymethylmethacrylate | Microcapsules have a high thermal storage capability, enhanced thermal reliability and stability, and increased thermal conductivity. |
Crosslinking and blending [20] | Paraffin | Cross-linking structure | 74 wt % of the CM was contained in the matrix successfully with the Hm of 210.6 J/g. The samples were observed to be dry when heated up to 100 °C. |
Vacuum Impregnation [21] | Polyethylene glycol | Diatomite | Mp of the composite PCM was 27.7 °C and Hm of 87.09 J/g. An addition of expanded graphite increased the thermal conductivity of the composite. |
Vacuum impregnation [22] | Polyethylene glycol | Diatomite/carbon nanotubes | No leakage of PCM was observed. Mp of the composite was 8 °C with Hm of 62.9 J/g. |
Vacuum impregnation [23] | Capric acid-myristic acid | Cement | Composite’s Mp and Hm were 21.13 °C and 41.78 J/g, respectively. A temperature difference of 0.78 °C in the indoor space was measured by using this composite. |
Vacuum impregnation [24] | Capric acid-palmitic acid | Silica fume, carbon nano tube | Mp range of different compositions was 19 to 26 °C and Hm was 46 to 49 J/g. Good thermal and chemical stability was reported after 1000 cycles. |
Fluidized bed method [25] | Bischofite | Acrylic | Encapsulation efficiency of up to 95% was achieved. Microcapsules had excellent Mp and Hm compared to the original PCM. |
Melt coaxial electrospray [26] | n-octadecane | Sodium alginate | 56 wt % of paraffin was contained in the microcapsules with Φ less than 100 μm. This technique offers good results regarding the encapsulation of PCMs. |
Materials | Density | Particle Size |
---|---|---|
Lightweight expanded clay aggregate (LECA1) | 421 kg/m3 | 1–4 mm |
Lightweight expanded clay aggregate (LECA2) | 369 kg/m3 | 4–10 mm |
Lightweight expanded clay aggregate (LECA3) | 340 kg/m3 | 4–10 mm |
Paraffin-based phase change material | 0.88 kg/L for solid 0.76 kg/L for liquid | Liquid/solid |
Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) | 1.19 kg/L | Liquid |
Sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) | 1.39 kg/L | Liquid |
Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) | 1236 kg/m3 | 0.2–70 µm |
Fly Ash (FA) | 1262 kg/m3 | 3–70 µm |
Dune Sand (DS) | 1693 kg/m3 | 80–500 µm |
Constituent | SiO2 % | Al2O3 % | Fe2O3 % | CaO % | MgO % | LOI % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fly ash | 48 | 23 | 12.5 | 3.2 | 1.5 | 1.1 |
Slag | 34.7 | 14.4 | 0.8 | 41.9 | 6.8 | 1.1 |
Dune sand | 64.9 | 3 | 0.7 | 14.1 | 1.3 | 0.5 |
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Hassan, A.; Ismail, N.; Mourad, A.-H.I.; Rashid, Y.; Laghari, M.S. Preparation and Characterization of Expanded Clay-Paraffin Wax-Geo-Polymer Composite Material. Materials 2018, 11, 2191. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11112191
Hassan A, Ismail N, Mourad A-HI, Rashid Y, Laghari MS. Preparation and Characterization of Expanded Clay-Paraffin Wax-Geo-Polymer Composite Material. Materials. 2018; 11(11):2191. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11112191
Chicago/Turabian StyleHassan, Ahmed, Najif Ismail, Abdel-Hamid I. Mourad, Yasir Rashid, and Mohammad S. Laghari. 2018. "Preparation and Characterization of Expanded Clay-Paraffin Wax-Geo-Polymer Composite Material" Materials 11, no. 11: 2191. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11112191