Germinal Matrix-Intraventricular Hemorrhage of the Preterm Newborn and Preclinical Models: Inflammatory Considerations
Abstract
:1. The preterm newborn
1.1. Etiology and Consequences of Prematurity
1.2. Neurological Complications of the PTNB
2. Germinal Matrix-Intraventricular Hemorrhage
- -
- Grade I: hemorrhage localized only in the subependymal GM (caudo thalamic groove).
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- Grade II: intraventricular hemorrhage without ventricular dilation.
- -
- Grade III: intraventricular hemorrhage with ventricular dilation.
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- Grade IV: parenchymal hemorrhage that corresponds to periventricular venous infarctions with hemorrhagic evolution [5].
2.1. GM-IVH Neurodevelopmental Disabilities
2.2. GM-IVH Associated Brain Damage
2.3. Neuroinflammation and Microglia in the GM-IVH
3. Animal Models of GM-IVH
3.1. Genetically Modified Models
3.2. Lesion-Induced Models
3.2.1. Glycerol-Induced GM-IVH in Rabbits
3.2.2. Blood and Blood Derivates-Induced GM-IVH in Rodents
3.2.3. Collagenase-Induced GM-IVH in Rodents
3.3. Neuroinflammation and Microglia in Animal Models of GM-IVH
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
BBB | Bloodbrain barrier |
CNS | central nervous system |
CSF | cerebrospinal fluid |
GM | germinal matrix |
GM-IVH | germinal matrix-intraventricular hemorrhage |
PTNB | preterm newborn |
TLR | Toll-like receptor |
VEGF | Vascular endothelial growth factor |
References
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GM-IVH Lesion | Brain Atrophy and Myelinization | Inflammation | Motor Activity and Cognitive Impairments |
---|---|---|---|
Glycerol | ↓ White matter, myelinization and myelin basic protein [117,118]. Ventriculomegaly [117]. Cortical thinning [117]. ↓ Cerebellar volume [118]. Neurodegeneration [119]. | ↑ Microglia burden (107). ↑ Pro-inflammatory cytokines [30,54,63,108,120,121]. | Hypertonia [117]. ↓ Walking speed [117]. Weakness [117]. Abnormal gait [117]. Impaired locomotion on 30° inclination [122]. |
Blood and blood derivates | ↓ White matter, myelinization and myelin basic protein [89,109,111,123,124,125]. Ventricle dilatation [7,88,89,123,124,125,126,127]. Cell death and neuronal loss [109,111,126,128,129]. | ↑ Reactive gliosis, microglia and astrocyte burdens [89,109,111,123,125,130]. ↑ Proinflammatory cytokines [109]. ↑ Neutrophil infiltration [107]. | Altered negative geotaxis test [88,109,111,127]. Altered rotarod test [121,124] Altered grip traction test [89]. Altered open field test [125]. Memory alterations in the passive avoidance test and the Y-maze [128]. |
Collagenase | White matter lesions [131]. ↓ Brain volume [32,132,133,134,135]. Ventricle enlargement [32,133,134,135]. Cortical thinning [32,131,136,137,138]. Neuronal death [32]. Hydrocephalus [135,136,139,140]. | ↑ Reactive gliosis, microglia and astrocyte burdens [32,112,141,142,143,144]. ↑ Proinflammatory cytokines [145]. | Delayed eye opening latency [146]. Altered righting reflex, negative geotaxis or rotarod tests [112,132,135,147,148]. Altered composite neuroscore and foot fault tests [72,140]. Altered open field test [72,146]. Altered Morris water maze test [32,72,135,140,149]. Altered new object discrimination test [32]. |
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Atienza-Navarro, I.; Alves-Martinez, P.; Lubian-Lopez, S.; Garcia-Alloza, M. Germinal Matrix-Intraventricular Hemorrhage of the Preterm Newborn and Preclinical Models: Inflammatory Considerations. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 8343. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218343
Atienza-Navarro I, Alves-Martinez P, Lubian-Lopez S, Garcia-Alloza M. Germinal Matrix-Intraventricular Hemorrhage of the Preterm Newborn and Preclinical Models: Inflammatory Considerations. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(21):8343. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218343
Chicago/Turabian StyleAtienza-Navarro, Isabel, Pilar Alves-Martinez, Simon Lubian-Lopez, and Monica Garcia-Alloza. 2020. "Germinal Matrix-Intraventricular Hemorrhage of the Preterm Newborn and Preclinical Models: Inflammatory Considerations" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 21: 8343. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218343