Reliability and Validity of Six Selected Observational Methods for Risk Assessment of Hand Intensive and Repetitive Work
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Included Methods
2.2. Recruitment
2.3. Training of Ergonomists
2.4. Risk Assessments
2.5. Analyses of Reliability and Validity
2.6. Statistical Methods
2.7. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
3.1. Reliability
3.1.1. Inter-Observer Reliability
3.1.2. Intra-Observer Reliability
3.2. Validity
4. Discussion
4.1. Inter-Observer Reliability
4.2. Intra-Observer Reliability
4.3. Further Discussions of the Results in the Present Study
4.4. Methodological Considerations
4.5. Strengths and Limitations
4.6. Future Research
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Method | Observers | Work Tasks Assessed | Inter-Observer Reliability | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
ART | N = 2 Occupational health students | N = 14 Wood marquetry work tasks | Risk score: Occasion 1: ICC = 0.87; Occasion 2: ICC: 0.75 | Roodbandi, Choobineh et al., 2015 [30] |
ART | N = 9 Ergonomists > 2 years of ergonomic risk assessment | N = 30 Work tasks within poultry slaughtering, assembling and manufacturing aluminium containers | Risk Level: Kqw = 0.72; ICC = 0.77 (95%CI 0.70–0.82) Risk score: Kqw = 0.67; ICC = 0.73 (95%CI 0.65–0.78) Frequency/Repetition movement: Kqw = 0.79; ICC = 0.84 (95%CI 0.76–0.88) Force: Kw = 0.71; ICC = 0.76 (95%CI 0.71–0.83) Awkward postures: Kqw = 0.64; ICC = 0.70 (95%CI 0.65–0.74) Additional factors: Kqw = 0.47; ICC = 0.58 (95%CI 0.51–0.65) | Motamedzade, Mohammadian et al., 2019 [31] |
HARM | N = 11 Occupational health practitioners | N = 5 Cutting human tissue, processing electric cord, cashier work, meat packing, microscope work | Risk score: ICC = 0.73 Force exertions: ICC = 0.47 Neck/shoulder postures: ICC = 0.36 Forearm/wrist postures: ICC = 0.12 Other factors: ICC = 0.55 | Douwes and de Kraker 2014 [32] |
OCRA | N = 7 Occupational health researchers/graduate students | N = 21 Cheese production work tasks | Risk level: ICC = 0.80 (95%CI: 0.70–0.89) Risk score: ICC = 0.68 (95%CI: 0.56–0.80) Frequency of technical actions: ICC = 0.68 (95%CI: 0.54–0.81) Force exertion: ICC = 0.42 (95%CI: 0.28–0.59) Awkward posture/movement: ICC = 0.54 (95%CI: 0.39–0.69) Additional factors: ICC = 0.21 (95%CI: 0.10–0.37) | Paulsen, Gallu et al., 2015 [33] |
OCRA | N = 9 Ergonomists > 2 years of ergonomic risk assessment | N = 30 Work tasks within poultry slaughtering, assembling and manufacturing aluminium containers | Risk level: Kqw = 0.68; ICC = 0.72 (95%CI 0.69–0.79) Risk score: Kqw = 0.62; ICC = 0.66 (95%CI 0.50–0.71) Frequency of technical actions: Kqw = 0.70; ICC= 0.73 (95%CI 0.58–0.80) Force exertion: Kqw = 0.60; ICC = 0.63 (95%CI 0.53–0.69) Awkward postures/movements: Kqw = 0.52; ICC = 0.56 (95%CI 0.47–0.61) Additional factors: Kqw = 0.65; ICC = 0.68 (95%CI 0.63–0.74) | Motamedzade, Mohammadian et al., 2019 [31] |
QEC | Phase 1 N = 18 Practitioners Phase 2 N = 6 Practitioners | Phase 1 N = 18 Industrial static and dynamic work tasks (combinations of high repetition and low force, and low repetition with high force for both seated and standing postures were observed) Phase 2 N = 3 Work tasks; cleaning a floor using a buffing machine, pipetting whilst standing at a laboratory bench, word processing | Phase 1 Back posture: % = 73; K = 0.33 Back movement: % = 71; K = 0.17 Shoulder/arm posture: % = 80; K = 0. 47 Shoulder/arm movement: % = 79; K = 0.38 Wrist/hand posture: % = 79; K= missing value Wrist/hand movement: PA % = 76; K = 0.42 Neck posture: % = 65; K = 0.20 Phase 2 Back posture: % = 83 Back movement: % = 83 Shoulder/arm posture: % = 94 Shoulder/arm movement: % = 61 Wrist/hand posture: % = 100 Wrist/hand movement: % = 67 Neck posture: % = 67 | David, Woods et al., 2008 [27] |
QEC | N = 5 Physical therapists with previous experience in occupational health and safety N = 107 Workers | N = 13 Textile sewing work tasks in a manufacturing plant | Total score: ICC = 0.86 (95%CI 0.82–0.90) Back score: ICC = 0.70 (95%CI 0.63–0.77) Shoulder/arm score: ICC = 0.73 (95%CI 0.66–0.80) Wrist/hand score: ICC = 0.82 (95%CI 0.77–0.86) Neck score: ICC = 0.62 (95%CI 0.54–0.70) | Comper, Costa et al., 2012 [35] |
QEC | N = 7 Ergonomists within occupational health services | N = 51 Work tasks in automotive warehouse, hospital laundry, hospital kitchen, automotive assembly, real estate caretaker, hospital janitor | Back score: % = 78; Klw = 0.79; ICC = 0.94 (95%CI 0.80–0.93) Shoulder/arm score: % = 71; Klw = 0.61; ICC = 0.83 (95%CI 0.70–0.91) Wrist/hand score: % = 88; Klw = 0.83; ICC = 0.93 (95%CI 0.87–0.96) Neck score: % = 86; Klw = 0.85; ICC = 0.95 (95%CI 0.91–0.97) | Oliv, Gustafsson et al., 2019 [36] |
QEC | N = 2 Occupational health experts N = 50 Workers | N = 1 Construction work task | Back score: ICC = 0.93 (95%CI 0.88–0.96) Shoulder/arm score: ICC = 0.88 (95%CI 0.81–0.93) Wrist/hand score: ICC = 0.88 (95%CI 0.81–0.93) Neck score: ICC = 0.79 (95%CI 0.66–0.88) Total score: ICC = 0.93 (95%CI 0.88–0.96) | Mokhtarinia, Abazarpour et al., 2020 [37] |
QEC | N = 4 Occupational therapy students | N = 15 Static and dynamic work tasks in different occupations including healthcare professions, assistants and manual workers. | Total score: ICC = 0.71–0.97 | Cheng and So 2014 [47] |
SI | N = 9 Ergonomists > 2 years of ergonomic risk assessment | N = 30 Work tasks within poultry slaughtering, assembling and manufacturing aluminium containers | Risk level: Kqw = 0.52; ICC = 0.54 (95%CI 0.49–0.61) Risk score: Kqw = 0.44; ICC = 0.46 (95%CI 0.33–0.59) Intensity of exertion: Kqw = 0.39; ICC = 0.44 (95%CI 0.34–0.48) Duration of exertion: Kqw = 0.50; ICC = 0.53 (95%CI 0.47–0.60) Efforts per minute: Kqw = 0.51; ICC = 0.55 (95%CI 0.46–0.62) Hand/wrist posture: Kqw = 0.37; ICC = 0.42 (95%CI 0.37–0.45) Speed of work: Kqw = 0.46; ICC = 0.50 (95%CI 0.45–0.54) | Motamedzade, Mohammadian et al. 2019 [31] |
SI | N = 15 9 ergonomists, 6 students N teams = 5 3 raters per team | N = 73 for item ratings N = 12 for total score ratings Work tasks within manufacturing (e.g., product assembly), meat/poultry processing (e.g., meat, fat and skin cutting, trimming and ripping) and distal upper extremity-intensive material handling (e.g., manipulation of small- to medium-sized products/boxes | Individual raters Risk score: ICC = 0.43 (95%CI 0.25–0.70) Intensity of exertion: ICC = 0.77 (95%CI 0.63–0.90) Duration of exertion: ICC = 0.80 (95%CI 0.67–0.91) Efforts per minute: ICC = 0.81 (95%CI 0.68–0.92) Hand/wrist posture: ICC = 0.66 (95%CI 0.45–0.88) Speed of work: ICC = 0.81 (95%CI 0.64–0.94) Team ratings Risk score: ICC = 0.64 (95%CI 0.40–0.85) Intensity of exertion: ICC = 0.81 (95%CI 0.65–0.92) Duration of exertion: ICC = 0.87 (95%CI 0.76–0.95) Efforts per minute: ICC = 0.88 (95%CI 0.76–0.95) Hand/wrist posture: ICC = 0.48 (95%CI 0.18–0.81) Speed of work: ICC = 0.93 (95%CI 0.83–0.98) | Stevens, Vos et al., 2004 [38] |
SI | N = 4 3 expert ergonomists 1 novice student | N = 125 Cyclic work tasks within manufacturing (e.g., equipment assembly, sawmill work and product testing), and health care (e.g., housekeeping, laundry work and office work). | Overall Risk score: Klw = 0.41; Spearman r = 0.57 Intensity of exertion: Klw = 0.22; Spearman r = 0.28 Duration of exertion: Klw = 0.27; Spearman r = 0.37 Efforts per minute: Klw = 0.26; Spearman r = 0.40 Hand/wrist posture: Klw = 0.34; Spearman r = 0.49 Speed of work: Klw = 0.44; Spearman r = 0.62 Expert-Expert Risk score: Klw = 0.49; Spearman r = 0.68 Intensity of exertion: Klw = 0.31; Spearman r = 0.38 Duration of exertion: Klw = 0.34; Spearman r = 0.50 Efforts per minute: Klw = 0.35; Spearman r = 0.49 Hand/wrist posture: Klw = 0.42; Spearman r = 0.64 Speed of work: Klw = 0.41; Spearman r = 0.57 Expert-Novice Risk score: Klw = 0.27; Spearman r = 0.41 Intensity of exertion: Klw = 0.19; Spearman r = 0.46 Duration of exertion: Klw = 0.21; Spearman r = 0.34 Efforts per minute: Klw = 0.16; Spearman r = 0.34 Hand/wrist posture: Klw = 0.26; Spearman r = 0.26 Speed of work: Klw = 0.48; Spearman r = 0.64 | Spielholz, Bao et al., 2008 [39] |
SI | N = 7 Occupational health researchers/graduate students | N = 21 Cheese production work tasks | Risk level: ICC = 0.54 (95%CI 0.40–0.70) Risk score: ICC = 0.59 (95%CI 0.45–0.73) Intensity of exertion: ICC = 0.39 (95%CI 0.24–0.56) Duration of exertion: ICC = 0.40 (95%CI 0.25–0.57) Efforts per minute: ICC = 0.60 (95%CI 0.46–0.74) Hand/wrist posture: ICC = 0.16 (95%CI 0.06–0.31) Speed of work: ICC = 0.30 (95%CI 0.18–0.47) | Paulsen, Gallu et al., 2015 [33] |
Method | Observers | Work Tasks Assessed | Intra-Observer Reliability | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
ART | N = 2 Occupational health students | N = 14 Wood marquetry work tasks | Risk score: Rater 1: ICC = 0.84; Rater 2: ICC = 0.99 | Roodbandi, Choobineh et al., 2015 [30] |
ART | N = 9 Ergonomists > 2 years of ergonomic risk assessment | N = 30 Work tasks within poultry slaughtering, assembling and manufacturing aluminium containers | Risk Level: Kqw = 0.82; ICC = 0.90 (95%CI 0.85–0.94) Risk score: Kqw = 0.76; ICC = 0.81 (95%CI 0.77–0.85) Frequency/Repetition movement: Kqw = 0.85; ICC = 0.92 (95%CI 0.86–0.95) Force: Kqw = 0.81; ICC = 0.86 (95%CI 0.81–0.89) Awkward postures: Kqw = 0.77; ICC = 0.80 (95%CI 0.75–0.86) Additional factors: Kqw = 0.75; ICC = 0.78 (95%CI 0.71–0.85) | Motamedzade, Mohammadian et al., 2019 [31] |
OCRA | N = 9 Ergonomists > 2 years of ergonomic risk assessment | N = 30 Work tasks within poultry slaughtering, assembling and manufacturing aluminium containers | Risk level: Kqw = 0.79; ICC = 0.85 (95%CI 0.79–0.89) Risk score: Kqw = 0.68; ICC = 0.76 (95%CI 0.67–0.83) Frequency of technical actions: Kqw = 0.84; ICC = 0.90 (95%CI 0.86–0.93) Force exertion: Kqw = 0.70; ICC = 0.74 (95%CI 0.69–0.78) Awkward postures/movements: Kqw = 0.74; ICC = 0.80 (95%CI 0.75–0.82) Additional factors: Kqw = 0.82; ICC = 0.88 (95%CI 0.82–0.91) | Motamedzade, Mohammadian et al., 2019 [31] |
QEC | Phase 1 N = 8 Practitioners | Phase 1 N = 18 Industrial static and dynamic work tasks (combinations of high repetition and low force, and low repetition with high force for both seated and standing postures were observed) | Phase 1 Back posture: PA % = 73; K = 0.52; Spearman r = 0.66 Back movement: PA % = 76; K = 0.50; Spearman r = 0.66 Shoulder/arm posture: PA % = 70; K = 0.50; Spearman r = 0.62 Shoulder/arm movement: PA % = 74; K = 0.53; Spearman r= 0.64 Wrist/hand posture: PA % = 77; K = 0.45; Spearman r = 0.45 Wrist/hand movement: PA % = 68; K = 0.50; Spearman r = 0.69 Neck posture: PA % = 67; K = 0.48; Spearman r = 0.58 | David, Woods et al., 2008 [27] |
QEC | N = 5 Physical therapists with previous experience in occupational health and safety N = 107 workers | N = 13 Textile sewing work tasks in a manufacturing plant | Total score: ICC = 0.41–0.60 Back score: ICC = 0.40–0.57 Shoulder/arm score: ICC = 0.19–0.61 Wrist/hand score: ICC = 0.35–0.49 Neck score: ICC = 0.16–0.58 | Comper, Costa et al., 2012 [35] |
QEC | N = 1 Occupational health expert N = 30 Workers | N = 1 Construction work task | Total score: ICC = 0.89 (95%CI 0.79–0.95) Back score: ICC = 0.87 (95%CI 0.74–0.93) Shoulder/arm score: ICC = 0.79 (95%CI 0.61–0.89) Wrist/hand score: ICC = 0.86 (95%CI 0.72–0.93) Neck score: ICC = 0.74 (95%CI 0.52–0.86) | Mokhtarinia, Abazarpour et al., 2020 [37] |
QEC | N = 1 Physician N = 20 Workers | N = 3 Hospital cleaning work tasks: window cleaning, floor cleaning, cleaning floor with buffing machine | Back score: ICC = 0.806 Shoulder/arm score: ICC = 0.767 Wrist/hand score: ICC = 0.845 Neck score: ICC = 0.600 Back posture score: ICC = 0.902 Back movement score: ICC = 0.668 Shoulder/arm posture: ICC = score 0.768 Shoulder arm movement score: ICC = 0.791 Wrist/hand posture score: ICC = 1 Wrist/hand movement score: ICC = 0.877 Neck posture score: ICC = 0.608 | Ozcan, Kesiktaş et al., 2008 [63] |
SI | N = 9 Ergonomists > 2 years of ergonomic risk assessment | N = 30 Work tasks within poultry slaughtering, assembling and manufacturing aluminium containers | Risk level: Kqw = 0.76; ICC = 0.82 (95%CI 0.77–0.87) Risk score: Kqw = 0.72; ICC = 0.65 (95%CI 0.58–0.71) Intensity of exertion: Kqw = 0.71; ICC = 0.83 (95%CI 0.76–0.88) Duration of exertion: Kqw = 0.80; ICC = 0.86 (95%CI 0.81–0.90) Efforts per minute: Kqw = 0.78; ICC = 0.85 (95%CI 0.80–0.89) Hand/wrist posture: Kqw = 0.77; ICC = 0.72 (95%CI 0.67–0.78) Speed of work: Kqw = 0.82; ICC = 0.86 (95%CI 0.78–0.90) | Motamedzade, Mohammadian et al., 2019 [31] |
SI | N = 14 9 ergonomists 6 students (one drop-out, only 14 in test-retest analyses) N teams = 5 3 raters per team | N = 73 for item ratings N = 12 for total score ratings Work tasks within manufacturing (e.g., product assembly), meat/poultry processing (e.g., meat, fat and skin cutting, trimming and ripping) and distal upper extremity intensive material handling (e.g., manipulation of small to medium sized products/boxes | Individual raters Risk score: ICC = 0.56 (95%CI 0.45–0.67) Intensity of exertion: ICC = 0.90 (95%CI 0.87–0.92) Duration of exertion: ICC = 0.90 (95%CI 0.87–0.93) Efforts per minute: ICC = 0.92 (95%CI 0.90–0.94) Hand/wrist posture: ICC = 0.82 (95%CI 0.76–0.87) Speed of work: ICC = 0.90 (95%CI 0.85–0.93) Team ratings Risk score: ICC = 0.82 (95%CI 0.72–0.89) Intensity of exertion: ICC = 0.93 (95%CI 0.88–0.95) Duration of exertion: ICC = 0.87 (95%CI 0.80–0.92) Efforts per minute: ICC = 0.90 (95%CI 0.84–0.94) Hand/wrist posture: ICC = 0.66 (95%CI 0.46–0.80) Speed of work: ICC = 0.92 (95%CI 0.87–0.96) | Stephens, Vos et al., 2006 [40] |
Appendix B
Inter-Observer Reliability | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Method | N | Assessment | % | K | Klw | ICC | KCC |
ART LEFT | 11 | Arm movements | 0.62 | 0.33 | 0.39 | 0.46 | 0.52 |
Arm/hand repetition | 0.53 | 0.29 | 0.37 | 0.47 | 0.59 | ||
Head/neck posture | 0.52 | 0.25 | 0.34 | 0.45 | 0.59 | ||
Back posture | 0.56 | 0.19 | 0.21 | 0.30 | 0.40 | ||
Arm posture | 0.66 | 0.33 | 0.34 | 0.31 | 0.43 | ||
Wrist posture | 0.59 | 0.18 | 0.17 | 0.16 | 0.27 | ||
Hand/finger grip | 0.46 | 0.12 | 0.16 | 0.22 | 0.37 | ||
ART RIGHT | 11 | Arm movements | 0.69 | 0.23 | 0.25 | 0.37 | 0.47 |
Arm/hand repetition | 0.64 | 0.36 | 0.44 | 0.57 | 0.69 | ||
Head/neck posture | 0.51 | 0.25 | 0.33 | 0.44 | 0.56 | ||
Back posture | 0.55 | 0.17 | 0.21 | 0.31 | 0.41 | ||
Arm posture | 0.60 | 0.27 | 0.32 | 0.35 | 0.39 | ||
Wrist posture | 0.60 | 0.19 | 0.21 | 0.25 | 0.42 | ||
Hand/finger grip | 0.55 | 0.27 | 0.30 | 0.40 | 0.50 | ||
HARM | 12 | Force exertions | 0.45 | 0.32 | 0.30 | 0.38 | 0.46 |
Neck/Shoulder posture | 0.43 | 0.15 | 0.25 | 0.26 | 0.41 | ||
Forearm/wrist posture | 0.33 | 0.09 | 0.14 | 0.18 | 0.30 | ||
OCRA | 11 | Movement repetition | 0.23 | 0.14 | 0.35 | 0.63 | 0.75 |
Force | 0.42 | 0.23 | 0.40 | 0.51 | 0.66 | ||
Shoulder posture | 0.54 | 0.22 | 0.28 | 0.35 | 0.50 | ||
Elbow movement | 0.37 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.14 | ||
Wrist posture | 0.49 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.30 | ||
Grip | 0.43 | 0.18 | 0.25 | 0.37 | 0.43 | ||
Repetitiveness | 0.61 | 0.42 | 0.53 | 0.66 | 0.77 | ||
QEC | 12 | Back posture | 0.54 | 0.29 | 0.34 | 0.44 | 0.49 |
Back movements | 0.35 | 0.17 | 0.26 | 0.34 | 0.48 | ||
Shoulder/arm posture | 0.61 | 0.36 | 0.39 | 0.45 | 0.55 | ||
Shoulder/arm movements | 0.57 | 0.19 | 0.21 | 0.24 | 0.37 | ||
Hand/wrist posture | 0.70 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.19 | 0.31 | ||
Hand/wrist movements | 0.59 | 0.30 | 0.44 | 0.56 | 0.61 | ||
Neck posture | 0.74 | 0.37 | 0.39 | 0.45 | 0.50 | ||
SI 1 | 12 | Force % work cycle | 0.48 | 0.23 | 0.26 | 0.38 | 0.54 |
Efforts per minute | 0.57 | 0.28 | 0.42 | 0.52 | 0.66 | ||
Hand/wrist posture | 0.47 | 0.15 | 0.17 | 0.20 | 0.32 | ||
SWEA | 10 | Neck posture | 0.51 | 0.17 | 0.22 | 0.32 | 0.45 |
Shoulder/arm posture | 0.56 | 0.16 | 0.21 | 0.29 | 0.40 | ||
Back posture | 0.60 | 0.12 | 0.16 | 0.25 | 0.34 |
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Work Task | Task Activity | Hours 1 per Workday | Handled Goods (kg) | Environment, Physical Factors | Discomfort (CR-10) | Work Demands and Control 2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Unpacking groceries to shelves in a supermarket store | just above 4 | 2 | Good | 3 | Partly autonomy |
2 | Putting nets around roasts at a slaughterhouse | just above 4 | 2.5–4.5 | Cold, wet, noisy | 4 | Group autonomy |
3 | Throwing small boxes into containers (post sorting) | just above 2 | 3 | Cold during winter, warm during summer, noisy, difficulty concentrating | 3–4 | Controlled |
4 | Putting bundles of letters into boxes (post sorting) | approx. 6 | 2 | Cold during winter, warm during summer, noisy, difficulty concentrating | 3–4 | Controlled |
5 | Deboning meat at a slaughterhouse | approx. 7 | 3–4 | Cold, wet, noisy, sharp knives | 3–4 | Group autonomy |
6 | Assembling engines | just under 3 | 2 | Good | 2.5 | Controlled |
7 | Cutting hair | just above 4 | 1 | Good | 3 | Autonomy |
8 | Cleaning lavatories | approx. 5 | 1 | Good | 2 | Partly autonomy |
9 | Supermarket cashier work | approx. 7 | 1–5 | Good | 3 | Controlled |
10 | Cleaning stairs | just under 4 | 1 | Usually good, sometimes cold | 3 | Partly autonomy |
Posture | Movement/Repetition | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Back | Neck | Shoulder/ Arm | Elbow | Wrist/ Hand | Back | Neck | Shoulder /Arm | Elbow | Wrist/ Hand | |
ART | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||
HARM | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||
OCRA | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||
QEC | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||
SI | X | X | ||||||||
SWEA | X | X | X | X | X | X |
Method | Number of Ergonomists | Items Rated | Performed Ratings | Risk level Assessments | Distribution, in Percent, of Risk Levels 1 From Low (1) to High (5) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |||||
ART left arm | 11 (9) | 12 | 1320 (1080) | 110 (90) | 17 (17) 20 | 44 (39) 50 | 39 (44) 30 | - | - |
ART right arm | 11 (9) | 12 | 1320 (1080) | 110 (90) | 8 (12) 10 | 35 (32) 40 | 56 (56) 50 | - | - |
HARM | 12 (8) | 27 | 3240 (2160) | 120 (80) | 27 (25) 20 | 48 (54) 70 | 26 (21) 10 | - | - |
OCRA | 11 (10) | 12 | 1320 (1200) | 110 (100) | 26 (28) 20 | 15 (15) 20 | 16 (19) 30 | 33 (27) 20 | 9 (11) 10 |
QEC total | 12 (10) | 7 | 840 (700) | 120 (100) | 2 (2) 10 | 15 (11) 0 | 57 (59) 50 | 27 (28) 40 | - |
QEC Neck | 12 (10) | 2 | 240 (200) | 120 (100) | 0 (0) 0 | 13 (14) 10 | 54 (50) 60 | 33 (36) 30 | - |
QEC Shoulder | 12 (10) | 5 | 600 (500) | 120 (100) | 2 (2) 10 | 38 (39) 20 | 60 (59) 70 | 0 (0) 0 | - |
QEC Wrist | 12 (10) | 5 | 600 (500) | 120 (100) | 0 (0) 0 | 33 (35) 30 | 68 (65) 70 | 0 (0) 0 | - |
QEC Back | 12 (10) | 6 | 720 (600) | 120 (100) | 17 (14) 10 | 38 (39) 30 | 41 (44) 60 | 5 (3) 0 | - |
SI highest score | 12 (10) | 6 | 720 (600) | 120 (100) | 3 (6) 20 | 15 (6) 0 | 83 (88) 80 | - | - |
SWEA Overall Repetition | 12 (8) | 1 | 120 (80) | 120 (80) | 8 (11) 10 | 42 (41) 30 | 51 (48) 60 | - | - |
SWEA Overall Postures and movements | 12 (8) | 1 | 120 (80) | 120 (80) | 20 (15) 20 | 73 (70) 80 | 8 (15) 0 | - | - |
SWEA Neck posture 2 | 10 (6) | 1 | 100 (60) | 100 (60) | 31 (13) - | 55 (60) - | 14 (27) - | - | - |
SWEA Shoulder/arm Posture 2 | 10 (6) | 1 | 100 (60) | 100 (60) | 26 (23) - | 69 (72) - | 5 (5) - | - | - |
SWEA Back posture 2 | 10 (6) | 1 | 100 (60) | 100 (60) | 22 (10) - | 64 (82) - | 14 (8) - | - | - |
Inter-Observer Reliability | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Method | Assessment | N | % | K | Klw | ICC | KCC |
ART | Left Arm (3 levels) | 11 | 68 | 0.50 | 0.58 | 0.70 | 0.77 |
Right Arm (3 levels) | 11 | 78 | 0.59 | 0.65 | 0.75 | 0.72 | |
HARM | Total (3 levels) | 12 | 73 | 0.58 | 0.65 | 0.77 | 0.79 |
OCRA | Total (5 levels) | 11 | 39 | 0.21 | 0.43 | 0.62 | 0.65 |
QEC | Total (4 levels) | 12 | 68 | 0.46 | 0.55 | 0.69 | 0.72 |
Neck (4 levels) | 12 | 91 | 0.85 | 0.87 | 0.90 | 0.92 | |
Shoulder (4 levels) | 12 | 71 | 0.42 | 0.44 | 0.51 | 0.57 | |
Wrist (4 levels) | 12 | 86 | 0.67 | 0.67 | 0.70 | 0.73 | |
Back (4 levels) | 12 | 57 | 0.35 | 0.49 | 0.67 | 0.70 | |
SI 1 | Highest score (3 levels) | 12 | 83 | 0.20 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.33 |
SWEA | Overall repetition (3 levels) | 12 | 58 | 0.26 | 0.30 | 0.39 | 0.48 |
Overall postures and movements (3 levels) | 12 | 65 | 0.18 | 0.21 | 0.28 | 0.35 | |
Neck posture (3 levels) | 10 | 51 | 0.17 | 0.22 | 0.32 | 0.45 | |
Shoulder/arm posture (3 levels) | 10 | 56 | 0.16 | 0.21 | 0.29 | 0.40 | |
Back posture (3 levels) | 10 | 60 | 0.12 | 0.16 | 0.25 | 0.34 |
Inter-Observer Reliability | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Method | Assessment | N | % | K | Klw | ICC | KCC |
ART | Left Arm (3 levels) | 11 | 60 | 0.32 | 0.42 | 0.57 | 0.66 |
Right Arm (3 levels) | 11 | 62 | 0.34 | 0.41 | 0.55 | 0.56 | |
HARM | Total (3 levels) | 12 | 75 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.30 | 0.36 |
OCRA | Total (5 levels) | 11 | 42 | 0.25 | 0.45 | 0.64 | 0.71 |
QEC | Total (4 levels) | 12 | 76 | 0.39 | 0.42 | 0.51 | 0.56 |
Neck (4 levels) | 12 | 91 | 0.82 | 0.82 | 0.84 | 0.86 | |
Shoulder (4 levels) | 12 | 63 | 0.29 | 0.33 | 0.44 | 0.52 | |
Wrist (4 levels) | 12 | 78 | 0.48 | 0.48 | 0.51 | 0.55 | |
Back (4 levels) | 12 | 59 | 0.24 | 0.30 | 0.40 | 0.50 | |
SI 1 | Highest score (3 levels) | 12 | 81 | 0.16 | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.29 |
SWEA 2 | Overall repetition (3 levels) | 12 | 58 | 0.26 | 0.30 | 0.39 | 0.48 |
Overall postures and movements (3 levels) | 12 | 65 | 0.18 | 0.21 | 0.28 | 0.35 | |
Neck posture (3 levels) | 10 | 51 | 0.17 | 0.22 | 0.32 | 0.45 | |
Shoulder/arm posture (3 levels) | 10 | 56 | 0.16 | 0.21 | 0.29 | 0.40 | |
Back posture (3 levels) | 10 | 60 | 0.12 | 0.16 | 0.25 | 0.34 |
Method | Klw Min–Max | Min Item | Max Item |
---|---|---|---|
ART | 0.17–0.44 | Wrist posture | Arm/hand repetition |
HARM | 0.14–0.30 | Forearm/wrist posture | Force exertions |
OCRA | 0.03–0.53 | Elbow movement | Repetitiveness |
QEC | 0.17–0.44 | Hand/wrist posture | Hand/wrist movements |
SI 1 | 0.17–0.42 | Hand/wrist posture | Efforts per minute |
SWEA | 0.16–0.22 | Back posture | Neck posture |
Intra-Observer Reliability | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Method | Assessment | n | % | K | Klw | ICC | KCC |
ART | Left Arm (3 levels) | 9 | 74 | 0.59 | 0.65 | 0.74 | 0.88 |
Right Arm (3 levels) | 9 | 79 | 0.62 | 0.68 | 0.78 | 0.86 | |
HARM | Total (3 levels) | 10 | 78 | 0.64 | 0.70 | 0.79 | 0.89 |
OCRA | Total (5 levels) | 10 | 45 | 0.29 | 0.52 | 0.72 | 0.85 |
QEC | Total (4 levels) | 10 | 77 | 0.60 | 0.68 | 0.79 | 0.88 |
Neck (4 levels) | 10 | 92 | 0.87 | 0.88 | 0.92 | 0.96 | |
Shoulder (4 levels) | 10 | 78 | 0.57 | 0.58 | 0.62 | 0.83 | |
Wrist (4 levels) | 10 | 89 | 0.76 | 0.76 | 0.77 | 0.89 | |
Back (4 levels) | 10 | 67 | 0.49 | 0.60 | 0.74 | 0.87 | |
SI 1 | Highest score (3 levels) | 10 | 77 | 0.15 | 0.13 | 0.10 | 0.56 |
SWEA | Overall repetition (3 levels) | 8 | 68 | 0.41 | 0.47 | 0.56 | 0.80 |
Overall postures and movements (3 levels) | 8 | 71 | 0.27 | 0.30 | 0.36 | 0.68 | |
Neck posture (3 levels) | 6 | 62 | 0.24 | 0.32 | 0.47 | 0.76 | |
Shoulder/arm posture (3 levels) | 6 | 67 | 0.09 | 0.13 | 0.20 | 0.60 | |
Back posture (3 levels) | 6 | 72 | 0.41 | 0.44 | 0.51 | 0.75 |
Intra-Observer Reliability | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Method | Assessment | n | % | K | Klw | ICC | KCC |
ART | Left Arm (3 levels) | 9 | 72 | 0.50 | 0.56 | 0.66 | 0.84 |
Right Arm (3 levels) | 9 | 71 | 0.49 | 0.56 | 0.66 | 0.82 | |
HARM | Total (3 levels) | 10 | 81 | 0.46 | 0.47 | 0.21 | 0.71 |
OCRA | Total (5 levels) | 10 | 48 | 0.31 | 0.50 | 0.68 | 0.83 |
QEC | Total (4 levels) | 10 | 81 | 0.56 | 0.58 | 0.62 | 0.81 |
Neck (4 levels) | 10 | 92 | 0.84 | 0.84 | 0.85 | 0.93 | |
Shoulder (4 levels) | 10 | 69 | 0.39 | 0.42 | 0.49 | 0.75 | |
Wrist (4 levels) | 10 | 84 | 0.63 | 0.64 | 0.67 | 0.83 | |
Back (4 levels) | 10 | 73 | 0.44 | 0.48 | 0.57 | 0.80 | |
SI 1 | Highest score (3 levels) | 10 | 73 | 0.22 | 0.16 | 0.12 | 0.58 |
SWEA2 | Overall repetition (3 levels) | 8 | 68 | 0.41 | 0.47 | 0.56 | 0.80 |
Over all postures and movements (3 levels) | 8 | 71 | 0.27 | 0.30 | 0.36 | 0.68 | |
Neck posture (3 levels) | 6 | 62 | 0.24 | 0.32 | 0.47 | 0.76 | |
Shoulder/arm posture (3 levels) | 6 | 67 | 0.09 | 0.13 | 0.20 | 0.60 | |
Back posture (3 levels) | 6 | 72 | 0.41 | 0.44 | 0.51 | 0.75 |
Concurrent validity | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Method | Assessment | n | % | K | Klw | ICC | KCC |
ART | Left Arm (3 levels) | 11 | 66 | 0.46 | 0.54 | 0.65 | 0.84 |
Right Arm (3 levels) | 11 | 65 | 0.41 | 0.48 | 0.60 | 0.78 | |
HARM | Total (3 levels) | 12 | 74 | 0.41 | 0.42 | 0.44 | 0.73 |
OCRA | Total (5 levels) | 11 | 44 | 0.28 | 0.44 | 0.59 | 0.79 |
QEC | Total (4 levels) | 12 | 75 | 0.35 | 0.47 | 0.63 | 0.81 |
Neck (4 levels) | 12 | 94 | 0.88 | 0.88 | 0.89 | 0,95 | |
Shoulder (4 levels) | 12 | 67 | 0.43 | 0.48 | 0.58 | 0.81 | |
Wrist (4 levels) | 12 | 84 | 0.58 | 0.58 | 0.61 | 0.81 | |
Back (4 levels) | 12 | 68 | 0.34 | 0.31 | 0.29 | 0.66 | |
SI 1 | Highest score (3 levels) | 12 | 83 | 0.34 | 0.35 | 0.36 | 0.69 |
SWEA | Overall repetition (3 levels) | 12 | 59 | 0.27 | 0.31 | 0.38 | 0.69 |
Overall postures and movements (3 levels) | 12 | 76 | 0.36 | 0.38 | 0.44 | 0.73 |
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Nyman, T.; Rhén, I.-M.; Johansson, P.J.; Eliasson, K.; Kjellberg, K.; Lindberg, P.; Fan, X.; Forsman, M. Reliability and Validity of Six Selected Observational Methods for Risk Assessment of Hand Intensive and Repetitive Work. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 5505. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20085505
Nyman T, Rhén I-M, Johansson PJ, Eliasson K, Kjellberg K, Lindberg P, Fan X, Forsman M. Reliability and Validity of Six Selected Observational Methods for Risk Assessment of Hand Intensive and Repetitive Work. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(8):5505. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20085505
Chicago/Turabian StyleNyman, Teresia, Ida-Märta Rhén, Peter J. Johansson, Kristina Eliasson, Katarina Kjellberg, Per Lindberg, Xuelong Fan, and Mikael Forsman. 2023. "Reliability and Validity of Six Selected Observational Methods for Risk Assessment of Hand Intensive and Repetitive Work" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 8: 5505. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20085505