Next Article in Journal
Current Understanding of bHLH Transcription Factors in Plant Abiotic Stress Tolerance
Next Article in Special Issue
Genome-Wide Association Study in Rice Revealed a Novel Gene in Determining Plant Height and Stem Development, by Encoding a WRKY Transcription Factor
Previous Article in Journal
The Cellular Composition of Bovine Coccygeal Intervertebral Discs: A Comprehensive Single-Cell RNAseq Analysis
Previous Article in Special Issue
Genome-Wide Identification, Classification and Expression Analysis of the MYB Transcription Factor Family in Petunia
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
IJMS
Volume 22
Issue 9
10.3390/ijms22094919
ijms-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Profiling of the WOX Gene Family in Citrus sinensis and Functional Analysis of a CsWUS Member

by
Faiza Shafique Khan
,
Ren-Fang Zeng
,
Zhi-Meng Gan
,
Jin-Zhi Zhang
* and
Chun-Gen Hu
*
Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(9), 4919; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22094919
Submission received: 15 April 2021 / Revised: 30 April 2021 / Accepted: 4 May 2021 / Published: 6 May 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functions of Transcription Factors in Plant Growth, Performance and Responses to Environmental Stresses)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
WUSCHEL-related homeobox (WOX) transcription factors (TFs) are well known for their role in plant development but are rarely studied in citrus. In this study, we identified 11 putative genes from the sweet orange genome and divided the citrus WOX genes into three clades (modern/WUSCHEL(WUS), intermediate, and ancient). Subsequently, we performed syntenic relationship, intron-exon organization, motif composition, and cis-element analysis. Co-expression analysis based on RNA-seq and tissue-specific expression patterns revealed that CsWOX gene expression has multiple intrinsic functions. CsWUS homolog of AtWUS functions as a transcriptional activator and binds to specific DNA. Overexpression of CsWUS in tobacco revealed dramatic phenotypic changes, including malformed leaves and reduced gynoecia with no seed development. Silencing of CsWUS in lemon using the virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) system implied the involvement of CsWUS in cells of the plant stem. In addition, CsWUS was found to interact with CsCYCD3, an ortholog in Arabidopsis (AtCYCD3,1). Yeast one-hybrid screening and dual luciferase activity revealed that two TFs (CsRAP2.12 and CsHB22) bind to the promoter of CsWUS and regulate its expression. Altogether, these results extend our knowledge of the WOX gene family along with CsWUS function and provide valuable findings for future study on development regulation and comprehensive data of WOX members in citrus.

1. Introduction

Homeobox transcription factors (TFs) containing homeodomain proteins are separated into 14 families, including the WUSCHEL -related homeobox (WOX) TF family [1,2,3]. The domain features a helix–loop–helix–turn–helix (HTH) structure that contains 60–66 amino acids crucial for specific functions in plants [4,5,6]. Two alpha-helices are intricately associated with DNA by a short turn, defined as the HTH motif [7]. WOX proteins usually contain a strongly conserved homeodomain that is highly specific to DNA binding proteins and may act as repressors or activators [3,8]. Homeodomain proteins are widely identified in monocot and dicot plants [9]. The model plant Arabidopsis contains 15 WOX members, which are divided into three clades based on their evolutionary relationship: modern/WUS, intermediate, and ancient clades [9]. Arabidopsis WOX members have been extensively studied, and their orthologs have exhibited diverse functions in numerous development processes [10,11,12,13], along with rice and maize [8,12]. Besides Arabidopsis, genome-wide studies have also been conducted on the WOX gene families of woody plants such as walnut [10], physic nut [14], grapes [15,16], peach, pear, apricot [17], coffee [18], and poplar [19]. In these plants, WOX genes are involved in vital regulatory networks that link the developmental mechanisms in plants, including shoot apical meristem, lateral organ development, plant stem cell maintenance, and floral determinacy [5,20,21,22].
In Arabidopsis, AtWUS and AtWOX1 determine floral meristem identity and maintenance [23,24,25]. AtWOX2, AtWOX6, AtWOX8, and AtWOX9 regulate ovule development and enable the development of cotyledon boundaries, eggs, and zygotes [26]. AtWOX3 targets pathways that promote flower organ primordia and leaf margin development [27]. AtWOX7 plays an important role in lateral root development and sugar (sucrose and glucose) status in Arabidopsis [28]. AtWOX11/AtWOX12 is involved in cell fate transition and root organogenesis [29]. Some WOX genes in Arabidopsis are involved in hormone signaling transduction pathways. For example, AtWOX4, AtWOX5, and AtWOX11 regulate auxin signaling that determines lateral organ and apical root growth [19,20,30]. WOX1 homologs have been demonstrated to control leaf blade outgrowth in Zea mays, Petunia hybrida, Medicago truncatula, and Nicotiana tabacum [5,31,32]. Leaf blade outgrowth is controlled by the WOX domain [33]. Recently, 12 WOX proteins were identified in walnut; JrWOX3a and JrWOX3b enable leaf development. PpWUS and PpWOX5 regulate embryo development in Pinus pinaster [3,10]. In Norway spruce, PaWOX3 promotes lateral organ outgrowth in conifers [34]. In recent years, several previous studies reported that WOX genes respond to abiotic stresses and hormone treatment, including Oraza sativa, Gossypium, and Brassica napus [8,23,35,36,37]. However, the response of WOX genes during abiotic stress has not been studied adequately in citrus.
Several previous studies indicated that the WUS gene is one of the most important genes in the WOX gene family and involved in numerous important developmental processes including size of shoot meristem, somatic embryo, as well as adventitious shoot and lateral leaf formation [5,38,39]. For example, AtWUS is crucial for shoot apical meristem maintenance to replace the function of WOX1 and PRESSED FLOWER (PRS) [5]. The ectopic overexpression of AtWUS in tobacco is involved in stem cell fate and lateral leaf formation [40]. In Medicago truncatula, the AtWUS homolog HEADLESS (HDL) is also involved in leaf development [31]. WUS gene functions downstream of the CLAVATA3 (CLV3) signaling pathway [41]. The WUS gene is expressed in the organizing center and enhances CLV3 expression in stem cells. Likewise, CLV3 negatively regulates meristem size by suppressing WUS expression [42,43]. WUS interacts with CYCLOIDEA 2 (CYC2) and regulates reproductive organ development (ovary, stigma, and style) in Chrysanthemum morifolium [44]. In the embryonic columella, WOX5 and CYCD3;3/CYCD1;1 facilitate cell proliferation, and CYCD3 plays a major role in normal cell division [45]. The WUS orthologs STERILE AND REDUCE TILLERING (MOC3/SRT1) and TILLERS ABSENT1/MONOCULM 3 are involved in bud formation and female fertility of rice [46]. The WUS gene regulates histone acetylation and interferes with HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) activity, which stimulates the auxin signaling pathway in stem cells [38]. In addition, WUS expression is indirectly repressed by AGMOUS (AG) and stimulates expression of the zinc finger TF C2H2 type (KNUCKLES), which in turn suppresses WUS expression directly or indirectly involved in the maintenance of floral meristem cells [5]. Thus far, functional characterization of WUS genes has been studied in other plants but is rarely studied in citrus.
The above-mentioned studies report that WOX TFs primarily affect plant development by regulating the expression of downstream genes. Notably, WOX protein cloning and functional analyses were predominantly focused on model plants such as Arabidopsis. However, there have been relatively few studies on the regulatory and genetic development role of the WOX family in citrus. The availability of the citrus genome database gives us a valuable genetic resource to study specific sweet orange genes [47,48]. A thorough screening of the citrus database allowed us to find the evolutionary, regulatory, and developmental role of WOX orthologs in sweet orange. In the current study, we identified 11 putative WOX members in Citrus sinensis. Tissue-specific expression patterns and co-expression profiles of CsWOXs under water deficit and floral inductive conditions were comprehensively studied. The subcellular localization, transactivation activity, and DNA-binding ability confirmed that CsWUS may be a TF. Moreover, CsWUS overexpression and the virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) assay revealed new insights into floral organ development, stem cell activity, and leaf development in citrus. In addition, yeast two-hybrid assays and DNA-protein interactions confirmed the complex involvement of CsWUS in developmental regulatory networks. Our data provide an evolutionary, co-expression, and spatial expression analysis of the WOX gene family and new perspectives that contribute to the function of the WOX family in citrus.

2. Results

2.1. Genome-Wide Identification and In Silico Subcellular Localization Prediction of CsWOX Gene Family

To identify citrus WOX genes, Arabidopsis and rice WOX proteins were used as queries and all resulting sequences were retrieved from the sweet orange database (http://citrus.hzau.edu.cn/cgi-bin/orange/blast) using BLASTP. After removing sequence redundancies of the same protein, a total of 11 potential WOX proteins were identified as being allied with CsWOX proteins (Table 1). We further confirmed that all of these CsWOX proteins contained the homeodomain (PF00046 and SM00389). The 11 putative WOX proteins corresponding to the gene were named according to their physical location (from top to bottom) on chromosomes 1–8 (Table 1). Notably, one gene (CsWOX10) is located on an unknown chromosome. The coding sequence (CDS) length of CsWOX genes varied from 582 bp (CsWOX7) to 1104 bp (CsWOX2), encoding polypeptides of 193–367 amino acids in length, with a predicted molecular weight range of 15,437.5–40,473.1 Da and a theoretical isoelectric point (pI) ranging from 5.4 to 11.5 (Table 2). In addition, the subcellular localization of CsWOX proteins was predicted (Table 2). The 3D structure of proteins was also predicted (Supplementary Figure S1). The predicted locations of three CsWOX proteins (CsWUS, CsWOX3, and CsWOX5) were found to be nuclear localized. The remaining members of CsWOX were projected to be localized in chloroplast, mitochondria, cytoplasm, or plastid.

2.2. Phylogenetic Analysis and Gene Structure of CsWOX Genes

2.2.1. Phylogenetic Analysis of CsWOX Genes

To explore the phylogenetic relationship of WOXs between citrus and other model plants, a phylogenetic tree was resolved using 39 WOX family members from Arabidopsis (15 genes), rice (13 genes), and sweet orange (11 genes). The phylogenetic distribution showed that all CsWOX members were grouped into three clades, modern/WUS, intermediate, and ancient, consistent with previous WOX family distribution schemes [2]. The modern/WUS clade was the largest in this phylogenetic tree, containing 18 members: four members from sweet orange, six from rice, and eight from Arabidopsis. The intermediate clade was the second largest and included two from sweet orange, six from rice, and four from Arabidopsis members. The ancient clade had five members from sweet orange, one from rice, and three from Arabidopsis. Additionally, we also explored the orthologous relationships among sweet orange, rice, and Arabidopsis WOX families. These included 13 orthologous genes, putative orthologs with sweet orange proposed based on the phylogenetic tree were as follows: CsWOX5/AtWOX10, CsWOX1/AtWOX13, CsWOX6/AtWOX11, CsWOX2/AtWOX9, CsWOX8/AtWOX1, CsWOX7/AtWOX5, CsWOX9/AtWOX2, CsWOX1/OsWOX9B, CsWOX6/OsWOX11/12, CsWOX2/OsWOX9D, CsWOX8/OsNS1/2, CsWOX7/OsWOX5, and CsWOX9/OsWOX3 (Figure 1A).

2.2.2. Gene Structure and Synteny Analysis of CsWOX Genes

To further observe the structural diversity of the WOX genes in sweet orange, an exon–intron diagram of the CsWOX genes was created with reference to their genomic and coding sequences; the number of exons varied from two to four and the number of introns from one to three in CsWOXs (Figure 1C). Furthermore, MCScan was used to identify duplicate gene types (Figure 1B). Almost all CsWOX genes were singletons. In a syntenic block (Citrus sinensis and Arabidopsis), each member belonged to the same subfamily and phylogenetic group.

2.3. Cis-Acting Element and Conserved Motif Analysis of CsWOX Family

2.3.1. Cis-Acting Element in the Upstream Sequence of CsWOX Family

To gain further insight into the expression of sweet orange WOX genes, we carried out in silico analysis of potential cis-elements of each member of the CsWOX family conferring responsiveness to plant hormones (ABRE, TGA-element, P-box, CGTCA-motif, TGACG-motif, GARE-motif, TCA-element, and TATC-motif) within their promoters. Cis-elements related to endosperm and meristem expression (CAT-box and GCN4-motif) and biotic/abiotic stress response (TC-rich repeats, LTR, and MBS) were also found in the promoters of most CsWOXs (Figure 2A). Cis-elements involved in light responsiveness and anaerobic induction (ARE) were found in the promoter region of almost all CsWOXs. Meanwhile, the cis-elements of whole CsWOX family were divided into different categories based on function prediction [50]. The result showed that the largest category of cis-elements was hormone-related, followed by stress and development-related cis-elements (Supplementary Figure S2). However, many motifs have not yet been functionally characterized and whether these motifs confer unique functional roles to CsWOXs remain to be further investigated.

2.3.2. Motif Analysis of CsWOX Family

In addition, the conserved motifs of CsWOX proteins were analyzed by the MEME Suite. A total of 15 conserved motifs were predicted in the CsWOX proteins (Figure 2B). The size of the identified motifs ranged from 6 to 50 amino acids (Figure 2B). The results show that groups classified by phylogenetic analysis shared similar conserved motif compositions. However, there were some differences. For example, motif 3 was present in all members of the CsWOX family; motif 15 was found in just two members, CsWOX5 and CsWOX9; motif 4 was found in CsWOX5 and CsWOX1; motif 9 was found in three members, CsWOX10, CsWOX3, and CsWOX4, of the ancient clade; and motifs 7 and 5 were distinctly found in the intermediate and modern/WUS clades, respectively (Figure 2B). To some extent, these specific motifs may lead to the functional differences of WOX genes in sweet orange.

2.4. Expression of CsWOX Genes in Different Citrus sinensis Tissues and under Floral Inductive Water Deficit Conditions

To further determine the function of CsWOX genes, their tissue-specific expression was evaluated (Figure 3A). The results revealed that the majority of CsWOX genes were expressed in multiple tissues, although some showed similar expression trends in different tissues. For example, CsWUS showed the highest expression in the flower and stem. CsWOX1 and CsWOX2 were constitutively expressed in all tissues, implying that they are involved in multiple developmental stages, while other CsWOX genes were differently expressed, suggesting that they have tissue specificity. CsWOX4 was highly expressed in stem and apical meristem but had no expression in fruit. CsWOX3, CsWOX8, and CsWOX6 showed similar expression patterns in apical meristem (Figure 3A). However, CsWOX8 was expressed in the flower and CsWOX6 had relatively high expression only in apical meristem tissue, indicating that it may be involved in apical meristem cell maintenance. CsWOX9 was highly expressed in the flower and had low expression in the stem and leaf, indicating functional redundancy in flower development. CsWOX10 had maximum expression in the leaf and relatively less expression in the flower. CsWOX7 had high expression in the root. However, CsWOX5 had no expression in fruit (Figure 3A). Collectively, this indicates that these genes may be involved in the maintenance of stem cells and in organ development and differentiation.
To investigate the potential role of CsWOX genes under floral inductive water deficit conditions, we evaluated the expression patterns using previously reported RNA-seq data in lemon [51]. RNA-seq analysis was performed at stage 1, one week before the water deficit; stage 2, one week after the beginning of the water deficit; and stage 3, one week after the release of the water deficit. We categorized 10 CsWOX genes into three clusters and excluded the CsWOX7 gene as it has no expression in this specific condition (Figure 3B). Cluster 1 consisted of four genes (CsWOX3, CsWOX4, CsWOX1, and CsWOX5). These genes were subsequently induced at the beginning of the water deficit condition, while CsWOX3 had wide expression at stage 3 (Figure 3B). Such genes may be crucial for citrus flower bud differentiation. Cluster 2 genes (CsWUS, CsWOX6, and CsWOX10) were suppressed at stage 2 and induced at stage 3. This cluster showed upregulation in the expression of genes involved in vegetative growth after water recovery. Cluster 3 genes (CsWOX8, CsWOX9, and CsWOX2) were suppressed throughout the water deficit and water recovery treatment. Four genes (CsWOX4, CsWOX1, CsWOX6, and CsWUS) were differentially expressed depending on probability ≥ 0.8 and absolute value of the log2 ratio of ≥1 as a threshold. These findings show that CsWOX genes have narrow expression under water deficit conditions (Figure 3B).

2.5. Co-Expression Analysis of CsWOX Genes under Water Deficit Floral Initiation

Co-expression analysis was done under floral inductive water deficit conditions to determine the probable role of CsWOX genes in citrus (Figure 4A). Co-expression analysis generally clustered 11 CsWOX genes into two modules, together with 1638 differential expressed genes via 42,176 interactions. For instance, module 1 was the widest co-expression group, consisting of nine CsWOX genes (CsWUS, CsWOX8, CsWOX9, CsWOX4, CsWOX2, CsWOX5, CsWOX6, CsWOX10, and CsWOX1). Genes from module 2 were co-expressed uniquely with CsWOX3 (Figure 4A). The co-expression network and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis of CsWOX genes found a potential role for them in water deficit conditions and growth. The genes evaluated in the co-expression network were enriched in terms of the secondary metabolite biosynthetic process, response to wounding, water deprivation, or response to water as well as active transmembrane transporter activity (Figure 4B). The co-expression network was divided into two modules, as illustrate above, and it was important to check respective functions performed by different modules. In addition, the Gene Ontology (GO) analysis showed that these genes from various modules had diverse functions in various facets of plant development.

2.6. Overexpression Analysis of CsWUS in Tobacco and Gene Silencing Analysis in Lemon

CsWUS consists of functional domains with the dual function as a suppressor or activator similar to AtWUS, as previously reported [5,52]. In fact, CsWUS, as a member of the WUS clade, plays an important role during the growth and development of plants [24], yet its functional role is rarely studied in citrus. Therefore, we focused on functional characterization of CsWUS during development and growth of citrus. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis showed that Cs1g25270 has high similarity with Arabidopsis compared with other citrus CsWOX genes, and thus was named CsWUS (Supplementary Figure S3). To investigate the functional role of CsWUS, it was over-expressed in tobacco driven by the 35S promoter. A total of eight independent transgenic lines (CsWUS-OE) were obtained (Figure 5A). All CsWUS transgenic plants showed a similar phenotype (Figure 5A). CsWUS-OE transgenic plants had leaf lamina curled up inside, reduced leaf area, and stunted plant growth (Figure 5B). The gynoecium of the flower in CsWUS-OE lines was markedly smaller compared with the wild type (WT) (Figure 5C), which suggests that overexpressed WUS may restrict the ability of female reproductive organ development. It is worth noting that CsWUS-OE plants had empty seed pods with no seed development compared to WT seed pods (Figure 5D). Furthermore, the relative expression of the endogenous NtWUS ortholog gene was performed in CsWUS-OE transgenic plants, the results showed that the expression of NtWUS was significantly up-regulated compared with the wild-type (Supplementary Figure S4). It is known from overexpression analysis that CsWUS may be involved in aberrant cell division, stem cell fate, and organ development.
To further investigate the functional role of CsWUS in citrus, the VIGS approach was used to knock down the CsWUS in lemon. Transcript abundance of CsWUS in the positive VIGS plants, designated as TRV (tobacco rattle virus)-CsWUS, were repressed compared to the control seedlings (designated as TRV) that were only infiltrated with empty vector (Figure 5F). Two weeks following VIGS knockdown, conspicuous differences were noticed in plant morphology with thorn like meristem outgrowths present on the plant stems (Figure 5E). These results suggested that CsWUS may be involved in thorn development activity in citrus.

2.7. Identification of Interacting CsWUS Proteins

CsWUS is generally associated with other proteins and TFs to form a transcription complex that regulates the expression of downstream genes directly or indirectly. To recognize the function of CsWUS protein, we evaluated its interaction partners via yeast two-hybrid screening. The conserved domain of CsWUS was cloned into the PGBKT7 vector. CsWUS-BD had no activation capability by the self-activation detection experiment; we used it as bait to perform yeast two-hybrid screening against the citrus mix cDNA expression libraries. Five interaction proteins were identified in at least two independent screens, indicating CsWUS interacting protein (Figure 6A).
These protein interactions are reported for the first time with CsWUS protein interaction: CsCYCD3 (Cs3g23120) ortholog of AtCYCD2;1 encodes cyclin-dependent kinase; zinc finger protein (Cs1g13130), which is an ortholog of Arabidopsis; miraculin-like protein (Cs7g08260) encodes soybean Kunitz super-family ortholog of AtMLP-like protein; Shaggy related protein kinase CsSK7 (Cs2g04660) ortholog of AtSK7 encodes catalytic domain of serine/threonine kinase and glycogen synthase kinase 3; and Cs14-3-3 protein (orange1.1t01991) encodes the 14-3-3 domain ubiquitous class of phosphoserine threonine binding protein. Generally, CsWUS may be related to various complexes composed of these interacting proteins.
Among these five interacting proteins, CsCYCD3 protein has a crucial role in enhancing cell division, while CsWUS protein is involved in stem cell fate. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis showed that CsCYCD3 has high similarity with Populus trichocarpa CYCD protein compared with CYCD3 from other plants (Figure 6B). Sequence alignment showed that CsCYCD3 has high similarity with Arabidopsis AtCYCD2;1 (Figure 6C). Hence, it is hypothesized that CsWUS interacts with CsCYCD3 and regulates reproductive growth and stem cell fate. To further confirm the interaction between CsWUS and CsCYCD3, we performed BiFC analysis in tobacco (Figure 6D). The findings show that the interaction between CsWUS and CsCYCD3 takes place in the nucleus. Therefore, we may speculate that the interaction between CsWUS and its co-partner CsCYCD3 is involved in tissue proliferation. These results provide a basis for further evaluation of these proteins regarding undifferentiated growth in citrus.

2.8. Sub-Cellular Localization, CsWUS Transcription Activation Analysis and the Identification of RAP2.12 and CsHB22 Transcription Factor in Citrus sinensis

To identify the subcellular localization of CsWUS, its full-length open reading frame (ORF) sequence was cloned into the pRI101 vector under 35S promoter, resulting in an in-frame fusion protein of CsWUS:GFP. The results show that the tobacco epidermal cell expressing GFPs showed cytoplasmic and nuclear staining, while CsWUS:GFP can also be detected in the whole cell, similar to a positive control (Figure 7B). To determine the transcription activity of CsWUS, it was fused with GAL4 DNA-binding domain (GAL4BD) and tested in yeast AH109 (Figure 7A). The result shows that CsWUS may act as a transcriptional activator. Consequently, the DNA binding ability of CsWUS gene confirms that CsWUS binds with (TAATTCA) motif and verifies the DNA binding ability of CsWUS through yeast one-hybrid (Figure 7C).
To identify TFs that regulate CsWUS, a yeast one-hybrid assay was performed using ProCsWUS as bait. The 2kb CsWUS promoter fragment was cloned and 0.5 kb core sequence (from –579 to –1003) was inserted into pAbAi and used as bait. We obtained 20 positive clones; only two genes (Cs1g16690 and Cs3g22190) were found after putative re-streaking on high stringency medium supplemented with 100 mM Aureobasidin A (Papdi, #207) [53] (Figure 7E). Cs1g16690, belonging to the AP2/ERF TF family, and Cs3g22190, belonging to the zinc finger homeodomain TF family, were identified from the citrus genome database. Meanwhile, a number of Cis-elements were found on ProCsWUS, including AP2/ERF (GGCGGCC) elements, which have been recognized by Cs1g16690. ZF-HD (TGATTAG) elements have been shown to be recognized by Cs3g22190 (Figure 7D).
The results of comparison between cDNA and genomic DNA sequences reveled that Cs3g22190 is located on chromosome 3. Alignment and phylogenetic analysis showed that this gene has high similarity with Arabidopsis ZF-HD homeobox protein 22 (At4g24660), and thus was named CsHB22 (Supplementary Figure S5). It is composed of a 630 bp full-length ORF encoding a 209 amino acid putative protein. The CsHB22 consists of ZF-HD dimer protein and homeobox domain, consistent with previous reports on HB22 protein. A comparison was made between Cs1g16690 cDNA and genomic DNA located on chromosome 1. Alignment and phylogenetic analysis showed that this gene has similarity with Arabidopsis BRELATED TO AP2.12 (AT1G53910) and it was named CsRAP2.12 (Supplementary Figure S6). It is composed of 1170 bp, ORF encoding 326 amino acids. CsRAP2.12 consists of AP2-ERF domain and ORC2 super-family.
To further confirm CsRAP2.12 and CsHB22 binding to the CsWUS promoter, we investigated whether CsRAP2.12 and CsHB22 activated or suppressed ProCsWUS in vivo by performing dual luciferase assay on tobacco leaves. In this study, CsRAP2.12 and CsHB22 were used as effectors and two constructs consisting of ProCsWUS were used as reporters (Figure 7F). The results show that co-transformation of effectors and reporters significantly elevated the promoter activity of CsWUS (Figure 7F). Taken together, this suggests that these two TFs may be involved in phenotypic complementation of CsWUS and alter growth compared with the control by regulating the intrinsic hormonal and developmental pathways.

2.9. Expression of CsRAP2.12, CsHB22, and CsCYCD3 in Different Citrus Sinensis Tissues and under Floral Inductive Water Deficit Conditions

To further investigate the spatial expression pattern of CsRAP2.12, CsHB22, and CsCYCD3, their tissue specific expression was evaluated in different Citrus sinensis tissues including the leaf, flower, fruit, stem, apical meristem, and root (Figure 8A–C). The results showed that CsRAP2.12 showed a higher level of expression in roots, leaves, and stems, and a lower level of expression in flowers, fruits, and apical meristem (Figure 8A). CsHB22 was relatively highly expressed in the leaf, flower, and fruit (Figure 8B). Moreover, we also performed tissue specific expression analysis of CsCYCD3 (Figure 8C). CsCYCD3 was mainly expressed in the leaf, stem, and apical meristem (Figure 8C). It is worth noting that all three genes showed high levels of expression in the leaves. Overall, these three genes presented a very broad expression pattern, implying that they may play multiple roles in the growth and development of sweet oranges.
To explore the potential role of CsRAP2.12, CsHB22, and CsCYCD3 under floral inductive water deficit conditions, we also evaluated their expression patterns using previously reported RNA-seq data in lemon [51]. The result showed CsRAP2.12 was highly expressed after water recovery while CsHB22 is not induced under floral inductive water deficit conditions (Figure 8D). In addition, CsCYCD3 was more highly expressed at stage 3 than stage 2 (Figure 8D). These results suggest that they may also play an important role under floral inductive water deficit conditions.

3. Discussion

The WOX family plays a crucial role in shoot apical meristem and embryonic development, stem cell activity, and various other developmental processes in plants [5,22,44]. Due to the significance of their functions, research on plants has become more urgent and widespread. Previous genome-wide analysis of the WOX gene family was done in some important plant species [13,18,44,54]. However, there is no report of genome-wide analysis of the WOX family in citrus. In this study, we identified 11 putative CsWOX genes in the citrus reference genome. Based on their phylogenetic relation with Arabidopsis and rice WOX proteins, CsWOX proteins were split into three clades (modern/WUS, intermediate, and ancient), consistent with already reported classifications in different plant species [21,24,55]. However, synteny between CsWOX genes and their Arabidopsis homologs was less than expected.
Identifying the role of CsWOX genes by tissue-specific expression and co-expression analysis is an important and useful tool. For example, CsWOX1 a putative ortholog of AtWOX13 has highly expressed in the flower, root, and apical meristem. The WOX13 mutant exhibited slightly wider fruits with a reduced number of lateral roots in Arabidopsis [9]. However, GhWOX13 in cotton is involved in hormonal mediation of fiber elongation [56]. In this study, tissue-specific expression analysis suggests that CsWOX1 performs a similar function to AtWOX13 [9]. CsWOX7 is a putative ortholog to AtWOX5 in Arabidopsis, and CsWOX5 was shown to be involved in root meristem maintenance [12]. Further studies of AtWOX5 orthologs in maize (ZmWOX5), poplar (PtoWOX5a), and rice (OsWOX5) showed a similar conserved function and molecular mechanism in root development [57,58]. Tissue-specific expression analysis showed that CsWOX7 is highly expressed in root tissue, indicating that it may be involved in root development of sweet orange. CsWUS was found as a putative ortholog of AtWUS and OsWUS. WUS is a critical regulator and encodes a homeodomain protein that is mandatory for stem cell activity [59]. Nevertheless, AtWUS regulates maintenance of stem cells in floral meristems, and its expression level influences the number of flower organs that develop [60]. AtWUS is a bi-functional TF that acts to repress stem cell regulation and activate floral patterning [42]. Previous findings explained the conserved functioning of WUS genes in Gossypium hirsutum, Arabidopsis, Medicago truncatula, Glycine max, Triticum aestivum, Coffea canephora, Nicotiana tabacum, Oryza sativa, and Chrysanthemum morifolium [5,13,31,39,40,44,61,62]. High expression of CsWUS in the flower and stem suggests that it may be linked with maintenance of stem cell and flower organ development.
Interestingly, CsWUS-OE in tobacco exhibited a developmental role and induced ectopic growth. Overexpressed plants had malformed leaves, stunted growth with limited gynoecium development, and no seed development. Similar results were observed with AtWUS overexpression in tobacco [40]. CsWUS consists of functional domains considering its dual function as an activator similar to AtWUS, as previously reported [5,52]. Results show that the WUS gene has a conserved developmental role in Arabidopsis and sweet orange. However, gene silencing of CsWUS revealed conserved functioning in stem cell activity involved in thorn development in lemon.
To further investigate the regulation mechanism of CsWUS, we performed a yeast two-hybrid analysis using CsWUS as a bait, and five interacting protein partners of CsWUS were identified. Phenotypic functional complementation experiment with CsWUS confirmed involvement in aberrant cell division and stem cell activity. CsCYCD3 ortholog in Arabidopsis enhances cell division and plays a vital role in tissue proliferation, such as in the meristem and young leaves [9,63]. Cyclins are well conserved in functioning, and therefore have been comprehensively recognized in plants. Previous studies reported that CYCD3 defines distinct developmental zones and is locally regulated by CYCLOIDEA [64]. In addition, CYCLOIDEA (CYC2-like) and WUS regulate reproductive organ development in Chrysanthemum morifolium [44]. Furthermore, we found physical interaction between CsCYCD3 and CsWUS in the tobacco nucleus. Therefore, we may predict that CsCYCD3 and CsWUS complex might be involved in stem cell activity and promote ectopic growth in citrus. The conserved mechanism of CsCYCD3 and CsWUS in citrus needs to be studied further. Subsequently, other interacting proteins, such as 14-3-3 protein 6, shaggy related protein kinase, zinc finger homeodomain, and MLP-like protein are involved in various developmental, hormonal signaling, and stress responses in Arabidopsis [65,66,67,68]. These proteins’ triggering mechanisms still need to be further elucidated.
In addition, we identified two TFs (CsRAP2.12 and CsHB22) binding to the CsWUS promoter by yeast one-hybrid library screening. These results indicate that the expression of CsRAP2.12 and CsHB22 activates the expression of CsWUS by binding to its promoter. CsRAP2.12 is an ortholog of AtRAP2.12 and belongs to the ERF-VII TF family. AtRAP2.12 and its orthologs shared a conserved AP2 domain that was mandatory for protein–DNA interaction. AtRAP2.12 involved in hypoxia tolerance and reduced growth in the presence of oxygen in Arabidopsis [53]. The ubiquitin-dependent N-end rule pathway for protein degradation, functions as an oxygen sensing mechanism in Arabidopsis [69]. Furthermore, the presence of molecular oxygen affected the stability of ERF-VII proteins, implying that the role of oxygen sensing was mediated via the N-end rule protein degradation pathway [70]. The N-end rule pathway, in particular, stagnates the stress response in plants, enabling optimal growth and development. Meanwhile, RAP2.12 was also an ethylene responsive TF, as ethylene is known to influence the growth and development of leaves and can be independent of or dependent on its interaction with other hormones [71,72]. We observed malformed curled leaves in CsWUS-OE lines, which showed similar phenotype behavior to those plants grown in the presence of polar auxin transport inhibitors. It is known that auxin regulates the cell division phase during leaf expansion [40]. We may speculate that the response of leaf growth to ethylene is likely to be auxin-dependent or auxin-independent [33]. In addition, overexpression of stabilized RAP2.12 alters the leaf phenotype by regulating non-hypoxic target genes in Arabidopsis [73]. Therefore, we suggest that CsRAP2.12 binds with promoter of CsWUS, and this interaction may be involved in hormonal signaling that regulates leaf development.
ZF-HD belongs to a subfamily of homeodomain TFs that has not been well characterized functionally in plants [68]. In Arabidopsis, 14 members of the ZF-HD family have been identified and predominantly expressed in flower tissues [74]. The CsHB22 ortholog in Arabidopsis (AT4G24660) was highly expressed in flower tissues [68,74]. However, its specific function needs further investigation in Arabidopsis. Recently, a member from the ZF-HD family (OsZHD2) was described that promotes root and meristem activity by biosynthesis of ethylene in rice [75]. Besides the regulatory role in the growth and development, some ZF-HD genes may play a vital role in response to abiotic stresses such as drought, heat, cold, and salt [76]. Recent studies indicate that ZF-HD is induced by cold stress, NaCl, and PEG in wheat [77]. Consistent with all previous reports, we also found the flower gynoecium in CsWUS-OE was smaller than that in WT. Thus, overexpression of CsWUS gene in sweet orange is expected to retard the ability to develop female gametophytes. In addition, tissue specific expression showed that CsRAP2.12, CsHB22, and CsCYCD3 were expressed in the flower, leaf, stem, and apical meristem. Taken together, we therefore hypothesized that the interaction of CsWUS-CsCYCD3, ProCsWUS-CsRAP2.12, and ProCsWUS-CsHB22 may be involved in development of sweet orange leaf, flower, stem, and apical meristem. However, further studies are required to confirm these initial findings.

4. Materials and Methods

4.1. Plant Materials

Tissues samples of leaf, flower, root, apical meristem, stem, and young fruit were obtained from sweet orange grown at the National Citrus Research Breeding Center, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China. Flower and fruit samples were collected in flowering and fruiting seasons, respectively. The samples were collected for CsWOX expression analysis and promptly placed in liquid nitrogen and further preserved at –80 °C for RNA extraction and expression analysis.

4.2. Identification of WOX Genes in Sweet Orange

To recognize all putative WOX genes of sweet orange, a local BLAST search using the citrus database (http://citrus.hzau.edu.cn/orange/) was done [48]. Two BLASTP approaches were implemented to search the sweet orange WOX genes. First, 15 known Arabidopsis WOX genes were downloaded from the Arabidopsis Information Resource (TAIR) database and used to query the citrus database, and candidate genes were recognized by BLASTP search scores of ≥100 and e-value of ≤e−10. Second, the same procedure was done using all known rice genes downloaded from the NCBI database, which were used as query sequences [78]. The 11 identified WOX genes were designated as CsWOX genes.

4.3. Phylogenetic Analysis and Gene Structure of CsWOX Family

To explore the phylogenetic relationship between sweet orange, Arabidopsis, and rice, a phylogenetic tree was constructed using the Clustal Omega program (Guide Tree) (www.ebi.ac.uk/Tools/msa/clustalo/) follow the default parameters. The corresponding phylogenetic tree data was downloaded, and the phylogenetic tree was drawn using Interactive Tree of Life (IToL) v. 4 (https://itol.embl.de/), scale bars correspond to 0.1 substitution [79,80]. In this study, Arabidopsis and rice CsWOX proteins were used as the out group. The protein sequences of Arabidopsis and rice were downloaded from the TAIR and NCBI databases, respectively. Gene Structure Display Server 2.0 was used to evaluate the exon/intron structures of CsWOX genes [81].

4.4. Analysis of Conserved Motif and Predicted Subcellular Localization

To study the structural modification of CsWOX genes, the conserved motifs in the encoded CsWOX proteins were analyzed by Multiple Expectation Maximization for Motif Elicitation (MEME) v. 5.3 (https://meme-suite.org/meme/tools/meme) with default parameters [50]. Conserved motifs were identified with the motif widths of 6–50 residues. The online program WOLF PSORT II (http://www.genescript.com/wolfpsort.html) was used to predicate subcellular positions of CsWOX genes with default parameters, the organism type selected plants [82].

4.5. Analysis of Protein Structures

The biochemical properties of CsWOX proteins such as amino acid composition, molecular weight (MW), theoretical pI, instability index, aliphatic index, and grand average of hydropathicity (GRAVY) were obtained by an online tool on the Bioinformatics Resource Portal ExPASy server (http://web.expasy.org/protparam/) with default parameters [83]. The protein structure of CsWOX proteins was predicted by the SWISS-MODEL (https://swissmodel.expasy.org) online programs with default parameters [82].

4.6. Analysis of Cis-Regulatory Elements, Chromosomal Location, and Synteny

To examine the possible regulatory mechanisms of CsWOX genes, a 1.5 kp upstream promoter region from the start codon of each gene was taken from the sweet orange genome database (http://citrus.hzau.edu.cn/orange/) [48]. The cis-elements of CsWOX promoter were identified using the PLACE (https://www.dna.affrc.go.jp/PLACE/?action=newplace) and PlantCARE programs (http://bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/webtools/plantcare/html/) [50,84]. The gene loci for WOX genes were also downloaded from the sweet orange genome database [48]. The MCScanX toolkit was used for synteny detection [85]. A synteny diagram was created using Circos software version 0.63 [86].

4.7. Expression Profile of CsWOX Genes in Sweet Orange

Spatial expression of CsWOX genes in various organs was analyzed by qRT-PCR. Total RNA was isolated from young fruits, flowers, healthy leaves, roots, stems, and apical meristems of sweet orange. cDNA synthesis was conducted with a PrimeScript® RT reagent kit (Takara, Dalian, China) following the manufacturer’s instructions. The synthesized cDNA was diluted 1:10 as a template for qRT-PCR. The primers used are listed in Supplementary Table S1. Real-time PCR was performed with Hieff® qPCR SYBR® Green Master Mix (Yeasen Biotech Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China) on an ABI PRISM 7000 system (Applied Biosystems) using 1 µL of cDNA template, 8 µL of double distilled water, and 0.5 µL of forward and reverse primers (10 µM) in the following PCR condition: 95 °C for 5 min, 95 °C for 10 s, 55–60 °C for 20 s, 72 °C for 20 s, and 40 cycles. The relative expression level of target genes was calculated using the 2−∆∆Ct method by normalizing CsActin as described previously [87].

4.8. Co-Expression Evaluation of CsWOX Genes during Induction of Floral Water Deficit

The specific role of CsWOX genes was evaluated through published transcriptome data on lemon bud under floral inductive water deficit conditions [51]. Co-expression network of CsWOX genes was created, and the relationships between two genes above 0.85 were retained and then visualized as a comparison in Cytoscape. Co-expression gene networks were evaluated through Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) using the clusterProfiler and pathview packages in R, as defined in [88].

4.9. Subcellular Localization, Motif Binding, and Transactivation Activity Assay of CsWUS

The coding sequence of CsWUS without stop codon was fused into PRI101 vector containing GFP gene under control of CaMV 35S promoter to form 35Ss:CsWUS-GFP. The 35S:CsWUS-GFP and 35S:GFP constructs were transformed into Agrobacterium tumefaciens GV3101. The 35S:CsWUS-GFP and 35S:GFP constructs were transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana leaf epidermal cells. After 36 h of incubation, leaf cells were examined by confocal microscopy as described previously [89]. The full-length coding sequence of CsWUS was inserted into pGBKT7 as bait according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The bait clone with the empty prey pGADT7 and co-transformed cells on SD/-Ade/-His/-Leu/-Trp medium was transformed into yeast AH109 strain. Transactivation activity was determined by a previously reported method [19]. CsWUS DNA binding activity was investigated by the MatchmakerTM Gold Yeast-one Hybrid Library screening system according to the user manual (Clontech, Mountain View, CA, USA). Three tandem repeats of the predicted TAATTCA motif were inserted into the pAbAi vector and transformed in the yeast-one hybrid system according to the manufacturer’s instruction. The yeast clones expressing pAbAi and pGADT7-CsWUS were grown normally on SD/-Leu medium with AbA ng/mL [90]. The experiment was repeated three times. The primers used are listed in Supplementary Table S2.

4.10. Construct p35s-CsWUS Preparation and Overexpression in Tobacco Plants

The full-length coding sequence of CsWUS was used for overexpression analysis. For this analysis, CDS of CsWUS was cloned into pBI121 vector by replacing GUS gene (Supplementary Table S1). The sequence was then inserted into the pBI121 vector. The vector was transformed into Agrobacterium tumefaciens GV3101 by the heat shock method. A previously described method of Agrobacterium mediated transformation was used in tobacco [91]. The transgenic plants T0 were confirmed by PCR amplification.

4.11. Vector Construction and VIGS of CsWUS in Lemon

The tobacco rattle virus (TRV) system (pTRV-RNA1 and pTRV-RNA2) was used for VIGS analysis. A 428 bp gene fragment of CsWUS was cloned into the pTRV-RNA2 vector to produce the pTRV2: CsWUS construct. pTRV1, TRV2 (negative control), and pTRV2-CsWUS were transformed into Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain GV3101 [89]. Agro-infiltration proceeded by dipping germinating lemon seeds with a shoot length of around 1 cm in a bacterial suspension in a vacuum chamber. The plants were dried with filter paper after vacuum infiltration and grown in the dark for 3 days, then sown in soil containers under a growth chamber at 25 °C, 16 h light/8 h dark [89]. After 2 weeks, DNA of each seedling was extracted with a DNeasy Plant Mini kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) and subjected to genomic PCR using one pair of primers for detection of positive plants (Table S1), and qRT-PCR was done for each positive plant to measure the transcript level of CsWUS [92]. The primers used are listed in Supplementary Table S1.

4.12. Yeast Two-Hybrid Screening

The yeast two-hybrid library screening was completed with the Matchmaker Gold Yeast Two-Hybrid system (Takara Bio, Beijing, China), using yeast strain AH109. Conserved domain of CsWUS was inserted into pGBKT7 vector and used as bait. Single yeast clones were selected on solid high-stringency SD/-Ade/-His/-Leu/-Trp medium and grown on liquid SD/-His/-Leu medium. Recombinant pGADT7 plasmids with cDNA inserts were selected, re-transformed, and checked by X-α-Gal filter-lift assay before sequencing. The selected query was reconfirmed through NCBI, phytozome, and citrus genome databases for further identification of corresponding genes. After library screening, these recombinant plasmids were transformed again on yeast high-stringency SD/-Ade/-His/-Leu/-Trp X-α-Gal medium [13]. The primers used are listed in Supplementary Table S1.

4.13. Bimolecular Florescence Complementation Assay (BiFC)

To investigate the bimolecular florescence complementation of CsWUS and interacting proteins, their ORF sequences without stop codon were amplified and cloned into pUC-SPYNE (nYFP) and pUC-SPYCE (cYFP) vectors. Full-length CDS of CsCYCD3 was inserted into pFGC-nYFP vector to generate N-terminal in-frame fusions with N-YFP, while CsWUS coding sequences were cloned into pFGC-cYFP vector to form C-terminal in-frame fusions with C-YFP. All plasmids were transformed into Agraobacterium GV3101, and infiltration of tobacco leaves was performed following a previously described method [13]. After 36 h, tobacco leaves were observed under a Leica confocal laser scanning electron microscope.

4.14. Yeast One-Hybrid Screen and Assay

The 0.5 kb CsWUS promoter was amplified and cloned into pAbAi and used as bait, and pGADT7 library was used as a prey. Yeast one-hybrid library screening assay was performed using the MatchmakerTM Gold Yeast-one Hybrid Library system (Clontech, Mountain View, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Protein-DNA interaction was revealed by the growth ability of co-transformed yeast cells on high–stringency SD/-leu medium supplemented with AbA following the manufacturer’s protocol [19].

4.15. Dual Luciferase Reporter Assay

The CDS of CsHB22 and CsRAP2.12 was cloned into pGreenII 62-SK vector using the ClonExpressTM II One Step Cloning Kit (Vazyme Biotech Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China), and this construct was utilized as effector plasmid. The CsWUS promoter with specific binding motifs was cloned and inserted into pGreen0800-LUC vector plasmid to attain the reporter plasmid. The empty pGreenII 62-SK vector was used as control effector and CsRAP2.12 and CsHB22 were used as treatment effectors. Agrobacterium pSoup-19 was used for transformation of the effectors and promoters. For transient gene expression analysis, the reporter and effector recombinant plasmid constructs were co-transformed into leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana. After 2–3 days of infiltration, a Dual-Luciferase® Reporter Assay System (Promega Biotech Co., Ltd., Beijing, China) was utilized to qualify LUC and REN activity according to the manufacturer’s instructions. At least 6 biological replicates were organized for each co-transformation.

5. Conclusions

This study provides a genomic framework for the citrus WOX gene family and its phylogenetic relation with rice and Arabidopsis. A total of 11 CsWOX genes were identified from the citrus genome. Bioinformatics analysis, including gene structure, conserved motif, cis-regulatory elements, protein physiochemical properties, predicted structure, and subcellular localization was performed, providing a framework for further study of this gene family in citrus. Comprehensive analysis of spatial expression patterns and co-expression analysis suggest that the WOX gene family is probably involved in distinct developmental mechanisms and the response to water deficit conditions in citrus. Functional analysis of CsWUS shows that CsRAP2.12 and CsHB22 regulate CsWUS expression. Further, CsWUS was found to interact with CsCYCD3. Ectopic overexpression of CsWUS is involved in aberrant cell development, malformed leaves, and defective gynoecium and ovary development. CsWUS gene silencing displayed radially symmetric thorn-like outgrowth in lemon. Thus, we assumed that CsRAP2.12 and CsHB22 regulates CsWUS expression, which further interacts with CsCYCD3, which may be involved in stem cell activity and other intrinsic development in citrus. The functional characterization of CsWUS genes the necessary foundation for follow-up more research to analyze the role of CsWOX genes in citrus development.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/ijms22094919/s1, Figure S1: Predicted 3D-structure of CsWOX proteins, Figure S2: The distribution of identified motif of whole CsWOX family based on their biological functions. Figure S3: Phylogenetic and sequence alignment of CsWUS with its homologs. (A) Phylogenetic tree of CsWUS with its homolog proteins. (B) Sequence analysis of CsWUS protein with its homolog proteins. CsWUS from Citrus sinensis; LOC Os04g56780 from Oryza sativa (OsWUS); Bradi5g25113.1.p from Brachypodium distachyon (BradiWUS); Cc07g10660 from Coffea canephora (CcWUS); AT2G17950 from Arabidopsis (AtWUS); XP007203178.1 from Prunus persica (PpWUS); TraesCS2A02G491900 from Triticum aestivum (TaWUS); KAF7004049 from Triticum aestivum (TaWUS); Potri.005G114700.1 from Populus trichocarpa (PotriWUS1). Bold red line indicates conserved domain of these proteins, Figure S4: (A) Phenotypic analysis of some transgenic lines from CsWUS. (B) Relative expression of endogenous WUS homolog (NtWUS) in transgenic CsWUS-OE tobacco lines. NtActin was worked as internal control; the mean ± SD of three biological replicates is presented, Figure S5: Phylogenetic and sequence alignment of CsHB22 with its homologs. (A) Phylogenetic tree of CsHB22 with its homolog proteins. (B) Sequence analysis of CsHB22 protein with its homolog proteins. CsHB22 from Citrus sinensis; LOC_Os09g29130.1 from Oryza sativa (LOC_Os09g2); XP_016510094.1 from Nicotiana tabacum (XP_0165100); Glyma.20G214300.1.p from Glycine max (Glyma.20G); AT4G24660.1 from Arabidopsis (AT4G24660); Potri.013G108900.1 from Populus trichocarpa (Potri.013G). Bold red line indicates conserved domain of these proteins, Figure S6: Phylogenetic and sequence alignment of CsRAP2.12 with its homologs. (A) Phylogenetic tree of CsRAP2.12 with its homolog proteins. (B) Sequence analysis of CsRAP2.12 protein with its homolog proteins. CsRAP2.12 from Citrus sinensis; Csa19g0208 from Camelina sativa (Csa19g020890.1); AT1G53910 from Arabidopsis (AT1G53910.1); Potri.003G from Populus trichocarpa (Potri.003G071700.1); Solyc03g12 from Solanum lycopersicum (Solyc03g123500.2.1); Traes_5BL from Triticum aestivum (Traes_5BL_7F84602F3.1). Bold red line indicates conserved domain of these proteins, Table S1: Primers used in this study.

Author Contributions

Methodology, Z.-M.G. and F.S.K.; data curation, R.-F.Z., Z.-M.G., and F.S.K.; writing—original draft preparation, F.S.K.; writing—review and editing, J.-Z.Z.; project administration, J.-Z.Z. and C.-G.H.; funding acquisition, J.-Z.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was supported financially by the National Major Research and Development Plan (2019YFD1000104), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant nos. 31972356, 31772252, 32072521, and 31872045), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2662018JC044).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Mukherjee, K.; Brocchieri, L.; Bürglin, T.R. A comprehensive classification and evolutionary analysis of plant homeobox genes. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2009, 26, 2775–2794. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  2. Holland, P.W. Evolution of homeobox genes. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Dev. Biol. 2013, 2, 31–45. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  3. Alvarez, J.M.; Bueno, N.; Cañas, R.A.; Avila, C.; Cánovas, F.M.; Ordás, R.J. Analysis of the WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX gene family in Pinus pinaster: New insights into the gene family evolution. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 2018, 123, 304–318. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  4. UrRahman, Z.; Azam, S.M.; Liu, Y.; Yan, C.; Ali, H.; Zhao, L.; Chen, P.; Yi, L.; Priyadarshani, S.; Yuan, Q. Expression profiles of Wuschel-related homeobox gene family in Pineapple (Ananas comosus L.). Trop. Plant Biol. 2017, 10, 204–215. [Google Scholar]
  5. Jha, P.; Ochatt, S.J.; Kumar, V. WUSCHEL: A master regulator in plant growth signaling. Plant Cell Rep. 2020, 1–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Li, R.; Ge, H.; Dai, Y.; Yuan, L.; Liu, X.; Sun, Q.; Wang, X. Genomewide analysis of homeobox gene family in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) and their response to abiotic stress. J. Genet. 2019, 98, 13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  7. Vander Graaff, E.; Laux, T.; Rensing, S.A. The WUS homeobox-containing (WOX) protein family. Genome Biol. 2009, 10, 248. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  8. Minh-Thu, P.-T.; Kim, J.S.; Chae, S.; Jun, K.M.; Lee, G.-S.; Kim, D.-E.; Cheong, J.-J.; Song, S.I.; Nahm, B.H.; Kim, Y.-K. A WUSCHEL homeobox transcription factor, OsWOX13, enhances drought tolerance and triggers early flowering in rice. Mol. Cells 2018, 41, 781. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  9. Deveaux, Y.; Toffano-Nioche, C.; Claisse, G.; Thareau, V.; Morin, H.; Laufs, P.; Moreau, H.; Kreis, M.; Lecharny, A. Genes of the most conserved WOX clade in plants affect root and flower development in Arabidopsis. BMC Evol. Biol. 2008, 8, 291. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  10. Chang, Y.; Song, X.; Zhang, Q.; Liu, H.; Bai, Y.; Lei, X.; Pei, D. Genome-Wide Identification of WOX Gene Family and Expression Analysis during Rejuvenational Rhizogenesis in Walnut (Juglans regiaL.). Forests 2020, 11, 16–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  11. Lu, Y.; Liu, Z.; Lyu, M.; Yuan, Y.; Wu, B. Characterization of JsWOX1 and JsWOX4 during callus and root induction in the shrub species Jasminum sambac. Plants 2019, 8, 79. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  12. Nardmann, J.; Reisewitz, P.; Werr, W. Discrete shoot and root stem cell-promoting WUS/WOX5 functions are an evolutionary innovation of angiosperms. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2009, 26, 1745–1755. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  13. Li, X.; Li, J.; Cai, M.; Zheng, H.; Cheng, Z.; Gao, J. Identification and evolution of the WUSCHEL-related homeobox protein family in Bambusoideae. Biomolecules 2020, 10, 739. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Tang, Y.; Li, H.; Guan, Y.; Li, S.; Xun, C.; Dong, Y.; Huo, R.; Guo, Y.; Bao, X.; Pei, E. Genome-Wide Identification of the Physic Nut WUSCHEL-Related Homeobox Gene Family and Functional Analysis of the Abiotic Stress Responsive Gene JcWOX5. Front. Genet. 2020, 11, 670. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  15. Boccacci, P.; Mela, A.; Mina, C.P.; Chitarra, W.; Perrone, I.; Gribaudo, I.; Gambino, G. Cultivar-specific gene modulation in Vitis vinifera: Analysis of the promoters regulating the expression of WOX transcription factors. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, 1–13. [Google Scholar]
  16. Gambino, G.; Minuto, M.; Boccacci, P.; Perrone, I.; Vallania, R.; Gribaudo, I. Characterization of expression dynamics of WOX homeodomain transcription factors during somatic embryogenesis in Vitis vinifera. J. Exp. Bot. 2011, 62, 1089–1101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  17. Cao, Y.; Han, Y.; Meng, D.; Li, G.; Li, D.; Abdullah, M.; Jin, Q.; Lin, Y.; Cai, Y. Genome-wide analysis suggests the relaxed purifying selection affect the evolution of WOX genes in Pyrus bretschneideri, Prunus persica, Prunus mume, and Fragaria vesca. Front. Genet. 2017, 8, 78–85. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  18. Daude, M.M.; Silva, T.W.D.S.; Freitas, N.C.; Ságio, S.A.; Paiva, L.V.; Barreto, H.G. Transcriptional analysis of WUSCHEL-related HOMEOBOX (WOX) genes in Coffea arabica L. Biologia 2020, 1–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Wang, L.-Q.; Li, Z.; Wen, S.-S.; Wang, J.-N.; Zhao, S.-T.; Lu, M.-Z. WUSCHEL-related homeobox gene PagWOX11/12a responds to drought stress by enhancing root elongation and biomass growth in poplar. J. Exp. Bot. 2020, 71, 1503–1513. [Google Scholar]
  20. Ji, J.; Shimizu, R.; Sinha, N.; Scanlon, M.J. Analyses of WOX4 transgenics provide further evidence for the evolution of the WOX gene family during the regulation of diverse stem cell functions. Plant Signal. Behav. 2010, 5, 916–920. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  21. Zhang, X.; Zong, J.; Liu, J.; Yin, J.; Zhang, D. Genome-wide analysis of WOX gene family in rice, sorghum, maize, Arabidopsis and poplar. J. Integr. Plant Biol. 2010, 52, 1016–1026. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Zhang, N.; Huang, X.; Bao, Y.; Wang, B.; Liu, L.; Dai, L.; Chen, J.; An, X.; Sun, Y.; Peng, D. Genome-wide identification and expression profiling of WUSCHEL-related homeobox (WOX) genes during adventitious shoot regeneration of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus). Acta Physiol. Plant. 2015, 37, 224. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Cheng, S.; Huang, Y.; Zhu, N.; Zhao, Y. The rice WUSCHEL-related homeobox genes are involved in reproductive organ development, hormone signaling and abiotic stress response. Gene 2014, 549, 266–274. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  24. Nardmann, J.; Werr, W. Symplesiomorphies in the WUSCHEL clade suggest that the last common ancestor of seed plants contained at least four independent stem cell niches. New Phytol. 2013, 199, 1081–1092. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  25. Zhang, Y.; Jiao, Y.; Jiao, H.; Zhao, H.; Zhu, Y.-X. Two-step functional innovation of the stem-cell factors WUS/WOX5 during plant evolution. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2017, 34, 640–653. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  26. Ueda, M.; Zhang, Z.; Laux, T. Transcriptional activation of Arabidopsis axis patterning genes WOX8/9 links zygote polarity to embryo development. Dev. Cell 2011, 20, 264–270. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  27. Haecker, A.; Groß-Hardt, R.; Geiges, B.; Sarkar, A.; Breuninger, H.; Herrmann, M.; Laux, T. Expression dynamics of WOX genes mark cell fate decisions during early embryonic patterning in Arabidopsis thaliana. Development 2004, 131, 657–668. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  28. Kong, D.; Hao, Y.; Cui, H. The WUSCHEL related homeobox protein WOX7 regulates the sugar response of lateral root development in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mol. Plant 2016, 9, 261–270. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  29. Liu, B.; Wang, L.; Zhang, J.; Li, J.; Zheng, H.; Chen, J.; Lu, M. WUSCHEL-related Homeobox genes in Populus tomentosa: Diversified expression patterns and a functional similarity in adventitious root formation. Bmc Genom. 2014, 15, 296. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  30. Li, X.; Hamyat, M.; Liu, C.; Ahmad, S.; Gao, X.; Guo, C.; Wang, Y.; Guo, Y. Identification and characterization of the WOX family genes in five Solanaceae species reveal their conserved roles in peptide signaling. Genes 2018, 9, 260. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  31. Meng, Y.; Liu, H.; Wang, H.; Liu, Y.; Zhu, B.; Wang, Z.; Hou, Y.; Zhang, P.; Wen, J.; Yang, H. HEADLESS, a WUSCHEL homolog, uncovers novel aspects of shoot meristem regulation and leaf blade development in Medicago truncatula. J. Exp. Bot. 2019, 70, 149–163. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  32. Tadege, M.; Lin, H.; Bedair, M.; Berbel, A.; Wen, J.; Rojas, C.M.; Niu, L.; Tang, Y.; Sumner, L.; Ratet, P. STENOFOLIA regulates blade outgrowth and leaf vascular patterning in Medicago truncatula and Nicotiana sylvestris. Plant Cell 2011, 23, 2125–2142. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  33. Guan, C.; Wu, B.; Yu, T.; Wang, Q.; Krogan, N.T.; Liu, X.; Jiao, Y. Spatial auxin signaling controls leaf flattening in Arabidopsis. Curr. Biol. 2017, 27, 2940–2950.e4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  34. Alvarez, J.M.; Sohlberg, J.; Engström, P.; Zhu, T.; Englund, M.; Moschou, P.N.; von Arnold, S. The WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX 3 gene Pa WOX 3 regulates lateral organ formation in Norway spruce. New Phytol. 2015, 208, 1078–1088. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  35. Yang, Z.; Gong, Q.; Qin, W.; Yang, Z.; Cheng, Y.; Lu, L.; Ge, X.; Zhang, C.; Wu, Z.; Li, F. Genome-wide analysis of WOX genes in upland cotton and their expression pattern under different stresses. BMC Plant Biol. 2017, 17, 1–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Wang, M.-M.; Liu, M.-M.; Ran, F.; Guo, P.-C.; Ke, Y.-Z.; Wu, Y.-W.; Wen, J.; Li, P.-F.; Li, J.-N.; Du, H. Global analysis of WOX transcription factor gene family in Brassica napus reveals their stress-and hormone-responsive patterns. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19, 3470. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  37. Khan, N.; Hu, C.-m.; Khan, W.A.; Wang, W.; Ke, H.; Huijie, D.; Zhishuo, Z.; Hou, X. Genome-wide identification, classification, and expression pattern of homeobox gene family in Brassica rapa under various stresses. Sci. Rep. 2018, 8, 1–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Ma, Y.; Miotk, A.; Šutiković, Z.; Ermakova, O.; Wenzl, C.; Medzihradszky, A.; Gaillochet, C.; Forner, J.; Utan, G.; Brackmann, K. WUSCHEL acts as an auxin response rheostat to maintain apical stem cells in Arabidopsis. Nat. Commun. 2019, 10, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Zheng, W.; Zhang, X.; Yang, Z.; Wu, J.; Li, F.; Duan, L.; Liu, C.; Lu, L.; Zhang, C.; Li, F. AtWuschel promotes formation of the embryogenic callus in Gossypium hirsutum. PLoS ONE 2014, 9, e87502. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  40. Li, J.-H.; Xu, Y.-Y.; Chong, K.; Wang, H. Analysis of transgenic tobacco with overexpression of Arabidopsis WUSCHEL gene. Acta Bot. Sin. Engl. Ed. 2004, 46, 224–229. [Google Scholar]
  41. Somssich, M.; Je, B.I.I.; Simon, R.; Jackson, D. CLAVATA-WUSCHEL signaling in the shoot meristem. Development 2016, 143, 3238–3248. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  42. Ikeda, M.; Mitsuda, N.; Ohme-Takagi, M. Arabidopsis WUSCHEL is a bifunctional transcription factor that acts as a repressor in stem cell regulation and as an activator in floral patterning. Plant Cell 2009, 21, 3493–3505. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  43. Ikeda, M.; Ohme-Takagi, M. TCPs, WUSs, and WINDs: Families of transcription factors that regulate shoot meristem formation, stem cell maintenance, and somatic cell differentiation. Front. Plant Sci. 2014, 5, 427. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  44. Yang, Y.; Sun, M.; Yuan, C.; Han, Y.; Zheng, T.; Cheng, T.; Wang, J.; Zhang, Q. Interactions between WUSCHEL-and CYC2-like transcription factors in regulating the development of reproductive organs in Chrysanthemum morifolium. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 1276. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  45. Forzani, C.; Aichinger, E.; Sornay, E.; Willemsen, V.; Laux, T.; Dewitte, W.; Murray, J.A. WOX5 suppresses CYCLIN D activity to establish quiescence at the center of the root stem cell niche. Curr. Biol. 2014, 24, 1939–1944. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  46. Shao, G.; Lu, Z.; Xiong, J.; Wang, B.; Jing, Y.; Meng, X.; Liu, G.; Ma, H.; Liang, Y.; Chen, F. Tiller bud formation regulators MOC1 and MOC3 cooperatively promote tiller bud outgrowth by activating FON1 expression in rice. Mol. Plant 2019, 12, 1090–1102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  47. Li, S.-B.; OuYang, W.-Z.; Hou, X.-J.; Xie, L.-L.; Hu, C.-G.; Zhang, J.-Z. Genome-wide identification, isolation and expression analysis of auxin response factor (ARF) gene family in sweet orange (Citrus sinensis). Front. Plant Sci. 2015, 6, 119. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  48. Xu, Q.; Chen, L.-L.; Ruan, X.; Chen, D.; Zhu, A.; Chen, C.; Bertrand, D.; Jiao, W.-B.; Hao, B.-H.; Lyon, M.P. The draft genome of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis). Nat. Genet. 2013, 45, 59–66. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  49. Geng, J.; Liu, J.-H. The transcription factor CsbHLH18 of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) functions in modulation of cold tolerance and reactive oxygen species homeostasis by regulating the antioxidant gene. J. Exp. Bot. 2018, 69, 2677–2692. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  50. Bailey, T.L.; Boden, M.; Buske, F.A.; Frith, M.; Grant, C.E.; Clementi, L.; Ren, J.; Li, W.W.; Noble, W.S. MEME SUITE: Tools for motif discovery and searching. Nucleic Acids Res. 2009, 37, W202–W208. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  51. Li, J.-X.; Hou, X.-J.; Zhu, J.; Zhou, J.-J.; Huang, H.-B.; Yue, J.-Q.; Gao, J.-Y.; Du, Y.-X.; Hu, C.-X.; Hu, C.-G. Identification of genes associated with lemon floral transition and flower development during floral inductive water deficits: A hypothetical model. Front. Plant Sci. 2017, 8, 1013. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  52. Kieffer, M.; Stern, Y.; Cook, H.; Clerici, E.; Maulbetsch, C.; Laux, T.; Davies, B. Analysis of the transcription factor WUSCHEL and its functional homologue in Antirrhinum reveals a potential mechanism for their roles in meristem maintenance. Plant Cell 2006, 18, 560–573. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  53. Papdi, C.; Pérez-Salamó, I.; Joseph, M.P.; Giuntoli, B.; Bögre, L.; Koncz, C.; Szabados, L. The low oxygen, oxidative and osmotic stress responses synergistically act through the ethylene response factor VII genes RAP 2.12, RAP 2.2 and RAP 2.3. Plant J. 2015, 82, 772–784. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  54. Ramkumar, T.R.; Kanchan, M.; Sembi, J.K. Genome wide characterization of WUSCHEL-related homeobox (WOX) gene family in Apostasia shenzhenica, a Primeval Orchid. Plant Sci. 2020, 7, 164–171. [Google Scholar]
  55. Gu, R.; Song, X.; Liu, X.; Yan, L.; Zhou, Z.; Zhang, X. Genome-wide analysis of CsWOX transcription factor gene family in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Sci. Rep. 2020, 10, 1–10. [Google Scholar]
  56. He, P.; Zhang, Y.; Liu, H.; Yuan, Y.; Wang, C.; Yu, J.; Xiao, G. Comprehensive analysis of WOX genes uncovers that WOX13 is involved in phytohormone-mediated fiber development in cotton. Bmc Plant Biol. 2019, 19, 312. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  57. Li, J.; Zhang, J.; Jia, H.; Liu, B.; Sun, P.; Hu, J.; Wang, L.; Lu, M. The WUSCHEL-related homeobox 5a (PtoWOX5a) is involved in adventitious root development in poplar. Tree Physiol. 2018, 38, 139–153. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  58. Zhao, S.; Jiang, Q.-T.; Ma, J.; Zhang, X.-W.; Zhao, Q.-Z.; Wang, X.-Y.; Wang, C.-S.; Cao, X.; Lu, Z.-X.; Zheng, Y.-L. Characterization and expression analysis of WOX5 genes from wheat and its relatives. Gene 2014, 537, 63–69. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  59. Su, Y.H.; Zhao, X.Y.; Liu, Y.B.; Zhang, C.L.; O’Neill, S.D.; Zhang, X.S. Auxin-induced WUS expression is essential for embryonic stem cell renewal during somatic embryogenesis in Arabidopsis. Plant J. 2009, 59, 448–460. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  60. Victorathisayam, T.; Sridevi, G. Ectopic expression of WUSCHEL (AtWUS) gene alters plant growth and development in rice. Plants 2020, 8, 43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  61. Wong, C.E.; Khor, S.Y.; Bhalla, P.L.; Singh, M.B. Novel spatial expression of soybean WUSCHEL in the incipient floral primordia. Planta 2011, 233, 553–560. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  62. Arroyo-Herrera, A.; Gonzalez, A.K.; Moo, R.C.; Quiroz-Figueroa, F.R.; Loyola-Vargas, V.; Rodriguez-Zapata, L.; Suárez-Solís, V.; Castaño, E. Expression of WUSCHEL in Coffea canephora causes ectopic morphogenesis and increases somatic embryogenesis. Plant Celltissue Organ Cult. 2008, 94, 171–180. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  63. Gaudin, V.; Lunness, P.A.; Fobert, P.R.; Towers, M.; Riou-Khamlichi, C.; Murray, J.A.; Coen, E.; Doonan, J.H. The expression of D-cyclin genes defines distinct developmental zones in snapdragon apical meristems and is locally regulated by the Cycloidea gene. Plant Physiol. 2000, 122, 1137–1148. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  64. Potuschak, T.; Doerner, P. Cell cycle controls: Genome-wide analysis in Arabidopsis. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 2001, 4, 501–506. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  65. Wang, Y.; Yang, L.; Chen, X.; Ye, T.; Zhong, B.; Liu, R.; Wu, Y.; Chan, Z. Major latex protein-like protein 43 (MLP43) functions as a positive regulator during abscisic acid responses and confers drought tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. J. Exp. Bot. 2015, 67, 421–434. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  66. Pérez-Pérez, J.M.; Ponce, M.R.; Micol, J.L. The UCU1 Arabidopsis gene encodes a SHAGGY/GSK3-like kinase required for cell expansion along the proximodistal axis. Dev. Biol. 2002, 242, 161–173. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  67. Denison, F.C.; Paul, A.-L.; Zupanska, A.K.; Ferl, R.J. 14-3-3 proteins in plant physiology. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 2011, 22, 720–727. [Google Scholar]
  68. Tan, Q.K.-G.; Irish, V.F. The Arabidopsis zinc finger-homeodomain genes encode proteins with unique biochemical properties that are coordinately expressed during floral development. Plant Physiol. 2006, 140, 1095–1108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  69. Licausi, F.; Kosmacz, M.; Weits, D.A.; Giuntoli, B.; Giorgi, F.M.; Voesenek, L.A.; Perata, P.; van Dongen, J.T. Oxygen sensing in plants is mediated by an N-end rule pathway for protein destabilization. Nature 2011, 479, 419–422. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  70. Gasch, P.; Fundinger, M.; Müller, J.T.; Lee, T.; Bailey-Serres, J.; Mustroph, A. Redundant ERF-VII transcription factors bind to an evolutionarily conserved cis-motif to regulate hypoxia-responsive gene expression in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 2016, 28, 160–180. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  71. Dolan, L. The role of ethylene in the development of plant form. J. Exp. Bot. 1997, 48, 201–210. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  72. Reid, M.S. Ethylene in plant growth, development, and senescence. In Plant Hormones; Springer: Dordrecht, Netherlands, 1995; pp. 486–508. [Google Scholar]
  73. Giuntoli, B.; Shukla, V.; Maggiorelli, F.; Giorgi, F.M.; Lombardi, L.; Perata, P.; Licausi, F. Age-dependent regulation of ERF-VII transcription factor activity in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell Environ. 2017, 40, 2333–2346. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  74. Pagnussat, G.C.; Yu, H.-J.; Ngo, Q.A.; Rajani, S.; Mayalagu, S.; Johnson, C.S.; Capron, A.; Xie, L.-F.; Ye, D.; Sundaresan, V. Genetic and molecular identification of genes required for female gametophyte development and function in Arabidopsis. Development 2005, 132, 603–614. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  75. Yoon, J.; Cho, L.-H.; Yang, W.; Pasriga, R.; Wu, Y.; Hong, W.-J.; Bureau, C.; Wi, S.J.; Zhang, T.; Wang, R. Homeobox transcription factor OsZHD2 promotes root meristem activity in rice by inducing ethylene biosynthesis. J. Exp. Bot. 2020, 71, 5348–5364. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  76. Wang, H.; Yin, X.; Li, X.; Wang, L.; Zheng, Y.; Xu, X.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, X. Genome-wide identification, evolution and expression analysis of the grape (Vitis vinifera L.) zinc finger-homeodomain gene family. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2014, 15, 5730–5748. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  77. Liu, H.; Yang, Y.; Zhang, L. Zinc finger-homeodomain transcriptional factors (ZF-HDs) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.): Identification, evolution, expression analysis and response to abiotic stresses. Plants 2021, 10, 593. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  78. Altschul, S.F.; Gish, W.; Miller, W.; Myers, E.W.; Lipman, D.J. Basic local alignment search tool. J. Mol. Biol. 1990, 215, 403–410. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  79. Letunic, I.; Bork, P. Interactive Tree Of Life v2: Online annotation and display of phylogenetic trees made easy. Nucleic Acids Res. 2011, 39, W475–W478. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  80. Madeira, F.; Park, Y.M.; Lee, J.; Buso, N.; Gur, T.; Madhusoodanan, N.; Basutkar, P.; Tivey, A.R.; Potter, S.C.; Finn, R.D. The EMBL-EBI search and sequence analysis tools APIs in 2019. Nucleic Acids Res. 2019, 47, W636–W641. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  81. Hu, B.; Jin, J.; Guo, A.-Y.; Zhang, H.; Luo, J.; Gao, G. GSDS 2.0: An upgraded gene feature visualization server. Bioinformatics 2015, 31, 1296–1297. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  82. Waterhouse, A.; Bertoni, M.; Bienert, S.; Studer, G.; Tauriello, G.; Gumienny, R.; Heer, F.T.; de Beer, T.A.P.; Rempfer, C.; Bordoli, L.; et al. SWISS-MODEL: Homology modelling of protein structures and complexes. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018, 46, W296–W303. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  83. Artimo, P.; Jonnalagedda, M.; Arnold, K.; Baratin, D.; Csardi, G.; de Castro, E.; Duvaud, S.; Flegel, V.; Fortier, A.; Gasteiger, E.; et al. ExPASy: SIB bioinformatics resource portal. Nucleic Acids Res. 2012, 40, W597–W603. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  84. Higo, K.; Ugawa, Y.; Iwamoto, M.; Korenaga, T. Plant cis-acting regulatory DNA elements (PLACE) database: 1999. Nucleic Acids Res. 1999, 27, 297–300. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  85. Wang, Y.; Tang, H.; DeBarry, J.D.; Tan, X.; Li, J.; Wang, X.; Lee, T.-h.; Jin, H.; Marler, B.; Guo, H.; et al. MCScanX: A toolkit for detection and evolutionary analysis of gene synteny and collinearity. Nucleic Acids Res. 2012, 40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  86. Ahmad, B.; Zhang, S.; Yao, J.; Rahman, M.U.; Hanif, M.; Zhu, Y.; Wang, X. Genomic organization of the B3-domain transcription factor family in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) and expression during seed development in seedless and seeded cultivars. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 4553. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  87. Bustin, S.A.; Benes, V.; Garson, J.A.; Hellemans, J.; Huggett, J.; Kubista, M.; Mueller, R.; Nolan, T.; Pfaffl, M.W.; Shipley, G.L. The MIQE Guidelines: Minimum Information for Publication of Quantitative Real-Time PCR Experiments; Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 2009. [Google Scholar]
  88. Yu, G.; Wang, L.-G.; Han, Y.; He, Q.-Y. clusterProfiler: An R package for comparing biological themes among gene clusters. J. Integr. Plant Biol. 2012, 16, 284–287. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  89. Wang, M.; Dai, W.; Du, J.; Ming, R.; Dahro, B.; Liu, J.H. ERF 109 of trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.) contributes to cold tolerance by directly regulating expression of Prx1 involved in antioxidative process. Plant Biotechnol. J. 2019, 17, 1316–1332. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  90. Li, Z.; Li, L.; Zhou, K.; Zhang, Y.; Han, X.; Din, Y.; Ge, X.; Qin, W.; Wang, P.; Li, F. GhWRKY6 acts as a negative regulator in both transgenic Arabidopsis and cotton during drought and salt stress. Front. Genet. 2019, 10, 392. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  91. Kuluev, B.; Knyazev, A.; Iljassowa, A.; Chemeris, A. Ectopic expression of the PnANTL1 and PnANTL2 black poplar genes in transgenic tobacco plants. Russ. J. Genet. 2012, 48, 993–1000. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  92. Pang, J.; Zhu, Y.; Li, Q.; Liu, J.; Tian, Y.; Liu, Y.; Wu, J. Development of Agrobacterium-mediated virus-induced gene silencing and performance evaluation of four marker genes in Gossypium barbadense. PLoS ONE 2013, 8, e73211. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Ijms 22 04919 g001 550
Figure 1. Phylogenetic tree, synteny analysis, exon, and intron distribution of WOX genes of citrus. (A) Phylogenetic tree of citrus CsWOX; rice (OsWUS: AM234746; OsWOX3: AM234749; OsWOX4: AM234750; OsWOX5: AM234751: OsWOX9A: Q0JKK6; OsWOX9B: AM234755; OsWOX9C: AM234752; OsWOX9D: AM234753; OsWOX11/12: AM234754; OsWOX12B: ABF95709; OsNS2: AM234748; OsNS1: AB218893); and Arabidopsis (AtWUS: AT2G17950; AtWOX1: AT3G18010; AtWOX2: AT5G59340; AtWOX3: AT2G28610; AtWOX4 AT1G46480; AtWOX5: AT3G11260; AtWOX6: AT2G01500; AtWOX7: AT5G05770; AtWOX8: AT5G45980; AtWOX9: AT2G33880; AtWOX10: AT1G20710; AtWOX11: AT3G03660; AtWOX12: AT5G17810; AtWOX13: AT4G35550; AtWOX14: AT1G20700). (B) Synteny analysis and chromosomal distribution of CsWOX genes; colored bars joining two chromosomal regions represents syntenic regions. Chr, Chromosome. (C) Exon-intron distribution. CDS exon indicated by red boxes, upstream and downstream region indicated by green boxes, intron indicated by black line.
Figure 1. Phylogenetic tree, synteny analysis, exon, and intron distribution of WOX genes of citrus. (A) Phylogenetic tree of citrus CsWOX; rice (OsWUS: AM234746; OsWOX3: AM234749; OsWOX4: AM234750; OsWOX5: AM234751: OsWOX9A: Q0JKK6; OsWOX9B: AM234755; OsWOX9C: AM234752; OsWOX9D: AM234753; OsWOX11/12: AM234754; OsWOX12B: ABF95709; OsNS2: AM234748; OsNS1: AB218893); and Arabidopsis (AtWUS: AT2G17950; AtWOX1: AT3G18010; AtWOX2: AT5G59340; AtWOX3: AT2G28610; AtWOX4 AT1G46480; AtWOX5: AT3G11260; AtWOX6: AT2G01500; AtWOX7: AT5G05770; AtWOX8: AT5G45980; AtWOX9: AT2G33880; AtWOX10: AT1G20710; AtWOX11: AT3G03660; AtWOX12: AT5G17810; AtWOX13: AT4G35550; AtWOX14: AT1G20700). (B) Synteny analysis and chromosomal distribution of CsWOX genes; colored bars joining two chromosomal regions represents syntenic regions. Chr, Chromosome. (C) Exon-intron distribution. CDS exon indicated by red boxes, upstream and downstream region indicated by green boxes, intron indicated by black line.
Ijms 22 04919 g001
Ijms 22 04919 g002 550
Figure 2. Cis-regulatory elements in promoter region of CsWOX genes and motif analysis of CsWOXs. (A) Cis-regulatory elements were identified in 1500 bp promoter sequence upstream of start codon of CsWOX genes using the online tool PlantCARE and PLACE. These elements are related to different functional diversity, represented by different colors. (B) Motif analysis of CsWOX proteins. Colors of boxes indicate different motif numbers; length of box shows motif length.
Figure 2. Cis-regulatory elements in promoter region of CsWOX genes and motif analysis of CsWOXs. (A) Cis-regulatory elements were identified in 1500 bp promoter sequence upstream of start codon of CsWOX genes using the online tool PlantCARE and PLACE. These elements are related to different functional diversity, represented by different colors. (B) Motif analysis of CsWOX proteins. Colors of boxes indicate different motif numbers; length of box shows motif length.
Ijms 22 04919 g002
Ijms 22 04919 g003 550
Figure 3. Expression of CsWOX genes in different Citrus sinensis tissues and under floral inductive water deficit conditions. (A) Real-time PCR validation for 11 genes expressed in different tissues: leaf (Lf), flower (Fr), fruit (Ft), stem (Sm), apical meristem (AM), and root (Rt). CsActin was used as internal control; mean ± SD of three biological replicates are presented. (B) Cluster analysis of CsWOXs expression based on log2 ratio ≥ 1. Bar denotes different expression levels and colors indicate relative signal intensities. Stage 1: one week before water deficit; stage 2: one week after beginning of water deficit; stage 3: one week after release of water deficit [51].
Figure 3. Expression of CsWOX genes in different Citrus sinensis tissues and under floral inductive water deficit conditions. (A) Real-time PCR validation for 11 genes expressed in different tissues: leaf (Lf), flower (Fr), fruit (Ft), stem (Sm), apical meristem (AM), and root (Rt). CsActin was used as internal control; mean ± SD of three biological replicates are presented. (B) Cluster analysis of CsWOXs expression based on log2 ratio ≥ 1. Bar denotes different expression levels and colors indicate relative signal intensities. Stage 1: one week before water deficit; stage 2: one week after beginning of water deficit; stage 3: one week after release of water deficit [51].
Ijms 22 04919 g003
Ijms 22 04919 g004 550
Figure 4. Co-expression network analysis of CsWOXs using data from a previous study [51]. (A) CsWOXs centered gene co-expression network under floral inductive water deficit. (B) Biological processes of Gene Ontology (GO) terms that were significantly augmented in CsWOX gene targeted network.
Figure 4. Co-expression network analysis of CsWOXs using data from a previous study [51]. (A) CsWOXs centered gene co-expression network under floral inductive water deficit. (B) Biological processes of Gene Ontology (GO) terms that were significantly augmented in CsWOX gene targeted network.
Ijms 22 04919 g004
Ijms 22 04919 g005 550
Figure 5. Phenotype analysis of CsWUS overexpression in transgenic tobacco and virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) in lemon. (A) Phenotype, (B) leaf morphology, (C) flower gynoecium, and (D) seed pods of control and CsWUS transgenic tobacco. (E) Representative phenotypes of wild-type (WT) and CsWUS silencing induces thorn development in lemon. (F) Relative expression levels of gene silenced and control plant. CsActin was used as internal control; mean ± SD of three biological replicates is presented. Asterisks indicate significant differences: ** p < 0.01.
Figure 5. Phenotype analysis of CsWUS overexpression in transgenic tobacco and virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) in lemon. (A) Phenotype, (B) leaf morphology, (C) flower gynoecium, and (D) seed pods of control and CsWUS transgenic tobacco. (E) Representative phenotypes of wild-type (WT) and CsWUS silencing induces thorn development in lemon. (F) Relative expression levels of gene silenced and control plant. CsActin was used as internal control; mean ± SD of three biological replicates is presented. Asterisks indicate significant differences: ** p < 0.01.
Ijms 22 04919 g005
Ijms 22 04919 g006 550
Figure 6. Protein interaction analysis of CsWUS protein. (A) Interacting identified proteins based on yeast two-hybrid screening. Yeast co-transformed with CsWUS as bait and AD-CsCYCD3, AD-Cs14-3-3, AD-CsASK7, AD-CsZFP, and AD-CsMLP as prey were dropped and deposited onto SD/-Trp-His-Ade-Leu or SD/-Trp-His-Ade-Leu medium with X-α-Gal. AD-T+BD-P53 was used as positive control and AD-T+BD-Lam as negative control. (B) Phylogenetic analysis of CsCYCD3 with homolog proteins. (C) Sequence analysis of CsCYCD3 protein with homolog proteins; CsCYCD3 from Citrus sinensis, AT2G22490.1 from Arabidopsis, Potri.014G023000.1 from Populus trichocarpa, mrna00189.1-v1.0-hybrid from Fragaria vesca, and Prupe.1G430500.1 from Prunus persica. (D) BiFC analysis in tobacco transient assays, where tobacco was co-transformed with YFPn and YFPc. Yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) images for the interaction of CsCYCD3-YFPN venus with CsWUS-YFPC were observed using YFP filter. The negative controls failed to yield detectable yellow fluorescence. RFP (Red mCherry) was used as a marker for nuclei. Scale bar = 20 µm.
Figure 6. Protein interaction analysis of CsWUS protein. (A) Interacting identified proteins based on yeast two-hybrid screening. Yeast co-transformed with CsWUS as bait and AD-CsCYCD3, AD-Cs14-3-3, AD-CsASK7, AD-CsZFP, and AD-CsMLP as prey were dropped and deposited onto SD/-Trp-His-Ade-Leu or SD/-Trp-His-Ade-Leu medium with X-α-Gal. AD-T+BD-P53 was used as positive control and AD-T+BD-Lam as negative control. (B) Phylogenetic analysis of CsCYCD3 with homolog proteins. (C) Sequence analysis of CsCYCD3 protein with homolog proteins; CsCYCD3 from Citrus sinensis, AT2G22490.1 from Arabidopsis, Potri.014G023000.1 from Populus trichocarpa, mrna00189.1-v1.0-hybrid from Fragaria vesca, and Prupe.1G430500.1 from Prunus persica. (D) BiFC analysis in tobacco transient assays, where tobacco was co-transformed with YFPn and YFPc. Yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) images for the interaction of CsCYCD3-YFPN venus with CsWUS-YFPC were observed using YFP filter. The negative controls failed to yield detectable yellow fluorescence. RFP (Red mCherry) was used as a marker for nuclei. Scale bar = 20 µm.
Ijms 22 04919 g006
Ijms 22 04919 g007 550
Figure 7. Functional analysis of CsWUS. (A)Transcriptional activation of CsWUS; full-length CsWUS fused with GAL4 DNA-binding domain then expressed in yeast strain AH109. Transformed yeast cells were dropped and deposited on selective media (SD/-Trp-His-Ade-Leu) supplemented with 3AT+x-a-gal, with negative control empty pGBKT7 vector. (B) Subcellular localization in tobacco cells; GFP:CsWUS was transiently expressed in tobacco cells under CaMV 35s promoter. Scale bar = 25 µm. (C) TAAT motif binding confirmation followed by yeast one-hybrid method, pGADT7 used as a negative control, TAAT+AD-CsWUS and pGADT7 was grown on SD/-Leu supplemented with Aureobasidin A [53]. (D) Schematic diagram of proCsWUS and construct of yeast one-hybrid assay. (E) Interacting TFs identified based on yeast one-hybrid library screening; positive transformations were determined by spotting dilution of yeast onto SD/−Leu supplemented with AbA, negative control (promoter+PGADT7). (F) Transient expression assay. Schematic diagram of reporter and effector constructs used for transient expression assays; co-expression of CsRAP2.12 and CsHB22, CsWUS promoter contained GCC- and TGAT-motif.
Figure 7. Functional analysis of CsWUS. (A)Transcriptional activation of CsWUS; full-length CsWUS fused with GAL4 DNA-binding domain then expressed in yeast strain AH109. Transformed yeast cells were dropped and deposited on selective media (SD/-Trp-His-Ade-Leu) supplemented with 3AT+x-a-gal, with negative control empty pGBKT7 vector. (B) Subcellular localization in tobacco cells; GFP:CsWUS was transiently expressed in tobacco cells under CaMV 35s promoter. Scale bar = 25 µm. (C) TAAT motif binding confirmation followed by yeast one-hybrid method, pGADT7 used as a negative control, TAAT+AD-CsWUS and pGADT7 was grown on SD/-Leu supplemented with Aureobasidin A [53]. (D) Schematic diagram of proCsWUS and construct of yeast one-hybrid assay. (E) Interacting TFs identified based on yeast one-hybrid library screening; positive transformations were determined by spotting dilution of yeast onto SD/−Leu supplemented with AbA, negative control (promoter+PGADT7). (F) Transient expression assay. Schematic diagram of reporter and effector constructs used for transient expression assays; co-expression of CsRAP2.12 and CsHB22, CsWUS promoter contained GCC- and TGAT-motif.
Ijms 22 04919 g007
Ijms 22 04919 g008 550
Figure 8. Expression of CsRAP2.12, CsHB22, and CsCYCD3 in different Citrus sinensis tissues and under floral inductive water deficit conditions (A–C) Real time PCR investigation for CsRAP2.12 (A), CsHB22 (B), and CsCYCD3 (C) expressed in different tissues of sweet orange: leaf (Lf), flower (Fr), fruit (Ft), stem (Sm), apical meristem (Am), and root (Rt). CsActin was used as internal control; Values are the means ± SE of at least three replications for the relative expression. (D) Cluster analysis of CsRAP2.12, CsHB22 and CsCYCD3 expression based on log2 ratio ≥ 1. Bar denotes different expression levels and colors indicate relative signal intensities. Stage 1: one week before water deficit; stage 2: one week after beginning of water deficit; stage 3: one week after release of water deficit [51].
Figure 8. Expression of CsRAP2.12, CsHB22, and CsCYCD3 in different Citrus sinensis tissues and under floral inductive water deficit conditions (A–C) Real time PCR investigation for CsRAP2.12 (A), CsHB22 (B), and CsCYCD3 (C) expressed in different tissues of sweet orange: leaf (Lf), flower (Fr), fruit (Ft), stem (Sm), apical meristem (Am), and root (Rt). CsActin was used as internal control; Values are the means ± SE of at least three replications for the relative expression. (D) Cluster analysis of CsRAP2.12, CsHB22 and CsCYCD3 expression based on log2 ratio ≥ 1. Bar denotes different expression levels and colors indicate relative signal intensities. Stage 1: one week before water deficit; stage 2: one week after beginning of water deficit; stage 3: one week after release of water deficit [51].
Ijms 22 04919 g008
Table
Table 1. Characteristics of Citrus sinensis WOX genes.
Table 1. Characteristics of Citrus sinensis WOX genes.
NameGenome IDChromosomeStart SiteEnd SiteCDS bpProtein Length (aa)
CsWUSCs1g25270Chr12742855327430267876291
CsWOX1Cs1g26550Chr12854697228548579840289
CsWOX2Cs2g05310Chr2284536428481851104367
CsWOX3Cs2g16790Chr213618391136206331011336
CsWOX4Cs3g23280Chr32560027225601376654217
CsWOX5Cs3g27390Chr32841163128414854701233
CsWOX6Cs5g27430Chr53001009530011889807268
CsWOX7Cs7g31470Chr73130082431301506582193
CsWOX8Cs8g17610Chr82042881620430708627208
CsWOX9Cs8g18280Chr82092931620930953747248
CsWOX10orange1.1t00075ChrUn144577514484021059352
CDS = coding sequence; Chr = chromosome; aa = amino acid; Un = unknown.
Table
Table 2. Protein composition and physiochemical characteristics of CsWOX proteins.
Table 2. Protein composition and physiochemical characteristics of CsWOX proteins.
NameGRAVYAliphatic
Index		Major Amino
Acids Content [49]		Predicted LocalizationInstability
Index		MW (Da)pI
CsWUS–0.95844.95S (14%), G (11%), N (7.9%)nucl47.9531,866.596.66
CsWOX1–0.73170.61Q (8.6%), S (8.2), L (8.6%)nucl, chlo4730,792.236.26
CsWOX2–0.5270.87Q (8.4%), S (12%), P (7.9%)chlo, nucl, cyto_nucl, mito62.1540,473.196.76
CsWOX3–1.35939.49N (14.0%), S (13%), T (11%)Nucl46.2226,406.610.21
CsWOX4–1.13637.54S (13%), T (10%), R (13.8%)nucl, mito, cyto_nucl, extr52.1515,437.511.5
CsWOX5–0.81159.44Q (10.3%), S (6%), A (6%)nucl52.5226,715.15.46
CsWOX6–0.37167.31S (11.9%), G (8.2%),
A (7.5%)		nucl, chlo, cyto61.2129,123.415.61
CsWOX7–0.92759.53S (7.8%), T (6.7%), G (6.2%)nucl, chlo, cyto50.2722,461.976.25
CsWOX8–0.75660.48Q (11.1%), S (7.2%), L (8.7%)nucl, cyto, mito, plas68.1224,103.79.33
CsWOX9–0.77555.48G (8.5%), S (7.3%), Q (7.3%)nucl, cyto, extr59.7627,672.896.3
CsWOX10–0.95850.85S (10.2%), N (13%), G (9.3%)nucl, cyto36.5626,748.2210.03
MW: molecular weight; pI: isoelectric point; GRAVY: grand average of hydropathicity; G: glycine; L: leucine; N: asparagine; P: proline; Q: glutamine; R: arginine; S: serine; T: threonine; extr: extracellular; chlo: chloroplast; cyto: cytoplasm; mito: mitochondria; nucl: nucleus; plas: plastid.
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Shafique Khan, F.; Zeng, R.-F.; Gan, Z.-M.; Zhang, J.-Z.; Hu, C.-G. Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Profiling of the WOX Gene Family in Citrus sinensis and Functional Analysis of a CsWUS Member. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 4919. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22094919

AMA Style

Shafique Khan F, Zeng R-F, Gan Z-M, Zhang J-Z, Hu C-G. Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Profiling of the WOX Gene Family in Citrus sinensis and Functional Analysis of a CsWUS Member. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(9):4919. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22094919

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shafique Khan, Faiza, Ren-Fang Zeng, Zhi-Meng Gan, Jin-Zhi Zhang, and Chun-Gen Hu. 2021. "Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Profiling of the WOX Gene Family in Citrus sinensis and Functional Analysis of a CsWUS Member" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 9: 4919. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22094919

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop