AMPK Localization: A Key to Differential Energy Regulation
Abstract
:1. AMPK as a Key Regulator of Energy Homeostasis
2. AMPK Structure
3. AMPK Localization
4. AMPK Nuclear Shuttling via RanGTPase-Dependent CRM1
5. AMPK Domain Functions and Localization
5.1. AMPKα
5.2. AMPKβ and γ
6. Factors Influencing the Regulation of AMPK Localization
6.1. Energy Perturbation
6.1.1. Starvation
6.1.2. Exercise
6.2. Heat Shock
6.3. Oxidant
6.4. Circadian Rhythm
6.5. Cell Density
7. Tissue- and Subcellular-Specific Localization of AMPK
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Stimuli | Phosphorylated AMPK Localization | Total AMPK Localization Distribution | Protein Target | Effect | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Starvation | High in cytoplasm | High in cytoplasm | Nucleus: | [7] | |
CRTC2 | ↑ gluconeogenesis | [14] | |||
↓ lipogenesis | |||||
HDACs | ↑ gluconeogenesis | [15] | |||
HNF4a | ↑ lipid and glucose metabolism | [17,18,40] | |||
ChREBP | |||||
SREBP1 | |||||
Cytoplasm: | |||||
ACC1 and ACC2 | ↓ lipid synthesis | [19] | |||
HMGCR | ↓ cholesterol synthesis | [1] | |||
GFAT1 | ↓ hexosamine pathway and O-GlycNacylation | [15,20] | |||
GYS1, GYS2 mTOR | ↓ glycogen storage | [8,15] | |||
Heat | Low in both cytoplasm and nucleus | High in nucleus | Nucleus: SIRT1 Cytoplasm: | ↑ PGC1α expression Mitochondrial adaptation ↑ coupled and uncoupled respiratory capacity | [10] [7,9,10] |
PGC1α | |||||
Oxidant | Low in both cytoplasm and nucleus | High in nucleus | Nucleus: | ↑ Trx expression | [33] |
FOXO3 | |||||
Cytoplasm: | ↑ mitochondria biosynthesis ↓ ROS | [7,10,11] | |||
PGC1α | |||||
Circadian rhythm (during the day) | High in cytoplasm | High in cytoplasm | Cytoplasm: | ↓ lipid synthesis | [33] |
Raptor, ACC |
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Afinanisa, Q.; Cho, M.K.; Seong, H.-A. AMPK Localization: A Key to Differential Energy Regulation. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 10921. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222010921
Afinanisa Q, Cho MK, Seong H-A. AMPK Localization: A Key to Differential Energy Regulation. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(20):10921. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222010921
Chicago/Turabian StyleAfinanisa, Qonita, Min Kyung Cho, and Hyun-A Seong. 2021. "AMPK Localization: A Key to Differential Energy Regulation" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 20: 10921. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222010921