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Article

Diagnosis and Characterization of Ditylenchus destructor Isolated from Mazus japonicus in China

by
Wenwen Song
,
Mingming Dai
,
Qianqian Shi
,
Chen Liang
,
Fangmeng Duan
and
Honghai Zhao
*
Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Life 2023, 13(8), 1758; https://doi.org/10.3390/life13081758
Submission received: 4 July 2023 / Revised: 13 August 2023 / Accepted: 15 August 2023 / Published: 16 August 2023
(This article belongs to the Section Animal Science)
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Abstract

:
The potato rot nematode (Ditylenchus destructor) is one of the most destructive pests in the production of tuber crops, resulting in severely decreased yields and inferior product quality. In 2021, a great number of nematodes were detected in the roots of Mazus japonicus, a weed that is harmful to crop growth, in Qingdao, Shandong Province, China. The present study was undertaken to characterize and identify the nematodes isolated from M. japonicus through morphological identification and molecular approaches. Their morphological characteristics were highly consistent with the descriptions of D. destructor Thorne, 1945. The nematodes collected from M. japonicus were identified as D. destructor haplotype B using D1/D2 and sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) primers. PCR-ITS-RFLP analysis was conducted to monitor intraspecific variations. In addition, the phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) demonstrated that this D. destructor population was clustered in haplotype B, supported by a 100% bootstrap value. Another assay, in which M. japonicus was inoculated with a mixture of the life stages of D. destructor, was performed. This assay showed that M. japonicus exhibited a high susceptibility to D. destructor in pots. This is the first record of D. destructor parasitizing M. japonicus in China, and it is of great importance because M. japonicus could be a potential reservoir for D. destructor in the field.

1. Introduction

The potato rot nematode (Ditylenchus destructor Thorne, 1945) is one of the most destructive pests of tuber crops [1]. Ditylenchus destructor was first found in potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) that displayed severely decreased yield and low quality [2,3]. The earliest record related to D. destructor can be traced back to Kuhn’s description of potato tuber rot disease in Germany in 1888, which was originally identified to have been caused by D. dipsaci [4]. In 1945, this pest was instead confirmed to be D. destructor, a new species different from D. dipsaci [4]. Ditylenchus destructor is a serious pest in a number of root and tuber crops, primarily in potatoes, sweet potatoes, and garlic. Due to economic losses, it has been listed as an internationally quarantined species. In China, D. destructor was first isolated in sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas) after causing severe damage to their production [5,6,7]. Ditylenchus destructor damages tubers, which results in tuber rot during storage. Similarly, the “dry rot” symptom caused by this nematode was first discovered in American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium) in China [8]. Additionally, D. destructor has always been a destructive pathogen to garlic (Allium sativum) in Japan [9,10,11]. Furthermore, due to an infestation of its own garlic with D. destructor, mainland Canada has implemented strict quarantine measures on infected fields to prevent its spread [12].
Biologically, the principal host of D. destructor is potatoes [13]. However, it can also infect other plants, such as alfalfa (Medicago sativa), red clover (Trifolium pratense), maize (Zea mays), and snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) [14,15,16]. Meanwhile, some weeds can also be its hosts, including Cirsium arvense, Mentha arvensis, Potentilla anserine, Rumex acetosella, and Stachys palustris, which have been identified as sources of D. destructor infection in some crops [17].
Previous studies have demonstrated that D. destructor has intraspecific variations among the different populations from different hosts or regions [18,19]. Two ITS types of D. destructor (haplotypes A and B) from twenty-one sweet potato populations with different geographical origins were first characterized by Wan et al. based on differences in their ITS sequences [20]. Furthermore, five additional haplotypes C, D, E, F, and G, isolated from Astragalus membranaceus, potatoes, and sweet potatoes, were distinguished on the basis of secondary ITS structures [21]. Recently, some novel haplotypes from Chinese medicinal herbs have been identified and named as haplotypes H, I, J, K, L, M, and N [13].
Mazus japonicus is another weed; it belongs to Scrophulariaceae and is distributed all over the world. It can produce a large amount of very small seeds, being a dominant species in weed seed banks [22]. Under natural conditions, this weed self-pollinates and can predominate without nitrogen fertilizer. As a result, its seed density has shown an increasing trend in recent years [23,24,25]. Nevertheless, in China, M. japonicus is used as a traditional Chinese medicine due to its functions of dissolving toxins, relieving pain, and invigorating the stomach. It is also applied for the topical treatment of malignant boils, pustulosis, and burns [26]. Similar findings have demonstrated that M. japonicus has excellent phytotoxic, antifungal, and cytotoxic potential, as therapeutically active novel saponins have been isolated from this plant [27]. However, up to now, there have been no reports of D. destructor parasitizing M. japonicus.
In May of 2021, large amounts of M. japonicus seedlings grew in Qingdao, Shandong Province, China. Although there was no obvious plant stunting or leaf wilting on the aboveground parts of the plants, a great number of nematodes were detected in their roots after staining with acid fuchsine. The objective of the present study was to conduct the identification and characterization of the nematodes isolated from M. japonicus through morphological, morphometric, and molecular analysis.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Nematodes Isolation

Infected roots of M. japonicus were collected from Jiaozhou Qingdao, China, in May of 2021. A D. destructor population from potatoes was obtained from Pingdu, Qingdao, China. Root samples of M. japonicus were washed with sterile water and surface-sterilized in 75% ethanol for 30 s, followed by washing in sterile water three times. Afterward, some of the samples were used to evaluate nematode invasion by staining the infected roots using acid fuchsine (Aladdin, Shanghai, China) [28]. To obtain pure cultures of this population for further analysis, the plants were cut into small pieces and incubated in sterile water at 23 °C for 24 h. Subsequently, individual nematodes were isolated with a Baermann funnel and transferred to fungal cultures (Fusarium solani) for propagation [13,29].

2.2. Morphological Measurements

A nematode suspension was incubated at 60 °C for 10 min and then cooled down to room temperature. The same volume of 5% formalin was added to fix the nematodes. A total of 20 females and 20 males were randomly selected for morphological measurements under an Axioscope 5 microscope (Zeiss, Jena, Germany) using Zeiss 3.0 software. The De Man formula was employed to calculate morphological features.

2.3. Molecular Identification Using Universal Primers and Specific Primers

DNA was extracted from mature female nematodes according to the method described by Wang et al. [30]. Two pairs of primers were used to amplify the ITS region of the ribosomal DNA; one pair of universal primers, TW81/AB28, has been described by Maafi et al. [31]. Molecular identification of the species was conducted with the other pair of D1/D2 primers, which are specific to D. destructor [32]. Additionally, another two pairs of species-specific primers for the SCARDdS1/DdS2 and DdL1/DdL2 [20] were used to determine which nematode haplotype was parasitizing M. japonicus.
The PCR reaction was carried out in a 25 µL reaction mixture containing 12.5 µL of 2×PCR Taq Mix (Takara, Dalian, China), 2 µL of a DNA template, 2 µL of each primer (10 μM), and 6.5 µL of ddH2O. The reaction parameters were set as follows: 95 °C for 5 min, followed by 35 cycles each at 95 °C for 30 s, 60 °C for 10 s, and 72 °C for 30 s, with a final extension stage at 72 °C for 5 min. The PCR products were analyzed with gel electrophoresis and then sequenced by Tsingke Biological Technology Company Limited (Qingdao, China). The ITS and D1D2 product sequences were submitted to the GenBank database to obtain the corresponding accession numbers.

2.4. RFLP Analysis of ITS Region

To assess the variability within the different populations, amplified rDNA-ITS products from populations of nematodes from M. japonicus and D. destructor from potatoes were digested separately with each of the restriction enzymes, respectively. The available restriction enzymes for RFLP analysis were screened on the basis of the sequences of these accessions using SnapGene 7 software. Digestions were performed following the manufacturer’s recommendations. Briefly, the ITS products were digested by their respective restriction enzymes. Each digestion reaction had 2 μL of 10× reaction buffer, 1 μL of restriction enzyme, 10 μL of ITS product, and 7 μL of ddH2O. The reaction mixture was incubated at 37 °C for 1.5 h. Afterward, restriction products were separated on 3% agarose gels, stained with ethidium bromide, visualized on a UV transilluminator (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA), and photographed.

2.5. Phylogenetic Analysis

The ITS sequences of Ditylenchus species obtained from GenBank were used to construct a phylogenetic tree. The sequences of D. myceliophagus (AM232236, DQ151458) were used as the outgroup taxon for analysis of ITS-rDNA (Table 1). Nucleotide sequences were aligned with other sequences in GenBank using ClustalX v1.83 software. The phylogenetic tree was constructed with the maximum likelihood (ML) method and MEGA 11 software using 1000 replicates. DNAMAN 8.0 software was used for sequence alignment.

2.6. Host Reaction of M. japonicus to Ditylenchus destructor

The nematodes isolated from M. japonicus were cultured on a PDA medium inoculated with F. solani at 23 °C. After 30 days of incubation, nematodes at mixed life stages were washed off with sterile water and collected using the Baermann funnel [29]. The nematodes were transferred into 1.5 mL Eppendorf tubes, diluted with sterile water to 1 mL, and mixed thoroughly.
The pathogenicity of the nematodes from M. japonicus was examined in potatoes as well as M. japonicus. M. japonicus seeds were surface-sterilized in 5% sodium hypochlorite and then washed three times with sterile water. Afterward, they were left to germinate for 7 days on germination paper at 23 °C and in the dark. Each healthy seedling was then transplanted into a pot (7 cm diameter × 8 cm deep) filled with sterilized sandy loam. Meanwhile, control infection tests were conducted on the potato cultivar Helan 15, as has been described by Li et al. but with minor modifications [33]. Briefly, Helan 15 plants were grown in a pot filled with 500 g of sandy soil. Each seeding was maintained in a growth chamber under a 16 h light/8 h dark photoperiod, at 23 °C and with 60% relative humidity. The nematodes were inoculated onto the potato roots after 2 weeks and onto the M. japonicus after 2 months. A total of 2 mL of a suspension containing approximately 1000 mixed-stage nematodes collected from M. japonicus was inoculated into the soil around the roots of each plant. All of the seedlings were incubated at 23 °C under a 16 h photoperiod. After 60 days post inoculation, all of the plants were uprooted and their roots stained using acid fuchsine [28]. Potato cubes were cut into small pieces, and nematodes were isolated using the Baermann funnel. After 24 h, the nematodes were observed under a microscope and counted. This experiment was conducted three times. Infection of different hosts with the nematode population from M. japonicus was determined with statistical analysis using SPSS 20 software.
The reproduction factor, (RF) = Pf/Pi (Pf is the final population and Pi is the initial population), was determined.

3. Results

3.1. Nematode Observation in Mazus japonicus

As shown in Figure 1, there were no obvious symptoms, such as plant stunting or leaf wilting, on the aboveground part of the M. japonicus (Figure 1A). However, a great number of nematodes were observed in the M. japonicus roots after the staining with acid fuchsine (Figure 1B), with densities ranging from 526 to 1158 nematodes per gram of fresh roots.

3.2. Morphological Characteristics

The morphological measurements of the nematode females (n = 20) and males (n = 20) are shown in Table 2. Most morphometric data were consistent with the description of D. destructor Thorne, 1945 [4,34,35], with the exception of stylet length (ST). The ST of the Mazus japonicus population was shorter than that of D. destructor Thorne, 1945. Photographs of the morphologies of the whole bodies of the typical female and male nematodes were taken (Figure 2A,B). The stylets of both the females and the males were small and thin (Figure 2C,D). In the females, each vulva was slightly protruded; some even protracted to the esophagus area. Each posterior uterus extended approximately three-quarters of the distance to the anus. The tails of the females were conical, with finely rounded termini (Figure 2C,E). The male tail terminus was thin and round, and the spicules bent slightly to the ventral surface. The bursa began at the opposite position of the front end of the spicules, extending backward to 1/4 of the length of the tail (Figure 2D,F). The lateral field of each female had six incisures (Figure 2G).

3.3. Amplification of ITS and Specific Region

A molecular determination was conducted to evaluate the molecular features of the nematodes isolated from the M. japonicus roots for further species identification. Nucleotide fragments of the ITS regions from D. destructor of the potato population and the M. japonicus population were amplified, sequenced, and deposited in GenBank, with accessions numbers ON753817 and OL677340, respectively.
The 346 bp fragments, amplified by primers D1/D2, were observed under UV light, with no fragments amplified by DdS1/DdS2, respectively (Figure 3). This demonstrated that the nematodes extracted from the M. japonicus roots were D. destructor. The D1–D2 sequence of the M. japonicus population was submitted to GenBank under accession number OR195797. Furthermore, a genetic comparison of the D1–D2 sequence was performed using DNAMAN 8.0 software. As shown in Figure 4, this comparison (OR195797) showed 100% identity, with the corresponding gene sequence of D. destructor published in GenBank (ON753817). As expected, there were obvious differences between the D1–D2 sequences of D. destructor (OR195797 and ON753817) and the other intragenus species of Ditylenchus, including D. dipsaci, D. myceliophagus, and D. phyllobius.
Additionally, a 485 bp fragment of the M. japonicus population was amplified with the specific primers DdL1 and DdL2 (Figure 3), which demonstrated that these nematodes belonged to D. destructor haplotype B.

3.4. RFLP Analysis of ITS Region

The restriction enzymes BsiHKAI, BstAPI, and FspI were determined according to the sequence differences at positions 256, 154, and 137, respectively, of the base pairs. Thus, all three of these enzymes were used for the RFLP analysis. As shown in Figure 5A, BsiHKAI digestion resulted in four bands (256/191/149/319) in the ITS sequence of the M. japonicus population, and three bands (447/149/319) were produced for the potato population; BstAPI could digest the ITS product from the M. japonicus population only. In detail, BstAPI could not digest the D. destructor ITS products from the potatoes due to there being no recognition site on the ITS sequence for this population (Lanes 2–4, Figure 5B), whereas the ITS amplicon from the M. japonicus population could be digested by BstAPI into two fragments (154/761), which are shown in Lanes 6–8 of Figure 5B. FspI could digest only the D. destructor ITS product collected from the potatoes (Figure 5C). Two fragments (137/778) were generated by the FspI digestion of these ITS products from the potato population (Lanes 2–4, Figure 5C). The ITS products from the M. japonicus population could not be cleaved by FspI (Lanes 6–8, Figure 5C). Taken together, the electrophoretic profiles of the restriction fragments from the two populations were fully consistent with the theoretical expectations. BsiHKAI, BstAPI, and FspI were able to identify and clearly discriminate D. destructor from the M. japonicus population and the potato population.

3.5. Phylogenetic Analysis

To verify the reliability of these results based on morphological characteristics and molecular identification, a phylogenetic analysis of the ITS region was performed using ML with 1000 replicates and MEGA 11 software. The nucleotide sequences of 31 isolates (Ditylenchus species) from the NCBI GenBank were downloaded to construct a phylogenetic tree. As shown in Figure 6, five haplotypes of D. destructor were distinguished in this study. The Mazus japonicus population Mj belonged to haplotype B. Similarly, the population Tcc-1, which was isolated from the Chinese medicinal herb Codonopsis pilosula, was also identified as haplotype B. In addition, haplotype B was also found in I. batatas and S. tuberosum, but not in the Chinese medicinal herb Angelica sinensis. In contrast, haplotypes J and N were found only in A. sinensis. Haplotype H was found in both A. sinensis and C. pilosula, and haplotype A was found only in I. batata.

3.6. Host Reaction of M. japonicus to D. destructor

The infection and reproduction of the nematodes in the M. japonicus were evaluated. As shown in Figure 7A,B, before and after inoculation, there were no obvious symptoms of infection with the nematodes compared with the non-inoculated plant. However, staining revealed mixed-stage nematodes in the dissected roots, with population densities ranging from 366 to 1043 nematodes per gram of fresh roots (Figure 7C,D).
As shown in Table 3, there was no significant difference between the number of nematodes in M. japonicus and that in the potatoes. However, a dramatic reduction was observed in the number of nematodes in the soil of the M. japonicus compared with that in the soil where the potatoes were grown. A slight decrease in the RF was detected in the M. japonicus in comparison with that in potatoes: 2.68 and 3.18, respectively. These results demonstrate that M. japonicus shows a high susceptibility to D. destructor.

4. Discussion

Ditylenchus destructor can infect more than 100 host plant species [21]. However, its damage exhibits different characteristics among the different plants [36]. In general, it causes common symptoms, such as discoloration and rotting in tubers, stolons, bulbs, rhizomes, and roots. However, it rarely attacks the aboveground part of any plant, with the exception of the base of the stem. Therefore, aboveground symptoms, such as dwarfing or curling and discoloration of leaves, have occurred seldomly [17]. Similar results were observed in this study. No distinct symptoms were observed in the aboveground parts of the M. japonicus infected with the D. destructor. Additionally, there were no obvious symptoms in the roots. Consequently, it was difficult to identify this infection from only the visible symptoms, which implies that the D. destructor that parasitized the M. japonicus exhibits a high concealment. This work, being the first such report for China, shows, for the first time, that M. japonicus is a novel host of D. destructor. It also demonstrates the great importance of the integrated management of nematodes in agricultural fields and the important crops, like potatoes, that can be hosts of these nematodes.
The present study indicates a minor variation in stylet length (ST) compared with previous descriptions of D. destructor Thorne, 1945, which might be caused by different host plants. Similar findings have observed that host plants could influence some minor variations in characters [34,35]. In addition, another population isolated from potatoes in China was identified as D. destructor Thorne, 1945, with an ST of 5.7~8.0 μm in females and 6.3~8.0 μm in males [37], which was slightly shorter than that of the M. japonicus population but much shorter than that of the potato populations of D. destructor Thorne, 1945 derived from Canada, Iran, and the USA [34,35,38]. Therefore, the ST of D. destructor varies regionally, which may be influenced by host species and/or climate.
In the present work, the D. destructor population that infects M. japonicus is identified as haplotype B. Haplotype B was also discovered in C. pilosula but not in A. sinensis [13]. The D. destructor population isolated from A. membranaceus belonged to haplotype F [13,21]. These results indicate different haplotypes among the different D. destructor populations isolated from Chinese medicinal herbs. In addition, haplotype B could also be observed in both potatoes and sweet potatoes in China, Russia, and Europe. However, haplotype A was predominant only in sweet potatoes found in China, whereas haplotype G was found only in potatoes in Russia and Europe [21]. These findings demonstrate that distribution patterns and host plants vary diversely among the different haplotypes. Although the D. destructor populations from M. japonicus and potatoes belonged to haplotype B, a significant variation was observed in the ITS-rDNA sequence through ITS-RFLP analysis, implying that D. destructor has intraspecific variation among different populations from different hosts or regions. Similar findings can be observed in previous studies [39,40].
In China, most D. destructor populations can be divided into two haplotypes, A and B [41], which can be distinguished at the morphological and molecular levels. In terms of morphology, the body lengths of both the males and females of haplotype B are significantly smaller than those of haplotype A. The V values of the females of haplotype B are lower than those of haplotype A, but the A values of haplotype B are higher than those of haplotype A. In addition, a slight difference exists between the B and C values [42]. At the molecular level, these two haplotypes can be distinguished with specific ITS primers due to the lack of 188 bp fragments of haplotype A. Genetic differences might result in differences in morphological characters between the two haplotypes. However, haplotypes A and B cannot be distinguished based on pathogenicity. The pathogenicities of different cases of the same haplotype for the same plant host can vary significantly [33]. Therefore, morphological characteristics, molecular identification, and pathogenicities among different populations in different hosts or regions should be systematically analyzed to improve the detection and classification of D. destructor.
Our results have shown that M. japonicus has a high susceptibility to D. destructor. It is worth noting that a significant difference was observed between the D. destructor numbers in the soils of M. japonicus and potatoes. As D. destructor can also feed on fungi, different species of fungi might exist in the rhizosphere soils of the different host plants. In addition, root exudates of different host plants might affect the D. destructor numbers in soil. Similar findings were obtained for Heterodera glycines that was attracted to soybeans but unattracted to either marigolds or peppers [43]. Further studies need to be performed to find out which individual factors influence the numbers of nematodes in soil.
In summary, D. destructor occurs in 12 provinces, posing a serious threat to potato production in China [44]. This study has confirmed that M. japonicus shows a high susceptibility to D. destructor haplotype B under natural conditions. To our knowledge, this is the first report of D. destructor infestation of M. japonicus in China and in the world. This finding is very important because M. japonicus can be a potential reservoir for D. destructor in potato fields or elsewhere. This has provided valuable information for the management of this weed in crop production.

5. Conclusions

In this study, we confirmed, based on morphological characteristics, molecular identification, and pathogenicity tests, that the causal pest in M. japonicus roots is D. destructor. Additionally, M. japonicus showed a high susceptibility to D. destructor. To our knowledge, this is the first report that M. japonicus can be infected with D. destructor under natural conditions, which should attract attention because M. japonicus can be a potential reservoir for D. destructor in potato and other fields. This is of great significance for the integrated management of D. destructor and M. japonicus.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, H.Z.; methodology, W.S. and M.D.; data curation, Q.S. and M.D.; validation, F.D. and C.L.; writing—original draft preparation, W.S.; writing—review and editing, H.Z., F.D. and C.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number 31901858, 31901859) and Sub-project of Shandong Province Key R&D Plan Project (grant number 2022CXGC020710-6).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Sequencing data reported in this study were deposited to GenBank, available online at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/ (accessed on 5 December 2021 (OL677340), 19 June 2022 (ON753817), and 3 July 2023 (OR195797)).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. Identification of nematodes infecting Mazus japonicus. The aboveground part of M. japonicus in the field (A). The infected roots of M. japonicus after staining with acid fuchsine (B).
Figure 1. Identification of nematodes infecting Mazus japonicus. The aboveground part of M. japonicus in the field (A). The infected roots of M. japonicus after staining with acid fuchsine (B).
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Figure 2. Micrographs of nematode population extracted from Mazus japonicus in China. Body length of female (A) and male (B); anterior region of female (C) and male (D); vulva and tail of female (E); spicules and tail of male (F); and lateral field of female (G).
Figure 2. Micrographs of nematode population extracted from Mazus japonicus in China. Body length of female (A) and male (B); anterior region of female (C) and male (D); vulva and tail of female (E); spicules and tail of male (F); and lateral field of female (G).
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Figure 3. Amplification of ITS and specific region of nematodes isolated from M. japonicus. M: DL2000 marker; 1–3: Amplification using D1/D2 primers; 4–6: Amplification using DdS1/DdS2 primers; 7–9: Amplification using DdL1/DdL2 primers; 10: Water served as the negative control.
Figure 3. Amplification of ITS and specific region of nematodes isolated from M. japonicus. M: DL2000 marker; 1–3: Amplification using D1/D2 primers; 4–6: Amplification using DdS1/DdS2 primers; 7–9: Amplification using DdL1/DdL2 primers; 10: Water served as the negative control.
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Figure 4. Alignment of D1–D2 sequences for Ditylenchus.
Figure 4. Alignment of D1–D2 sequences for Ditylenchus.
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Figure 5. Electropherogram of the RFLP assay on the two populations of Ditylenchus destructor from M. japonicus and from potatoes. Digestion of the ITS amplicon with BsiHKAI (A), BstAPI (B), and FspI (C). M1: DL1000 marker; M2: DL2000 marker; Lane 1: The ITS amplicon of the potato population; Lanes 2–4: Digestion of the ITS amplicon of the potato population with restriction enzymes; Lane 5: The ITS amplicon of the Mazus japonicus population; Lanes 6–8: Digestion of the ITS amplicon of the M. japonicus population with restriction enzymes.
Figure 5. Electropherogram of the RFLP assay on the two populations of Ditylenchus destructor from M. japonicus and from potatoes. Digestion of the ITS amplicon with BsiHKAI (A), BstAPI (B), and FspI (C). M1: DL1000 marker; M2: DL2000 marker; Lane 1: The ITS amplicon of the potato population; Lanes 2–4: Digestion of the ITS amplicon of the potato population with restriction enzymes; Lane 5: The ITS amplicon of the Mazus japonicus population; Lanes 6–8: Digestion of the ITS amplicon of the M. japonicus population with restriction enzymes.
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Figure 6. Phylogenetic tree inferred from a maximum likelihood method based on the ITS genes of Ditylenchus isolates from GenBank. Two isolates of D. myceliophagus were used as the outgroup.
Figure 6. Phylogenetic tree inferred from a maximum likelihood method based on the ITS genes of Ditylenchus isolates from GenBank. Two isolates of D. myceliophagus were used as the outgroup.
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Figure 7. The aboveground part and roots of Mazus japonicus before and after inoculation of Ditylenchus destructor. The aboveground part of M. japonicus before inoculation of D. destructor (A). The aboveground part of M. japonicus at 60 days post-inoculation of D. destructor (B). The main root (C) and lateral roots (D) of M. japonicus at 60 days post-inoculation of D. destructor. Non: No nematodes inoculation; Dd: D. destructor inoculation.
Figure 7. The aboveground part and roots of Mazus japonicus before and after inoculation of Ditylenchus destructor. The aboveground part of M. japonicus before inoculation of D. destructor (A). The aboveground part of M. japonicus at 60 days post-inoculation of D. destructor (B). The main root (C) and lateral roots (D) of M. japonicus at 60 days post-inoculation of D. destructor. Non: No nematodes inoculation; Dd: D. destructor inoculation.
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Table 1. List of isolates, hosts, and GenBank accession numbers of Ditylenchus species used.
Table 1. List of isolates, hosts, and GenBank accession numbers of Ditylenchus species used.
SpeciesIsolate HostGenBank Accession Number
Ditylenchus destructorDEllIpomoea batatasAM232232
DElyIpomoea batatasAM232233
Ch1Ipomoea batatasDQ471334
Ch10Ipomoea batatasEF088935
TongshanIpomoea batatasEF208211
YishuiIpomoea batatasEF208212
XinyiIpomoea batatasEF210366
LulongIpomoea batatasEF210369
LuoyangIpomoea batatasEF210370
Sixian2Ipomoea batatasEF210371
Miyun1Ipomoea batatasEF210372
Daxing2Ipomoea batatasEF417998
Russia MoscowSolanum tuberosumAY987007
Des-1Solanum tuberosumEF062572
ChaBeiSolanum tuberosumFJ911551
DXP1Solanum tuberosumMW522604
WYA8Angelica sinensisMT895812
LXZA1Angelica sinensisMW523001
HZA2Angelica sinensisMW422777
ZXA3Angelica sinensisMT895794
WYA2Angelica sinensisMT895806
MXA2Angelica sinensisMT895800
MXA8Angelica sinensisMT895803
MXA3Angelica sinensisMT895801
ZXA2Angelica sinensisMT895793
TCA4Codonopsis pilosulaMT895798
Tcc1-1Codonopsis pilosulaMT150860
ZXC1Codonopsis pilosulaMW523000
TCC2Codonopsis pilosulaMW522999
Ditylenchus myceliophagusDMzwAgaricus bisporusAM232236
DM.F.4Agaricus bisporusDQ151458
Table 2. Morphological measurements of females and males (µm).
Table 2. Morphological measurements of females and males (µm).
Population\CharacterMazus japonicus PopulationDitylenchus destructor
Thorne, 1945 [4]		Ditylenchus destructor
Thorne, 1945 [34]		Ditylenchus destructor
Thorne, 1945 [35]
Female (n = 20)Male (n = 20)FemaleMaleFemale (n = 80)Male (n = 40)Female (n = 489) Male (n = 422)
L986.88 ± 113.27 (833.92~1145.36)993.63 ± 22.85 (965.58~1028.25)800~1400800~1300925~1396929~1232994 (603~1468)894 (600~1254)
W28.91 ± 4.99 (22.62~41.43)23.3 ± 0.74 (22.68~24.74)--28–4326–33--
a34.57 ± 3.57 (27.3~39.57)42.48 ± 1.48 (40.3~44.48)30~3534~4026.27-39.4032.10~41.2936.6 (21.4~52.2)42.2 (27.1~59.5)
DGO1.18 ± 0.09 (1.06~1.33)1.18 ± 0.1 (1.07~1.31) ----
ST8.14 ± 0.36 (7.47~8.54)7.42 ± 0.43 (6.86~7.95)--10.5~11.510.2–11.810.3 (8~13)10.1 (8.5~12)
AM58.34 ± 5.07 (49.27~66.89)53.30 ± 2.07 (49.4~55.49) ----
b8.54 ± 0.55 (7.63~9.23)7.35 ± 0.42 (6.99~8.06)8~107~87.81~10.66.30~9.407.4 (4.9~11.7)6.8 (4.8~9.0)
Tail74.74 ± 7.89 (63.92~89.76)71.42 ± 4.34 (66.47~76.98)-73–8068–9851.38~73.1567.3 (39.5~90.5)63.3 (45~87.5)
c13.23 ± 0.96 (11.5~14.43)13.7 ± 0.49 (13.2~14.48)15~2012~1611.67~17.2112.69~16.2914.8 (11.4~27.8)14.1 (11.0~19.1)
ABW15.92 ± 2.54 (12.43~20.92)14.5 ± 1.05 (12.59~15.71)------
c’4.74 ± 0.40 (4.18~5.82)4.94 ± 0.39 (4.25~5.33)----4.3 (2.6~7.2)5.0 (3.1~6.9)
PUS109.83 ± 3.46 (101.93~115.14)-------
V.a.126.93 ± 16.68 (110.21~152.15)-------
V80.62 ± 0.90 (79.16~81.54)-78~83-76.60~83.61-80.8 (77.1~84.9)-
SPI-21.71 ± 1.68 (19.79~23.99)-----22.0 (18~28)
Bur-47.25 ± 5.02 (38.52~52.49)------
Note: Abbreviations of morphological features. L: Body length; W: Greatest body width; a: Body length divided by greatest body width; DGO: Dorsal gland orifice to stylet; ST: Stylet length; AM: Distance from anterior end to center of median esophageal bulb valve; b: Body length divided by esophageal length; Tail: Tail length; c: Body length divided by tail length; ABW: Anal body width; c’: Tail length divided by body width at anus; PUS: Post uterine sac; V.a.: Distance from vulva to anus; V: Distance from head end to vulva ×100 divided by body length; SPI: Spicules length; Bur: Bursa.
Table 3. Host reaction of Mazus japonicus to Ditylenchus destructor.
Table 3. Host reaction of Mazus japonicus to Ditylenchus destructor.
HostNumber of Nematodes in the Plants Number of Nematodes in the Soil (per Pot)Reproduction Factor (RF)
Solanum tuberosum3092.40 ± 162.5386.42 ± 5.643.18 ± 0.16
Mazus japonicus2671.40 ± 223.569.50 ± 1.00 *2.68 ± 0.22
Note: Data are shown with mean and standard error. Significantly different numbers of nematodes in soil of Mazus japonicus compared with that of Solanum tuberosum (control) were determined: *, p < 0.05, according to Student’s t-test.
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Song, W.; Dai, M.; Shi, Q.; Liang, C.; Duan, F.; Zhao, H. Diagnosis and Characterization of Ditylenchus destructor Isolated from Mazus japonicus in China. Life 2023, 13, 1758. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13081758

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Song W, Dai M, Shi Q, Liang C, Duan F, Zhao H. Diagnosis and Characterization of Ditylenchus destructor Isolated from Mazus japonicus in China. Life. 2023; 13(8):1758. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13081758

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Song, Wenwen, Mingming Dai, Qianqian Shi, Chen Liang, Fangmeng Duan, and Honghai Zhao. 2023. "Diagnosis and Characterization of Ditylenchus destructor Isolated from Mazus japonicus in China" Life 13, no. 8: 1758. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13081758

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