Smell and Taste Function and Their Disturbances in Sjögren’s Syndrome
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Types of Chemosensory Dysfunctions in SS and Their Severity
3. Causes of Chemosensory Dysfunction in SS
3.1. Exocrine Dysfunction Degree and Alternation in Secretion Composition
3.2. Peripheral Sensory Impairment and Cranial Nerve Involvement
3.3. Central Nervous System Dysfunction and Cognitive Disorders
3.4. Chemosensory Dysfunction as an Effect of Autoimmune Diseases
3.5. Other Causes of Chemosensory Dysfunction
4. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Chemosensory Dysfunction | Cohort (n) | Methods | Results | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Olfactory function | SS:58 HS:55 | Sniffin Sticks tests VAS | Hyposmia (SS vs. HS 36.5% vs. 13.2%) Anosmia (SS vs HS 3.8% vs. 0%) Lower olfactory score in SS vs. HS (8.6 vs. 9.6) | Gobejić et al. [1] |
SS:28 HS:37 | Smell Threshold Tests | The smell threshold was reduced by 1 point in SS compared with HS Hyposmia (SS vs. HS 43% vs. 19%) | Kamel et al. [6] | |
SS:31 HS:33 | Sniffin Sticks tests VAS | Hyposmia (SS vs. HS 29% vs. 9%) Anosmia (SS vs. HS 13% vs. 0%) Lower olfactory score in SS vs. HS (8.8 in SS vs. 10.7 in HS) | Rusthen et al. [7] | |
Gustatory function | SS:58 HS:55 | Taste strips VAS | Ageusia for four basic tastes in SS: sweetness (SS vs HS 34.0% vs. 7.5%), sourness (SS vs. HS 10.6% vs. 0.0%), saltiness (SS vs. HS 10.0% vs. 5.7%), bitterness (SS vs. HS 19.1% vs. 1.9%) Dysgeusia (SS vs. HS 52.6% vs. 9.4%) | Gobejić et al. [1] |
SS:65 (female) HS:62 | Taste strips VAS Electrogustomer | Taste dysfunction (SS vs. HS 54% vs. 8.3%) There was no correlation between taste function and oral dryness There was correlation between taste acuity and the neurosensory threshold | Al-Ezzi et al. [5] | |
SS:28 HS:37 | Taste strips | Taste threshold score was reduced by 3.5 points in SS compared with HS Hypogeusia (SS vs. HS 71% vs. 35%) | Kamel et al. [6] | |
SS:31 HS:33 | Taste test VAS | Lower gustatory score in SS vs. HS (18.9 in SS vs. 25.4 in HS) Hypogeusia (SS vs. HS 32% vs. 12%) Ageusia (SS vs. HS 19% vs. 0%) | Rusthen et al. [7] | |
SS:58 Non-SS sicca patients 22 HS:57 | Taste strips Questionnaires | Hypogeusia (25.9% SS vs. 9.1% non-SS sicca vs. 12.3% HS) | Singh et al. [21] |
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Błochowiak, K. Smell and Taste Function and Their Disturbances in Sjögren’s Syndrome. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12472. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912472
Błochowiak K. Smell and Taste Function and Their Disturbances in Sjögren’s Syndrome. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12472. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912472
Chicago/Turabian StyleBłochowiak, Katarzyna. 2022. "Smell and Taste Function and Their Disturbances in Sjögren’s Syndrome" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12472. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912472