Cardiac Telocytes 16 Years on—What Have We Learned So Far, and How Close Are We to Routine Application of the Knowledge in Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Morphology, Location, Functions, and Topographic Relations of Cardiac Telocytes
3. Telocytes in Heart Diseases
3.1. Myocardial Infarction
3.2. Arrhythmia
4. Cardiac Telocytes in Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine—Recent Developments
5. Controversies in Telocyte Research
6. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
- The standardization of protocols for TCs isolation, cultivation, and transplantation (although standardized protocols for the isolation of cardiac TCs are yet to be established, Romano et al. previously successfully isolated TCs from human skin using a novel two-step immunomagnetic microbead-based cell separation, taking advantage of the CD34+/CD31− immunophenotype of TCs [81]; this methodology could also be applied for selective purification of cardiac TCs in future research);
- Figuring out the applicability and extrapolation of the results of animal model studies to human medicine;
- Viability assessment of transplanted TCs;
- Quantitative optimization of transplanted cells for each patient;
- Cost-effectiveness analysis.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Klein, M.; Csöbönyeiová, M.; Žiaran, S.; Danišovič, Ľ.; Varga, I. Cardiac Telocytes 16 Years on—What Have We Learned So Far, and How Close Are We to Routine Application of the Knowledge in Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine? Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 10942. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222010942
Klein M, Csöbönyeiová M, Žiaran S, Danišovič Ľ, Varga I. Cardiac Telocytes 16 Years on—What Have We Learned So Far, and How Close Are We to Routine Application of the Knowledge in Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine? International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(20):10942. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222010942
Chicago/Turabian StyleKlein, Martin, Mária Csöbönyeiová, Stanislav Žiaran, Ľuboš Danišovič, and Ivan Varga. 2021. "Cardiac Telocytes 16 Years on—What Have We Learned So Far, and How Close Are We to Routine Application of the Knowledge in Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine?" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 20: 10942. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222010942