Quality of Life of Hemodialysis Patients in Greece: Associations with Socio-Economic, Anthropometric and Nutritional Factors
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (a)
- To explore the main socio-economic factors that are linked to the level of QoL of hemodialysis patients. It was hypothesized that a lower financial and a lower educational status will be linked to lower QoL, while patients that are unmarried or divorced would have lower QoL than married ones.
- (b)
- To explore the level of adherence of the patients to the MD pattern, and to explore the association of the adherence to the total QoL and to the different scales. It was hypothesized that a higher MD adherence would be associated with better QoL.
- (c)
- To examine if other personal characteristics, such as age and BMI status, are associated with QoL. We hypothesized that a higher age and higher BMI will be associated with lower QoL.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participant Recruitment
2.2. Ethical Permission, Consent and Anonymity
2.3. Questionnaires and Tools Applied
2.3.1. Personal Characteristics
2.3.2. Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet
2.3.3. Quality of Life of Hemodialysis Patients
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Population Characteristics
3.2. Adherence to Mediterranean Diet
3.3. Quality of Life
3.4. Correlations and Regression Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total (n = 105) | Males (n = 68) | Females (n = 37) | t/X2 | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 63.4 ± 13.1 | 62.57 ± 13.0 | 65.00 ± 13.27 | 0.907 | 0.367 |
Height (cm) | 1.68 ± 0.10 | 1.72 ± 0.09 | 1.61 ± 0.06 | 7.528 | <0.001 |
Body weight (kg) before hemodialysis | 73.4 ± 15.7 | 76.8 ± 15.8 | 67.2 ± 13.5 | 3.130 | 0.002 |
Dry body weight (kg) | 71.2 ± 15.4 | 74.5 ± 15.7 | 65.0 ± 12.9 | 0.624 | 0.002 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 25.13 ± 4.67 | 25.14 ± 4.63 | 25.09 ± 4.81 | 0.045 | 0.964 |
Underweight | 4 (3.8%) | 2 (2.9%) | 2 (5.4%) | 1.147 | 0.766 |
Normal weight | 54 (51.4%) | 37 (54.4%) | 17 (45.9%) | ||
Overweight | 32 (30.5%) | 19 (27.9%) | 13 (35.1%) | ||
Obese | 15 (14.3%) | 10 (14.7%) | 5 (13.5%) |
Total (n = 105) | Males (n = 68) | Females (n = 37) | X2 | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Family Status | Single | 23 (21.9%) | 13 (19.1%) | 10 (27.0%) | 2.096 | 0.351 |
Married | 61 (58.1%) | 43 (63.2%) | 18 (48.6%) | |||
Divorced/Widower | 21 (20.0%) | 12 (17.6%) | 9 (24.3%) | |||
Educational Status | Primary | 22 (21.0%) | 8 (11.8%) | 14 (38.9%) | 10.730 | 0.005 |
Secondary | 40 (38.1%) | 28 (41.2%) | 12 (33.3%) | |||
Tertiary | 42 (40.0%) | 32 (47.1%) | 10 (27.8%) | |||
Financial Status | Low | 27 (25.7%) | 15 (22.1%) | 12 (32.4%) | 1.753 | 0.416 |
Middle | 49 (46.7%) | 32 (47.1%) | 17 (45.9%) | |||
High | 29 (27.6%) | 21 (30.9%) | 8 (21.6%) |
Total (n = 105) | Males (n = 68) | Females (n = 37) | t/X2 | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total MedDietScore | 27.52 ± 3.88 | 27.62 ± 4.22 | 27.35 ± 3.21 | 0.334 | 0.739 | |
MD adherence status | Low adherence | 7 (6.7%) | 6 (8.8%) | 1 (2.7%) | 1.458 | 0.482 |
Moderate adherence | 95 (90.5%) | 60 (88.2%) | 35 (94.6%) | |||
High adherence | 3 (2.9%) | 2 (2.9%) | 1 (2.7%) |
Sex | Age Group | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
KDQOL-SF Components | Total (n = 105) | Males (n = 68) | Females (n = 37) | <63.4 Years Old (n = 51) | ≥63.4 Years Old (n = 54) |
KDQOL-SF total score | 60.44 ± 17.07 | 62.98 ± 16.27 | 55.75 ± 17.71 * | 65.04 ± 17.77 | 56.09 ± 15.30 ** |
General Health | 42.10 ± 22.49 | 44.26 ± 22.23 | 38.14 ± 22.73 | 44.80 ± 24.39 | 39.55 ± 20.43 |
Physical Function | 50.20 ± 31.91 | 54.87 ± 32.74 | 41.62 ± 28.82 * | 63.33 ± 29.62 | 37.80 ± 29.12 ** |
Role Physical | 39.04 ± 42.87 | 43.38 ± 42.89 | 31.08 ± 42.24 | 51.47 ± 44.83 | 27.31 ± 37.70 ** |
Role Emotional | 48.25 ± 44.57 | 51.96 ± 44.37 | 41.44 ± 44.72 | 60.13 ± 43.21 | 37.03 ± 43.27 ** |
Social Function | 63.57 ± 29.92 | 65.44 ± 31.30 | 60.13 ± 27.29 | 72.30 ± 30.24 | 55.32 ± 27.42 ** |
Bodily Pain | 72.23 ± 32.14 | 76.72 ± 29.63 | 63.98 ± 35.24 | 78.33 ± 28.92 | 66.48 ± 34.18 |
Energy/Fatigue | 55.66 ± 25.13 | 57.13 ± 24.87 | 52.97 ± 25.72 | 57.64 ± 25.32 | 53.79 ± 25.04 |
Emotional Well-Being | 63.76 ± 22.40 | 64.92 ± 21.37 | 61.62 ± 24.33 | 64.78 ± 22.25 | 62.79 ± 22.70 |
Burden of Kidney Disease | 48.58 ± 26.57 | 51.03 ± 27.33 | 44.08 ± 24.86 | 51.13 ± 27.83 | 46.18 ± 25.36 |
Cognitive Function | 83.74 ± 20.08 | 84.11 ± 20.08 | 83.06 ± 20.34 | 86.40 ± 21.12 | 81.23 ± 18.90 |
Quality of Social Interaction | 76.76 ± 20.98 | 77.64 ± 20.30 | 75.13 ± 22.36 | 79.08 ± 20.99 | 74.56 ± 20.92 |
Symptoms | 80.79 ± 14.08 | 83.73 ± 10.55 | 75.37 ± 17.87 ** | 82.65 ± 12.78 | 79.03 ± 15.12 |
Effects of Kidney Disease | 57.01 ± 19.35 | 60.30 ± 18.60 | 50.96 ± 19.49 * | 58.01 ± 20.06 | 56.07 ± 18.79 |
Sexual Function | 41.80 ± 35.89 | 43.85 ± 36.12 | 37.89 ± 35.42 | 50.52 ± 34.97 | 32.50 ± 34.68 * |
Sleep | 56.95 ± 25.03 | 58.38 ± 24.86 | 53.58 ± 25.38 | 63.13 ± 25.88 | 50.60 ± 22.80 ** |
Social Support | 78.25 ± 27.74 | 81.37 ± 25.02 | 72.52 ± 31.72 | 78.75 ± 29.45 | 77.77 ± 26.30 |
Work Status | 34.76 ± 32.61 | 37.50 ± 36.00 | 29.72 ± 24.88 | 30.39 ± 38.83 | 38.88 ± 25.07 |
Patient Satisfaction | 75.80 ± 18.41 | 75.62 ± 19.09 | 76.12 ± 17.36 | 75.81 ± 19.23 | 75.78 ± 17.77 |
Dialysis Staff Encouragement | 88.94 ± 17.09 | 89.36 ± 17.16 | 88.17 ± 17.16 | 87.99 ± 16.00 | 89.85 ± 18.18 |
Sex | Age Group | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total (n = 105) | Males (n = 68) | Females (n = 37) | <63.4 Years Old (n = 51) | ≥63.4 Years Old (n = 54) | ||
Family Status | Single | 60.73 ± 16.51 | 65.90 ± 13.43 | 54.00 ± 18.35 | 66.51 ± 12.68 | 44.35 ± 15.79 |
Married | 61.81 ± 18.03 | 63.10 ± 17.72 | 58.72 ± 18.90 | 67.81 ± 19.55 | 57.36 ± 15.65 | |
Divorced/Widower | 56.11 ± 14.61 | 59.40 ± 13.85 | 51.73 ± 15.24 | 52.90 ± 17.91 | 58.09 ± 12.56 | |
Educational Status | Primary | 54.39 ± 20.22 | 56.65 ± 21.41 | 53.10 ± 20.21 | 61.08 ± 25.03 | 50.57 ± 16.73 |
Secondary | 56.82 ± 15.71 | 58.19 ± 15.56 | 53.61 ± 16.27 | 58.02 ± 18.15 | 55.62 ± 13.19 | |
Tertiary | 67.75 ± 13.65 ** | 68.76 ± 13.87 * | 64.50 ± 13.07 | 72.51 ± 11.18 * | 61.98 ± 14.39 | |
Financial Status | Low | 50.38 ± 16.82 ** | 54.33 ± 18.63 | 45.45 ± 13.38 * | 54.30 ± 17.30 * | 47.25 ± 16.32 * |
Middle | 63.19 ± 14.45 | 64.61 ± 11.55 | 60.52 ± 18.88 | 66.58 ± 15.96 | 60.43 ± 12.73 | |
High | 65.14 ± 18.10 | 66.70 ± 19.03 | 61.04 ± 15.78 | 70.62 ± 18.00 | 57.37 ± 15.83 | |
BMI Status | Normal weight/Underweight | 59.25 ± 17.17 | 60.18 ± 16.68 | 57.34 ± 18.47 | 64.30 ± 18.65 | 53.85 ± 13.80 |
Overweight | 66.68 ± 15.74 | 72.47 ± 12.36 * | 58.21 ± 16.75 | 72.86 ± 12.90 | 61.23 ± 16.35 | |
Obese | 51.68 ± 15.38 * | 55.89 ± 14.52 | 43.25 ± 14.86 | 49.18 ± 13.64 * | 53.34 ± 17.03 |
Age | BMI | MedDietScore | |
KDQOL-SF total score | −0.394 ** | 0.046 | 0.069 |
General Health | −0.223 * | 0.135 | 0.022 |
Physical Functioning | −0.500 ** | 0.008 | 0.079 |
Role Physical | −0.323 ** | 0.129 | 0.041 |
Role Emotional | −0.358 ** | −0.011 | 0.104 |
Social Functioning | −0.312 ** | 0.093 | 0.022 |
Bodily Pain | −0.261 * | −0.079 | 0.092 |
Energy/Fatigue | −0.185 | 0.116 | 0.009 |
Emotional Well-Being | −0.167 | 0.057 | 0.121 |
Burden of Kidney Disease | −0.079 | −0.036 | 0.044 |
Cognitive Function | −0.271 ** | 0.064 | 0.078 |
Quality of Social Interaction | −0.233 * | −0.003 | −0.025 |
Symptoms | −0.224 * | 0.002 | 0.014 |
Effects of Kidney Disease | −0.101 | 0.007 | −0.007 |
Sexual Function | −0.464 ** | 0.108 | 0.066 |
Sleep | −0.350 ** | −0.130 | −0.073 |
Social Support | −0.013 | 0.110 | −0.015 |
Work Status | 0.038 | 0.053 | 0.212 * |
Patient Satisfaction | −0.136 | −0.019 | −0.017 |
Dialysis Staff Encouragement | −0.061 | −0.001 | 0.098 |
95% CI | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | B | SE | Βeta | t | p | Lower | Upper |
Age (years) | −0.459 | 0.110 | −0.349 | −4.161 | 0.000 | −0.678 | −0.240 |
Educational Status (Tertiary vs. Primary/Secondary) | 8.338 | 2.971 | 0.243 | 2.806 | 0.006 | 2.443 | 14.223 |
Financial Status (Middle/High vs. Low) | 10.459 | 3.351 | 0.269 | 3.121 | 0.002 | 3.810 | 17.108 |
Variables excluded by model: BMI, family status, sex |
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Floria, I.; Kontele, I.; Grammatikopoulou, M.G.; Sergentanis, T.N.; Vassilakou, T. Quality of Life of Hemodialysis Patients in Greece: Associations with Socio-Economic, Anthropometric and Nutritional Factors. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 15389. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192215389
Floria I, Kontele I, Grammatikopoulou MG, Sergentanis TN, Vassilakou T. Quality of Life of Hemodialysis Patients in Greece: Associations with Socio-Economic, Anthropometric and Nutritional Factors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(22):15389. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192215389
Chicago/Turabian StyleFloria, Ioanna, Ioanna Kontele, Maria G. Grammatikopoulou, Theodoros N. Sergentanis, and Tonia Vassilakou. 2022. "Quality of Life of Hemodialysis Patients in Greece: Associations with Socio-Economic, Anthropometric and Nutritional Factors" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 22: 15389. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192215389