The Association between Perceived Discrimination and Mental Health of Wage Workers with Disabilities: Findings from the Panel Survey of Employment for the Disabled 2016–2018
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Sample
2.2. Independent Variables
2.3. Dependent Variables
2.4. Control Variables
2.5. Analytical Approach and Statistics
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Total | Stress | Depressive Symptom | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No | Yes | p-Value | No | Yes | p-Value | |||||||
N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | |||
Experience of discrimination due to disability in daily life | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||||||
Never | 716 | 45.7 | 353 | 49.3 | 363 | 50.7 | 665 | 92.9 | 51 | 7.1 | ||
Rarely | 600 | 38.3 | 253 | 42.2 | 347 | 57.8 | 525 | 87.5 | 75 | 12.5 | ||
Often | 220 | 14.1 | 77 | 35.0 | 143 | 65.0 | 188 | 85.5 | 32 | 14.6 | ||
Regularly | 30 | 1.9 | 6 | 20.0 | 24 | 80.0 | 21 | 70.0 | 9 | 30.0 | ||
Experience of discrimination at workplace | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||||||
0 | 226 | 14.4 | 107 | 47.4 | 119 | 52.7 | 203 | 89.8 | 23 | 10.2 | ||
1 | 1124 | 71.8 | 521 | 46.4 | 603 | 53.7 | 1031 | 91.7 | 93 | 8.3 | ||
2 | 119 | 7.6 | 32 | 26.9 | 87 | 73.1 | 94 | 79.0 | 25 | 21.0 | ||
≥3 | 97 | 6.2 | 29 | 29.9 | 68 | 70.1 | 71 | 73.2 | 26 | 26.8 | ||
Gender | 0.4108 | 0.3366 | ||||||||||
Male | 1182 | 75.5 | 527 | 44.6 | 655 | 55.4 | 1061 | 89.8 | 121 | 10.2 | ||
Female | 384 | 24.5 | 162 | 42.2 | 222 | 57.8 | 338 | 88.0 | 46 | 12.0 | ||
Age | 0.1393 | 0.6582 | ||||||||||
15–29 | 231 | 14.8 | 116 | 50.2 | 115 | 49.8 | 205 | 88.7 | 26 | 11.3 | ||
30–39 | 483 | 30.8 | 211 | 43.7 | 272 | 56.3 | 440 | 91.1 | 43 | 8.9 | ||
40–49 | 515 | 32.9 | 209 | 40.6 | 306 | 59.4 | 456 | 32.6 | 59 | 11.5 | ||
50–59 | 233 | 14.9 | 109 | 46.8 | 124 | 53.2 | 207 | 88.8 | 26 | 11.2 | ||
>59 | 104 | 6.6 | 44 | 42.3 | 60 | 57.7 | 91 | 87.5 | 13 | 12.5 | ||
Residential region | 0.3095 | 0.0004 | ||||||||||
Metropolitan | 327 | 20.9 | 145 | 44.3 | 182 | 55.7 | 283 | 86.5 | 44 | 13.5 | ||
Urban | 411 | 26.3 | 193 | 47.0 | 218 | 53.0 | 388 | 94.4 | 23 | 5.6 | ||
Rural | 828 | 52.9 | 351 | 42.4 | 477 | 57.6 | 728 | 87.9 | 100 | 12.1 | ||
Marital status | 0.1184 | <0.0001 | ||||||||||
Married | 862 | 55.0 | 362 | 42.0 | 500 | 58.0 | 789 | 91.5 | 73 | 8.5 | ||
Single | 525 | 33.5 | 250 | 47.6 | 275 | 52.4 | 467 | 89.0 | 58 | 11.1 | ||
Divorce, separated | 179 | 11.4 | 77 | 43.0 | 102 | 57.0 | 143 | 79.9 | 36 | 20.1 | ||
Self-rated health | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||||||
Poor | 443 | 28.3 | 139 | 31.4 | 304 | 68.6 | 367 | 82.8 | 76 | 17.2 | ||
Good | 1123 | 71.7 | 550 | 49.0 | 573 | 51.0 | 1032 | 91.3 | 81 | 8.1 | ||
Smoking status | 0.0958 | 0.0394 | ||||||||||
Current smoker | 451 | 28.8 | 180 | 39.9 | 271 | 60.1 | 390 | 86.5 | 61 | 13.5 | ||
Former smoker | 359 | 22.9 | 159 | 44.3 | 200 | 55.7 | 320 | 89.1 | 39 | 10.9 | ||
Non-smoker | 756 | 48.3 | 350 | 46.3 | 406 | 53.7 | 689 | 91.1 | 67 | 8.9 | ||
Alcohol consumption | 0.2759 | 0.4848 | ||||||||||
Drinker | 905 | 57.8 | 384 | 24.5 | 521 | 33.3 | 807 | 89.2 | 98 | 10.8 | ||
Former drinker | 253 | 16.2 | 112 | 44.3 | 141 | 55.7 | 222 | 87.8 | 31 | 12.3 | ||
Non-drinker | 407 | 26.0 | 192 | 47.2 | 215 | 52.8 | 369 | 90.7 | 38 | 9.3 | ||
Depressive symptom/Stress | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||||||
Yes/No | 167 | 10.7 | 28 | 16.8 | 139 | 83.2 | 661 | 95.9 | 28 | 4.1 | ||
No/Yes | 1399 | 89.3 | 661 | 47.3 | 738 | 52.8 | 738 | 84.2 | 139 | 15.9 | ||
Disability grade | 0.6209 | 0.1956 | ||||||||||
Severe | 404 | 25.8 | 182 | 45.1 | 222 | 55.0 | 354 | 87.6 | 50 | 12.4 | ||
Moderate | 1162 | 74.2 | 507 | 43.6 | 655 | 56.4 | 1045 | 89.9 | 117 | 10.1 | ||
Disability type | 0.8740 | 0.0450 | ||||||||||
Physical disability | 892 | 57.0 | 394 | 44.2 | 498 | 55.8 | 809 | 90.7 | 83 | 9.3 | ||
Other | 674 | 43.0 | 295 | 43.8 | 379 | 56.2 | 590 | 87.5 | 84 | 12.5 | ||
Total | 1566 | 100 | 689 | 44.0 | 877 | 56.0 | 1399 | 89.3 | 167 | 10.7 |
Variables | Stress | Depressive Symptom | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | p-Value | OR | 95% CI | p-Value | |
Experience of discrimination due to disability in daily life | ||||||
Never | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Rarely | 1.04 | (0.91–1.18) | 0.5732 | 1.66 | (1.30–2.14) | <0.0001 |
Often | 1.46 | (1.17–1.83) | 0.0007 | 2.34 | (1.66–3.31) | <0.0001 |
Regularly | 3.16 | (1.65–6.05) | 0.0005 | 6.02 | (3.18–11.41) | <0.0001 |
Gender | ||||||
Male | 0.94 | (0.80–1.12) | 0.5026 | 0.54 | (0.40–0.74) | 0.0001 |
Female | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Age | ||||||
15–29 | 1.64 | (1.20–2.25) | 0.0021 | 1.33 | (0.72–2.45) | 0.3570 |
30–39 | 1.58 | (1.22–2.05) | 0.0005 | 1.40 | (0.84–2.34) | 0.1995 |
40–49 | 1.59 | (1.24–2.04) | 0.0003 | 1.47 | (0.90–2.39) | 0.1233 |
50–59 | 1.27 | (0.97–1.64) | 0.0771 | 1.54 | (0.94–2.54) | 0.0892 |
> 59 | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Residential region | ||||||
Metropolitan | 0.99 | (0.85–1.16) | 0.8979 | 0.77 | (0.58–1.03) | 0.0760 |
Urban | 1.01 | (0.87–1.17) | 0.9007 | 0.44 | (0.32–0.60) | <0.0001 |
Rural | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Marital status | ||||||
Married | 1.27 | (1.03–1.55) | 0.0225 | 0.44 | (0.33–0.60) | <0.0001 |
Single | 0.91 | (0.72–1.16) | 0.4355 | 0.74 | (0.51–1.07) | 0.1129 |
Divorce, separated | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Self-rated health | ||||||
Poor | 2.03 | (1.75–2.35) | <0.0001 | 2.47 | (1.96–3.12) | <0.0001 |
Good | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Smoking status | ||||||
Current smoker | 1.19 | (1.00–1.42) | 0.0491 | 1.84 | (1.32–2.57) | 0.0003 |
Former smoker | 0.99 | (0.83–1.18) | 0.8913 | 1.34 | (0.94–1.92) | 0.1026 |
Non-smoker | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Alcohol consumption | ||||||
Drinker | 1.16 | (0.98–1.37) | 0.0861 | 1.29 | (0.94–1.78) | 0.1178 |
Former drinker | 1.06 | (0.86–1.29) | 0.5943 | 1.53 | (1.06–2.21) | 0.0231 |
Non-drinker | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Depressive symptom/Stress | ||||||
Yes/No | 2.91 | (2.24–3.78) | <0.0001 | 0.35 | (0.27–0.45) | <0.0001 |
No/Yes | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Disability grade | ||||||
Severe | 0.87 | (0.75–1.02) | 0.0832 | 0.91 | (0.69–1.19) | 0.4879 |
Moderate | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Disability type | ||||||
Physical disability | 1.01 | (0.88–1.15) | 0.9204 | 0.73 | (0.58–0.93) | 0.0108 |
Other | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Year | ||||||
2016 | 0.98 | (0.85–1.14) | 0.8321 | 1.46 | (1.11–1.91) | 0.0059 |
2017 | 1.03 | (0.89–1.19) | 0.6663 | 1.11 | (0.83–1.47) | 0.4810 |
2018 | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
Variables | Stress | Depressive Symptom | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | p-Value | OR | 95% CI | p-Value | |
Experience of discrimination at workplace | ||||||
0 | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
1 | 1.03 | (0.87–1.23) | 0.7113 | 0.75 | (0.54–1.04) | 0.0843 |
2 | 1.76 | (1.31–2.38) | 0.0002 | 1.55 | (1.00–2.42) | 0.0506 |
≥3 | 1.76 | (1.28–2.42) | 0.0005 | 1.87 | (1.19–2.92) | 0.0064 |
Gender | ||||||
Male | 0.95 | (0.80–1.13) | 0.5690 | 0.58 | (0.42–0.78) | 0.0004 |
Female | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Age | ||||||
15–29 | 1.71 | (1.24–2.34) | 0.0010 | 1.43 | (0.78–2.62) | 0.2503 |
30–39 | 1.61 | (1.24–2.09) | 0.0003 | 1.48 | (0.89–2.48) | 0.1328 |
40–49 | 1.62 | (1.26–2.07) | 0.0002 | 1.53 | (0.94–2.49) | 0.0857 |
50–59 | 1.28 | (0.98–1.66) | 0.0660 | 1.60 | (0.97–2.63) | 0.0661 |
> 59 | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Residential region | ||||||
Metropolitan | 1.01 | (0.86–1.18) | 0.9293 | 0.80 | (0.60–1.05) | 0.1091 |
Urban | 1.01 | (0.88–1.17) | 0.8542 | 0.44 | (0.33–0.60) | <0.0001 |
Rural | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Marital status | ||||||
Married | 1.28 | (1.04–1.56) | 0.0175 | 0.42 | (0.31–0.58) | <0.0001 |
Single | 0.91 | (0.71–1.15) | 0.4234 | 0.73 | (0.50–1.06) | 0.0957 |
Divorce, separated | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Self-rated health | ||||||
Poor | 2.04 | (1.76–2.37) | <0.0001 | 2.60 | (2.06–3.27) | <0.0001 |
Good | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Smoking status | ||||||
Current smoker | 1.17 | (0.98–1.39) | 0.0812 | 1.69 | (1.22–2.35) | 0.0018 |
Former smoker | 0.98 | (0.82–1.17) | 0.8395 | 1.33 | (0.93–1.89) | 0.1148 |
Non-smoker | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Alcohol consumption | ||||||
Drinker | 1.13 | (0.95–1.34) | 0.1563 | 1.22 | (0.89–1.67) | 0.2226 |
Former drinker | 1.03 | (0.84–1.25) | 0.8047 | 1.41 | (0.98–2.02) | 0.0657 |
Non-drinker | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Depressive symptom/Stress | ||||||
Yes/No | 2.90 | (2.23–3.76) | <0.0001 | 0.35 | (0.27–0.45) | <0.0001 |
No/Yes | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Disability grade | ||||||
Severe | 0.91 | (0.78–1.06) | 0.2069 | 1.10 | (0.84–1.44) | 0.4826 |
Moderate | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Disability type | ||||||
Physical disability | 1.00 | (0.88–1.15) | 0.9486 | 0.73 | (0.58–0.93) | 0.0119 |
Other | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Year | ||||||
2016 | 1.00 | (0.86–1.16) | 0.9876 | 1.51 | (1.16–1.98) | 0.0023 |
2017 | 1.03 | (0.89–1.19) | 0.7083 | 1.11 | (0.83–1.47) | 0.4778 |
2018 | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
Variables | Stress | Depressive Symptom | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | p-Value | OR | 95% CI | p-Value | |
Experience of discrimination due to disability in daily life | ||||||
Never | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Rarely | 0.98 | (0.86–1.12) | 0.7827 | 1.59 | (1.22–2.05) | 0.0005 |
Often | 1.31 | (1.04–1.64) | 0.0206 | 2.10 | (1.46–3.01) | <0.0001 |
Regularly | 2.64 | (1.37–5.08) | 0.0036 | 4.96 | (2.58–9.56) | <0.0001 |
Experience of discrimination at workplace | ||||||
0 | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
1 | 1.02 | (0.86–1.22) | 0.7859 | 0.67 | (0.48–0.93) | 0.0182 |
2 | 1.66 | (1.22–2.25) | 0.0012 | 1.15 | (0.72–1.82) | 0.5540 |
≥3 | 1.62 | (1.17–2.24) | 0.0040 | 1.33 | (0.83–2.11) | 0.2379 |
Gender | ||||||
Male | 0.95 | (0.80–1.12) | 0.5234 | 0.55 | (0.40–0.75) | 0.0001 |
Female | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Age | ||||||
15–29 | 1.69 | (1.23–2.32) | 0.0012 | 1.38 | (0.75–2.55) | 0.2993 |
30–39 | 1.60 | (1.23–2.07) | 0.0004 | 1.47 | (0.88–2.46) | 0.1450 |
40–49 | 1.61 | (1.25–2.06) | 0.0002 | 1.50 | (0.92–2.45) | 0.1013 |
50–59 | 1.28 | (0.98–1.66) | 0.0689 | 1.59 | (0.96–2.62) | 0.0707 |
>59 | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Residential region | ||||||
Metropolitan | 1.00 | (0.85–1.17) | 0.9958 | 0.78 | (0.59–1.04) | 0.0874 |
Urban | 1.01 | (0.88–1.17) | 0.8747 | 0.44 | (0.32–0.59) | <0.0001 |
Rural | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Marital status | ||||||
Married | 1.28 | (1.05–1.57) | 0.0161 | 0.44 | (0.33–0.60) | <0.0001 |
Single | 0.91 | (0.71–1.15) | 0.4245 | 0.74 | (0.51–1.08) | 0.1155 |
Divorce, separated | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Self-rated health | ||||||
Poor | 2.03 | (1.75–2.35) | <0.0001 | 2.47 | (1.96–3.12) | <0.0001 |
Good | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Smoking status | ||||||
Current smoker | 1.18 | (0.99–1.41) | 0.0600 | 1.78 | (1.28–2.49) | 0.0007 |
Former smoker | 0.99 | (0.83–1.18) | 0.9082 | 1.36 | (0.95–1.94) | 0.0902 |
Non-smoker | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Alcohol consumption | ||||||
Drinker | 1.15 | (0.97–1.36) | 0.1119 | 1.29 | (0.93–1.78) | 0.1235 |
Former drinker | 1.05 | (0.86–1.28) | 0.6483 | 1.50 | (1.04–2.18) | 0.0302 |
Non-drinker | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Depressive symptom/Stress | ||||||
Yes/No | 2.81 | (2.16–3.65) | <0.0001 | 0.36 | (0.28–0.47) | <0.0001 |
No/Yes | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Disability grade | ||||||
Severe | 0.87 | (0.74–1.01) | 0.0727 | 0.93 | (0.70–1.23) | 0.6058 |
Moderate | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Disability type | ||||||
Physical disability | 1.01 | (0.88–1.15) | 0.8878 | 0.74 | (0.58–0.95) | 0.0163 |
Other | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Year | ||||||
2016 | 0.98 | (0.85–1.14) | 0.7869 | 1.44 | (1.10–1.89) | 0.0076 |
2017 | 1.03 | (0.89–1.19) | 0.6734 | 1.11 | (0.83–1.47) | 0.4743 |
2018 | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
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Lee, H.J.; Jeong, W.; Chon, D.; Kim, J.-H.; Moon, J.Y. The Association between Perceived Discrimination and Mental Health of Wage Workers with Disabilities: Findings from the Panel Survey of Employment for the Disabled 2016–2018. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 8541. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148541
Lee HJ, Jeong W, Chon D, Kim J-H, Moon JY. The Association between Perceived Discrimination and Mental Health of Wage Workers with Disabilities: Findings from the Panel Survey of Employment for the Disabled 2016–2018. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(14):8541. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148541
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Hyeon Ji, Wonjeong Jeong, Doukyoung Chon, Jae-Hyun Kim, and Jong Youn Moon. 2022. "The Association between Perceived Discrimination and Mental Health of Wage Workers with Disabilities: Findings from the Panel Survey of Employment for the Disabled 2016–2018" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 14: 8541. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148541