Potential Biomarkers and Drugs for Nanoparticle-Induced Cytotoxicity in the Retina: Based on Regulation of Inflammatory and Apoptotic Genes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Dataset Collection
2.2. Differential Expression Analysis
2.3. Function Enrichment Analysis
2.4. Construction of a Protein–Protein Interaction (PPI) Network
2.5. Construction of a Competing Endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) Regulatory Network
2.6. Small Molecule Drug Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Differential Expression Analysis
3.2. Function Enrichment Analysis
3.3. PPI Network
3.4. Construction of a ceRNA Network
3.5. Identification of Small Molecule Drugs
3.6. Validation of Crucial Genes in Hypoxia/H2O2-Induced Retinal Injury Models
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
NPs | nanoparticles |
Ag | silver |
Au | gold |
Si | silicate |
IL | interleukin |
TNF | tumor necrosis factor |
TiO2 | titanium dioxide |
NCBI | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
GEO | Gene Expression Omnibus |
PBS | phosphate buffer saline |
PTC | presumptive therapeutic concentration |
ONC | optic nerve crush |
FC | fold change |
DE-lncRNAs | differentially expressed long non-coding RNAs |
DE-mRNAs | differentially expressed messenger RNAs |
GO | Gene Ontology |
KEGG | Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes |
DAVID | Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery |
PPI | Protein–protein interaction |
DC | degree centrality |
EC | eigenvector centrality |
LAC | local average connectivity |
BC | betweenness centrality |
CC | closeness centrality |
MCODE | Molecular Complex Detection |
ceRNAs | competing endogenous RNAs |
miRNAs | microRNAs |
CMap | Connectivity Map |
CTD | Comparative Toxicogenomics Database |
SOCS3 | suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 |
STAT3 | signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 |
FAS | Fas cell surface death receptor |
CASP1 | caspase 1 |
CCL2 | C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 |
CXCL10 | C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 |
IRF8 | interferon regulatory factor 8 |
SYK | spleen tyrosine kinase |
TLR | toll-like receptor |
GDF6 | growth differentiation factor 6 |
CRHBP | corticotropin-releasing hormone-binding protein |
NF-κB | nuclear factor κB |
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Treatment | Gene Symbol | GSE49048 | GSE55228 | GSE120257 | GSE131486 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Log2FC | p-Value | Log2FC | p-Value | Log2FC | p-Value | Log2FC | p-Value | ||
TiO2 vs. control (PTC) | Gm9866 | −0.50 | 3.94 × 102 | −0.57 | 2.74 × 102 | ||||
Cx3cr1 | 1.44 | 3.97 × 102 | 0.85 | 6.09 × 1013 | 0.62 | 1.47 × 102 | |||
Stat3 | 1.00 | 2.98 × 102 | 1.04 | 4.73 × 1051 | 0.63 | 2.83 × 102 | |||
Aif1 | 1.35 | 4.44 × 102 | 0.78 | 1.90 × 106 | |||||
Cxcl9 | 0.65 | 3.49 × 102 | 0.91 | 4.91 × 1011 | |||||
TiO2 vs. control (100 PTC) | 6430562O15Rik | 0.54 | 1.32 × 103 | 0.77 | 1.04 × 107 | ||||
9330175E14Rik | 1.24 | 3.92 × 102 | 0.62 | 3.30 × 106 | |||||
Tlr2 | 1.08 | 1.60 × 103 | 2.38 | 1.55 × 103 | 1.14 | 3.06 × 1012 | 1.54 | 4.20 × 102 | |
C1qa | 1.44 | 1.59 × 103 | 0.64 | 5.26 × 103 | 1.73 | 5.75 × 1051 | |||
Cx3cr1 | 1.16 | 4.06 × 103 | 0.85 | 6.09 × 1013 | 0.62 | 1.47 × 102 | |||
Irf1 | 0.66 | 2.83 × 102 | 1.25 | 5.84 × 1030 | 0.57 | 1.01 × 102 | |||
Irf8 | 1.39 | 6.97 × 104 | 1.05 | 3.01 × 1013 | 1.07 | 4.07 × 103 | |||
Cxcl10 | 2.43 | 8.73 × 103 | 1.39 | 4.11 × 1018 | 1.90 | 1.31 × 102 | |||
Socs3 | 1.36 | 1.3 × 104 | 1.61 | 3.81 × 1038 | 1.08 | 2.43 × 102 | |||
Ccl2 | 1.60 | 3.24 × 103 | 5.63 | 7.48 × 103 | |||||
Stat3 | 1.03 | 9.11 × 104 | 1.04 | 4.73 × 1051 | 0.63 | 2.83 × 102 | |||
Ifih1 | 0.91 | 1.10× 102 | 0.73 | 7.64 × 104 | |||||
Aif1 | 1.17 | 8.88 × 103 | 0.78 | 1.90 × 106 | |||||
Fas | 1.00 | 9.77 × 103 | 0.70 | 1.63 × 105 | |||||
Casp1 | 1.19 | 3.2 × 104 | 0.56 | 7.35 × 105 | |||||
Cxcl9 | 0.61 | 1.37 × 103 | 0.91 | 4.91 × 1011 | |||||
Pou4f1 | −0.62 | 1.00× 102 | −0.70 | 2.27 × 107 | −1.50 | 3.19 × 1055 | −1.48 | 1.78 × 1010 | |
Au20 vs. control | 4933406C10Rik | 0.73 | 3.32× 102 | 0.96 | 9.35 × 103 | ||||
Crhbp | 1.22 | 4.29× 102 | 0.61 | 2.44 × 102 | |||||
Gdf6 | −0.98 | 1.20 × 103 | −1.14 | 4.97 × 102 | |||||
Au100 vs. control | 4933406C10Rik | 0.74 | 385× 102 | 0.96 | 9.35 × 103 | ||||
Crhbp | 2.10 | 3.40× 102 | 0.61 | 2.44 × 102 | |||||
D030047H15Rik | 0.56 | 5.06 × 103 | 0.87 | 2.08 × 102 | |||||
Si20 vs. control | 4933406C10Rik | 0.61 | 1.60× 102 | 0.96 | 9.35 × 103 | ||||
Crhbp | 1.74 | 2.73× 102 | 0.61 | 2.44 × 102 |
Term | p-Value | Genes |
---|---|---|
GO:0002376~immune system process | 3.04 × 1027 | IFITM3, H2-T23, SPON2, CD84, CSF1, H2-K1, AHR, IFI30, IFIT1, IFIT3, IFIH1, MAP3K8, LGALS9, JAK3, B2M, OASL2, HERC6, RSAD2, SYK, DDX58, TAP1, FCGR1, NAIP2, HCK, IRF1, SERPING1, H2-D1, TLR13, TLR2, TRIM56, C1QB, C1QA, UNC93B1, H2-Q7, NLRC5, ZC3HAV1, INPP5D, C1RA, LY86, EIF2AK2, IRGM1, PSMB8, PSMB9, BST2, BCL6, AXL, MYO1G, C1QC |
GO:0045087~innate immune response | 7.54 × 1022 | IFITM3, C1QB, SPON2, C1QA, CD84, CSF1, UNC93B1, NLRC5, OAS1A, TREM2, ZC3HAV1, IFIT1, IFIT3, IFIH1, C4B, CLEC7A, JAK3, TRIM21, B2M, HERC6, OASL2, C1RA, FCER1G, RSAD2, SYK, DDX58, LY86, CYBB, IRGM1, EIF2AK2, CYBA, BST2, FCGR1, NAIP2, HCK, TYROBP, AXL, IRF1, SERPING1, TLR13, TLR2, C1QC, TRIM56 |
GO:0006954~inflammatory response | 5.15 × 1014 | PTGFR, CCL12, CALCA, CXCL9, NCF1, CSF1, CXCL1, AIF1, PTGS1, C4B, CRHBP, CLEC7A, STAB1, SPP1, CCL3, C3AR1, CCL2, SLC11A1, LY86, CYBB, CYBA, TNFRSF1B, TNFRSF1A, P2RX7, CXCL10, NAIP2, HCK, BCL6, TNIP2, AXL, FAS, TLR13, TLR2 |
GO:0051607~defense response to virus | 5.61 × 1014 | APOBEC1, IFITM3, SPON2, CXCL9, RSAD2, UNC93B1, DDX58, NLRC5, EIF2AK2, OAS1A, ZC3HAV1, DDX60, IFIT1, IFIT3, IFIH1, BST2, CXCL10, IRF1, ITGAX, PMAIP1, TRIM56, OASL2 |
GO:0009615~response to virus | 2.52 × 1012 | IFITM3, RSAD2, DDX58, EIF2AK2, OAS1A, ZC3HAV1, DDX60, IFIT1, IFIT3, IFIH1, BST2, CXCL10, BCL3, TLR13, OASL2 |
GO:0035458~cellular response to interferon-beta | 2.65 × 109 | GBP6, IFI204, IRF1, IFI203, IGTP, IRGM2, IRGM1, IFIT1, GBP2, IFIT3, GBP3 |
GO:0032496~response to lipopolysaccharide | 4.44 × 109 | SPON2, PTGFR, CEBPB, CXCL9, GCH1, SLC11A1, EIF2AK2, CXCL1, TNFRSF1B, LITAF, TNFRSF1A, P2RX7, CXCL10, CASP8, PENK, CASP1, ACP5, FAS, LGALS9, TLR2 |
GO:0050830~defense response to Gram-positive bacterium | 1.53 × 108 | GBP6, H2-T23, GBP7, NCF1, GBP9, LYZ2, P2RX7, HCK, ACP5, GBP2, B2M, MYO1F, TLR2, GBP3 |
GO:0042832~defense response to protozoan | 5.00 × 108 | GBP6, GBP7, GBP9, SLC11A1, BCL3, IRGM2, IRF8, GBP2, GBP3 |
GO:0071222~cellular response to lipopolysaccharide | 6.62 × 108 | CX3CR1, GBP6, SPON2, CEBPB, ARG1, SERPINE1, TNFRSF1B, LITAF, ICAM1, CXCL10, SBNO2, PLSCR2, FCGR4, TNIP2, AXL, CCL2, IRF8, GBP2, B2M |
GO:0006955~immune response | 1.68 × 107 | CCL12, CXCL9, H2-K1, LIF, CXCL1, TNFRSF1B, CTSS, VAV1, TNFRSF1A, CXCL10, BLNK, CCL3, CCL2, FAS, IRF8, LCP2, FCGR2B, B2M, H2-D1, TLR2, OASL2 |
GO:0044406~adhesion of symbiont to host | 2.44 × 107 | GBP6, GBP7, GBP9, GBP2, ICAM1, GBP3 |
GO:0071346~cellular response to interferon-gamma | 4.42 × 107 | GBP6, CCL12, GBP7, GBP9, H2-Q7, CCL3, CCL2, GBP2, AIF1, GBP4, GBP3 |
GO:0030593~neutrophil chemotaxis | 5.09 × 107 | FCGR3, CCL12, EDN2, FCER1G, SYK, SPP1, CCL3, CCL2, CXCL1, NCKAP1L, VAV1 |
GO:0042742~defense response to bacterium | 5.22 × 107 | SPON2, CEBPB, FCER1G, SYK, NCF1, ANXA3, LYZ2, SLC11A1, H2-M3, H2-K1, IRGM2, TNFRSF1A, FCGR1, NAIP2, BCL3, STAB1, IRF8 |
GO:0042590~antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I | 5.57 × 107 | FCGR1, FCGR3, FCER1G, H2-K1, IFI30 |
GO:0032760~positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor production | 1.22 × 106 | SASH3, H2-T23, SPON2, FCER1G, CCL3, CCL2, CYBA, LGALS9, TNFRSF1A, TLR2 |
GO:0009617~response to bacterium | 2.91 × 106 | FCGR1, P2RX7, NCF1, SLC11A1, CASP1, IRF8, FCGR2B, TLR2 |
GO:0002474~antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I | 3.56 × 106 | H2-T23, H2-BL, H2-Q6, H2-Q7, H2-K1, H2-M3, B2M, H2-D1 |
GO:0006935~chemotaxis | 1.16 × 105 | CX3CR1, CXCL10, CXCL9, CCL12, RAC2, C3AR1, CCL3, CCL2, NCKAP1L, LGALS9, DOCK2, CYR61 |
GO:0002479~antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I, TAP-dependent | 1.52 × 105 | H2-T23, H2-Q7, H2-K1, B2M, PSMB8, H2-D1, PSMB9 |
GO:0019221~cytokine-mediated signaling pathway | 1.69 × 105 | CX3CR1, CCL12, EDN2, STAT3, CSF2RB, TNFRSF1A, CSF2RB2, SOCS3, CCL2, PTPN6, IL6ST, JAK3, CD44 |
GO:0010628~positive regulation of gene expression | 1.75 × 105 | PTGFR, CSF1, DDX58, SLC11A1, SERPINE1, STAT3, PLAUR, LIF, SOX11, IKZF1, POU4F1, FGF2, TNFRSF1A, P2RX7, CCL3, CTSH, VIM, LGALS9, ATF3, CD44, NKX3-1, TLR2 |
GO:0001916~positive regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity | 1.93 × 105 | P2RX7, H2-T23, H2-K1, H2-M3, B2M, H2-D1 |
GO:0050766~positive regulation of phagocytosis | 2.60 × 105 | FCGR1, FCGR3, FCER1G, PROS1, SLC11A1, CYBA, DOCK2, FCGR2B |
GO:0009636~response to toxic substance | 2.89 × 105 | CDKN1A, PENK, CCL3, EIF2AK2, FAS, NEFL, AHR, NUPR1, SLC7A11, TLR2 |
GO:0007155~cell adhesion | 3.58 × 105 | CX3CR1, LGALS3BP, SPON2, CD84, VWF, CD93, TNFAIP6, TNFRSF12A, FBLIM1, MCAM, PCDH8, CYR61, ICAM1, MFAP4, GPNMB, CHL1, PDPN, STAB1, SPP1, ITGAX, CD9, CTNNAL1, CD33, CD44 |
GO:0006909~phagocytosis | 4.43 × 105 | HCK, ANXA3, AXL, SLC11A1, PLD4, IRF8, VAV1, MYO1G |
GO:0045576~mast cell activation | 7.08 × 105 | FCGR3, FCER1G, LCP2, CD48, FCGR2B |
GO:0048246~macrophage chemotaxis | 9.77 × 105 | CX3CR1, CCL12, EDN2, CCL3, CCL2 |
GO:0034341~response to interferon-gamma | 9.84 × 105 | IFITM3, BST2, GCH1, SLC11A1, IRGM2, TRIM21 |
GO:0030335~positive regulation of cell migration | 1.04 × 104 | TNFAIP6, CSF1, SEMA3C, MCAM, AIF1, CYR61, CXCL10, GPNMB, PDPN, C3AR1, CCL3, CTSH, ROR2, MYO1F |
GO:0050729~positive regulation of inflammatory response | 1.54 × 104 | CCL12, SERPINE1, CCL3, CCL2, CTSS, TNFRSF1A, TLR2, TGM2 |
GO:0045730~respiratory burst | 2.05 × 104 | NCF1, SLC11A1, CYBB, CYBA |
GO:0043029~T cell homeostasis | 2.36 × 104 | P2RX7, PMAIP1, FAS, NCKAP1L, AHR, JAK3 |
GO:0042771~intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator | 2.36 × 104 | CDKN1A, IFI204, BCL3, SHISA5, PMAIP1, NUPR1 |
GO:0045071~negative regulation of viral genome replication | 2.75 × 104 | IFITM3, BST2, RSAD2, EIF2AK2, ZC3HAV1 |
GO:0008285~negative regulation of cell proliferation | 2.92 × 104 | IFITM3, CDKN1A, IGFBP3, STAT3, LIF, EIF2AK2, DHCR24, FGF2, IFIT3, MYO16, RUNX1, BCL6, IRF1, INPP5D, CD9, ROR2, NKX3-1, SKAP2, TLR2 |
GO:0043615~astrocyte cell migration | 3.24 × 104 | CCL12, HEXB, CCL3, CCL2 |
GO:0007568~aging | 3.72 × 104 | CALCA, ARG1, STAT3, PENK, SERPING1, CCL2, APOD, TIMP1, TNFRSF1B, LITAF, FGF2, CTSC |
GO:0071407~cellular response to organic cyclic compound | 4.58 × 104 | P2RX7, MSR1, CEBPB, CCL12, CASP8, STAT3, CCL3, CYBA |
GO:0071347~cellular response to interleukin-1 | 6.78 × 104 | CEBPB, CCL12, IRF1, SERPINE1, CCL3, CCL2, ICAM1, NKX3-1 |
GO:0030168~platelet activation | 7.08 × 104 | ENTPD1, VWF, SYK, AXL, ADRA2C, VAV1 |
GO:0045944~positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter | 8.08 × 104 | CSRNP1, CEBPB, CEBPD, HEXB, NLRC5, IKZF1, FGF2, CYR61, SBNO2, CCL3, JAK3, ZBTB7C, NKX3-1, WWTR1, EGR2, DDX58, SLC11A1, STAT3, ARID5A, LIF, SOX11, POU4F1, POU4F2, RUNX1, TNFRSF1A, HOXB9, TNIP2, IRF1, BCL3, CAPRIN2, FOSB, ATF3, TLR2, CREB5 |
GO:0043066~negative regulation of apoptotic process | 8.49 × 104 | PTGFR, CDKN1A, STAT3, PLAUR, EIF2AK2, DHCR24, AIF1, POU4F1, CYR61, IFIT3, TNFRSF1A, BTC, HCK, SOCS3, BCL6, AXL, BCL3, SPP1, CTSH, FAS, NCKAP1L, TIMP1, CD44 |
GO:0008217~regulation of blood pressure | 9.63 × 104 | CALCA, EDN2, GCH1, C3AR1, CYBA, AHR, PTGS1 |
GO:0071356~cellular response to tumor necrosis factor | 9.78 × 104 | CRHBP, CCL12, CALCA, IRF1, CCL3, CCL2, CYBA, ICAM1, NKX3-1 |
GO:0035457~cellular response to interferon-alpha | 1.20 × 103 | IFI204, AXL, IFIT1, IFIT3 |
GO:0043065~positive regulation of apoptotic process | 1.45 × 103 | HRK, TNFRSF12A, GADD45B, IGFBP3, EIF2AK2, POU4F1, CYR61, P2RX7, CASP8, BCL6, INPP5D, CASP1, PMAIP1, FAS, NUPR1, TGM2 |
GO:0097191~extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway | 6.69 × 103 | P2RX7, CASP8, TNFRSF12A, FAS, TNFRSF1B |
GO:0006915~apoptotic process | 9.46 × 103 | HRK, CSRNP1, TNFRSF12A, NCF1, GADD45B, SHISA5, GDF6, LITAF, TNFRSF1A, RNF144B, NAIP2, CASP8, TNIP2, IRF1, INPP5D, CASP1, PMAIP1, FAS, MAP3K8, XAF1 |
GO:0042127~regulation of cell proliferation | 9.50 × 103 | APOBEC1, CXCL10, HCK, CXCL9, BCL6, SERPINE1, TCF7, FAS, TNFRSF1B, TNFRSF1A, PTGS1 |
GO:0042981~regulation of apoptotic process | 1.16 × 102 | HRK, CASP8, BCL3, CASP1, PMAIP1, EIF2AK2, FAS, TNFRSF1B, GDF6, TNFRSF1A |
GO:0048678~response to axon injury | 2.07 × 102 | ARG1, APOD, FGF2, AIF1 |
GO:0043524~negative regulation of neuron apoptotic process | 2.89 × 102 | CEBPB, CCL12, CHL1, AXL, NEFL, CCL2, POU4F1, NES |
Term | p-Value | Genes |
---|---|---|
mmu04380:Osteoclast differentiation | 3.44 × 109 | SYK, NCF1, CSF1, CYBB, CYBA, TREM2, TNFRSF1A, FCGR1, SOCS3, FCGR3, TYROBP, FCGR4, BLNK, ACP5, FOSB, LCP2, FCGR2B, IRF9 |
mmu04145:Phagosome | 1.08 × 108 | H2-T23, MSR1, C1RA, H2-BL, NCF1, H2-Q6, H2-Q7, H2-M3, H2-K1, TAP1, CYBA, CTSS, FCGR1, FCGR3, CLEC7A, TUBB3, FCGR4, FCGR2B, H2-D1, TLR2 |
mmu04668:TNF signaling pathway | 2.29 × 108 | CEBPB, CCL12, CSF1, LIF, CXCL1, TNFRSF1B, TNFRSF1A, ICAM1, CXCL10, SOCS3, CASP8, BCL3, CCL2, FAS, MAP3K8, CREB5 |
mmu05168:Herpes simplex infection | 5.17 × 108 | H2-T23, CCL12, H2-BL, DDX58, H2-Q6, H2-Q7, H2-M3, H2-K1, EIF2AK2, OAS1A, TAP1, IFIT1, TNFRSF1A, IFIH1, SOCS3, CASP8, CCL2, FAS, IRF9, H2-D1, TLR2 |
mmu05169:Epstein-Barr virus infection | 7.42 × 108 | H2-T23, ENTPD1, CDKN1A, H2-BL, SYK, DDX58, H2-Q6, H2-Q7, H2-M3, STAT3, H2-K1, EIF2AK2, ICAM1, VIM, JAK3, H2-D1, CD44 |
mmu04610:Complement and coagulation cascades | 1.31 × 107 | C1QB, C1QA, C1RA, VWF, PROS1, SERPINE1, PLAUR, PLAT, C4B, C3AR1, SERPING1, A2M, C1QC |
mmu05150:Staphylococcus aureus infection | 1.50 × 107 | FCGR1, C1QB, C4B, C1QA, FCGR3, C1RA, FCGR4, C3AR1, FCGR2B, ICAM1, C1QC |
mmu04612:Antigen processing and presentation | 1.65 × 105 | H2-T23, H2-BL, H2-Q6, H2-Q7, H2-K1, H2-M3, TAP1, IFI30, B2M, CTSS, H2-D1 |
mmu05203:Viral carcinogenesis | 2.12 × 105 | H2-T23, EGR2, CDKN1A, H2-BL, SYK, H2-Q6, H2-Q7, H2-M3, STAT3, H2-K1, EIF2AK2, CASP8, PMAIP1, IL6ST, JAK3, IRF9, H2-D1, CREB5 |
mmu05142:Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis) | 2.23 × 105 | C1QB, GNA14, C1QA, CCL12, CASP8, SERPINE1, CCL3, FAS, CCL2, TNFRSF1A, C1QC, TLR2 |
mmu05164:Influenza A | 3.64 × 105 | CCL12, RSAD2, DDX58, MX2, EIF2AK2, OAS1A, TNFRSF1A, ICAM1, IFIH1, CXCL10, SOCS3, CASP1, CCL2, FAS, IRF9 |
mmu04060:Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction | 3.86 × 105 | CX3CR1, IL15RA, CCL12, CXCL9, TNFRSF12A, CSF1, LIF, CXCL1, CSF2RB, OSMR, TNFRSF1B, TNFRSF1A, CSF2RB2, CXCL10, CCL3, CCL2, FAS, IL6ST |
mmu05416:Viral myocarditis | 7.61 × 105 | H2-T23, CASP8, H2-BL, H2-Q6, H2-Q7, H2-K1, H2-M3, RAC2, H2-D1, ICAM1 |
mmu04666:Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis | 1.23 × 104 | FCGR1, HCK, NCF1, SYK, MYO10, INPP5D, RAC2, DOCK2, FCGR2B, VAV1 |
mmu04650:Natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity | 1.41 × 104 | TYROBP, FCER1G, SYK, FCGR4, RAC2, FAS, PTPN6, LCP2, CD48, VAV1, ICAM1 |
mmu04062:Chemokine signaling pathway | 1.60 × 104 | CX3CR1, CCL12, CXCL9, NCF1, STAT3, CXCL1, VAV1, CXCL10, HCK, CCL3, RAC2, GNB3, CCL2, DOCK2, JAK3 |
mmu05332:Graft-versus-host disease | 1.69 × 104 | H2-T23, H2-BL, H2-Q6, H2-Q7, H2-K1, H2-M3, FAS, H2-D1 |
mmu05330:Allograft rejection | 2.72 × 104 | H2-T23, H2-BL, H2-Q6, H2-Q7, H2-K1, H2-M3, FAS, H2-D1 |
mmu05133:Pertussis | 2.77 × 104 | C1QB, C4B, C1QA, C1RA, IRF1, CASP1, SERPING1, IRF8, C1QC |
mmu04940:Type I diabetes mellitus | 5.14 × 104 | H2-T23, H2-BL, H2-Q6, H2-Q7, H2-K1, H2-M3, FAS, H2-D1 |
mmu05152:Tuberculosis | 7.21 × 104 | CEBPB, FCER1G, SYK, CTSS, TNFRSF1A, FCGR1, FCGR3, CASP8, CLEC7A, FCGR4, ITGAX, FCGR2B, TLR2 |
mmu05144:Malaria | 7.51 × 104 | CCL12, CCL2, HBB-B1, HBA-A2, HBA-A1, ICAM1, TLR2 |
mmu04115:p53 signaling pathway | 8.25 × 104 | CDKN1A, CASP8, GADD45B, IGFBP3, SERPINE1, SHISA5, PMAIP1, FAS |
mmu04662:B cell receptor signaling pathway | 1.07 × 103 | CD72, SYK, INPP5D, BLNK, RAC2, PTPN6, FCGR2B, VAV1 |
mmu05162:Measles | 1.13 × 103 | IFIH1, DDX58, MX2, STAT3, EIF2AK2, FAS, OAS1A, FCGR2B, JAK3, IRF9, TLR2 |
mmu05320:Autoimmune thyroid disease | 1.17 × 103 | H2-T23, H2-BL, H2-Q6, H2-Q7, H2-K1, H2-M3, FAS, H2-D1 |
mmu04630:Jak-STAT signaling pathway | 1.83 × 103 | CSF2RB2, IL15RA, SOCS3, STAT3, LIF, PTPN6, CSF2RB, IL6ST, OSMR, JAK3, IRF9 |
mmu05140:Leishmaniasis | 3.39 × 103 | FCGR1, FCGR3, NCF1, FCGR4, CYBA, PTPN6, TLR2 |
mmu05160:Hepatitis C | 4.04 × 103 | SOCS3, CDKN1A, DDX58, IRF1, STAT3, EIF2AK2, OAS1A, IFIT1, IRF9, TNFRSF1A |
mmu04142:Lysosome | 6.97 × 103 | HEXB, SLC11A1, LAPTM5, ACP5, CTSH, CD68, LITAF, CTSS, CTSC |
mmu05143:African trypanosomiasis | 8.14 × 103 | FAS, HBB-B1, HBA-A2, HBA-A1, ICAM1 |
mmu04621:NOD-like receptor signaling pathway | 9.72 × 103 | NAIP2, CCL12, CASP8, CASP1, CCL2, CXCL1 |
mmu05166:HTLV-I infection | 1.10 × 102 | H2-T23, IL15RA, EGR2, CDKN1A, H2-BL, H2-Q6, H2-Q7, H2-M3, H2-K1, TNFRSF1A, ICAM1, JAK3, ATF3, H2-D1 |
mmu05323:Rheumatoid arthritis | 1.13 × 102 | CCL12, CSF1, CCL3, CCL2, ACP5, ICAM1, TLR2 |
mmu05161:Hepatitis B | 1.92 × 102 | IFIH1, EGR2, CDKN1A, CASP8, DDX58, STAT3, FAS, CREB5, TLR2 |
mmu04664:Fc epsilon RI signaling pathway | 1.98 × 102 | FCER1G, SYK, INPP5D, RAC2, LCP2, VAV1 |
mmu04620:Toll-like receptor signaling pathway | 2.87 × 102 | CXCL10, CXCL9, CASP8, SPP1, CCL3, MAP3K8, TLR2 |
mmu04611:Platelet activation | 3.12 × 102 | FCER1G, VWF, SYK, COL5A2, TBXAS1, PRKG2, LCP2, PTGS1 |
mmu05134:Legionellosis | 4.17 × 102 | NAIP2, CASP8, CASP1, CXCL1, TLR2 |
mmu04210:Apoptosis | 4.88 × 102 | CSF2RB2, CASP8, FAS, CSF2RB, TNFRSF1A |
Genes | DC | Genes | EC | Genes | LAC | Genes | BC | Genes | CC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cxcl10 | 77 | Tlr2 | 0.16 | Ifit3 | 28.38 | Stat3 | 6332.91 | Cxcl10 | 0.044 |
Tlr2 | 73 | Tyrobp | 0.16 | Ifit1 | 28.13 | Cd44 | 5426.13 | Stat3 | 0.044 |
Tyrobp | 70 | Cxcl10 | 0.16 | Irf9 | 27.79 | Cxcl10 | 4681.39 | Tlr2 | 0.043 |
Itgax | 66 | Itgax | 0.16 | Rtp4 | 27.67 | Tlr2 | 4583.62 | Ccl2 | 0.043 |
Stat3 | 64 | Aif1 | 0.15 | Oasl2 | 27.58 | Aif1 | 4057.10 | Cd44 | 0.043 |
Aif1 | 62 | Cd68 | 0.15 | Irgm1 | 27.47 | Vwf | 3852.56 | Aif1 | 0.043 |
Cd68 | 60 | Irf8 | 0.14 | Irgm2 | 27.46 | Atf3 | 3484.15 | Itgax | 0.043 |
Ccl2 | 60 | Fcgr2b | 0.14 | Gbp2 | 27.11 | Vim | 3158.54 | Cd68 | 0.043 |
Ctss | 58 | Ctss | 0.14 | Parp14 | 26.92 | Ccl2 | 3102.06 | Cxcl9 | 0.043 |
Cd44 | 57 | Cxcl9 | 0.13 | Gbp3 | 26.69 | Fgf2 | 2981.26 | Tyrobp | 0.043 |
Fcgr2b | 55 | Fcgr1 | 0.13 | Rnf213 | 26.37 | Entpd1 | 2352.07 | Icam1 | 0.043 |
Cxcl9 | 55 | Nckap1l | 0.13 | Fcer1g | 26.27 | Igfbp3 | 2348.79 | Irf8 | 0.043 |
C1qa | 55 | C1qa | 0.13 | Rsad2 | 26.15 | Antxr2 | 2238 | C1qa | 0.043 |
Irf8 | 54 | Ccl2 | 0.13 | Tyrobp | 26 | Tnnt2 | 2238 | Cxcl1 | 0.043 |
Nckap1l | 54 | Casp1 | 0.12 | Parp9 | 25.94 | C1qa | 2156.60 | Csf1 | 0.043 |
Irf1 | 54 | Cybb | 0.12 | Herc6 | 25.89 | Itgax | 2130.30 | Fcgr2b | 0.043 |
Ifih1 | 54 | Fcer1g | 0.12 | Ddx60 | 25.83 | Socs3 | 2039.41 | Fgf2 | 0.043 |
Ddx58 | 54 | Cd53 | 0.12 | Nckap1l | 25.48 | Timp1 | 1996.1 | Casp1 | 0.043 |
Mx1 | 50 | Fcgr4 | 0.12 | Pld4 | 25.44 | Cxcl1 | 1920.96 | Timp1 | 0.043 |
C1qb | 48 | Lyz2 | 0.12 | Cd53 | 25.32 | Cxcl9 | 1830.66 | Cybb | 0.043 |
Casp1 | 47 | Stat3 | 0.12 | Trim30a | 25.30 | C1qb | 1772.68 | Lyz2 | 0.043 |
Syk | 47 | Irf1 | 0.11 | Gbp6 | 25.24 | Tyrobp | 1763.02 | Ctss | 0.043 |
Icam1 | 47 | Ifih1 | 0.11 | Ifih1 | 25.15 | Spp1 | 1704.59 | Fcgr1 | 0.043 |
Ptpn6 | 47 | Ly86 | 0.11 | Mx1 | 25.08 | Bst1 | 1680 | Irf1 | 0.043 |
Fcgr1 | 46 | H2-K1 | 0.11 | Cxcl10 | 24.80 | Irf1 | 1619.14 | H2-K1 | 0.043 |
Lyz2 | 46 | Ddx58 | 0.11 | Igtp | 24.77 | Irf8 | 1564.14 | Ccl3 | 0.043 |
Ly86 | 46 | Pld4 | 0.11 | Irf1 | 24.59 | Cd68 | 1519.08 | Serpine1 | 0.043 |
H2-K1 | 46 | Mx1 | 0.11 | Ctss | 24.24 | C4b | 1491.62 | Ddx58 | 0.043 |
Cybb | 45 | Fcgr3 | 0.11 | Gbp7 | 24.23 | Arg1 | 1475.19 | Psmb8 | 0.043 |
Fcgr4 | 45 | Syk | 0.11 | Fcgr1 | 24.23 | Mx1 | 1474.78 | Syk | 0.043 |
Ifit1 | 45 | Cd48 | 0.11 | Cd68 | 23.6 | Cyr61 | 1448.63 | Socs3 | 0.043 |
Fcer1g | 44 | C1qb | 0.11 | Fcgr2b | 23.56 | Ddx58 | 1429.51 | Spp1 | 0.043 |
Cd53 | 44 | Vav1 | 0.101 | Ly86 | 23.52 | Lyz2 | 1427.96 | Mx1 | 0.043 |
Psmb8 | 44 | Cd44 | 0.101 | Samd9l | 23.36 | Gnb3 | 1422.19 | B2m | 0.043 |
Pld4 | 43 | Slc11a1 | 0.101 | Itgax | 23.33 | Csf1 | 1404.39 | Gfap | 0.043 |
Fcgr3 | 43 | Icam1 | 0.101 | Ddx58 | 23.22 | Myo1g | 1373.28 | Arg1 | 0.043 |
Lcp2 | 43 | Hck | 0.101 | Aif1 | 22.90 | Ctsc | 1337.92 | Fcgr4 | 0.043 |
Trim30a | 43 | Ptpn6 | 0.10 | Trim21 | 22.85 | Lcp2 | 1322.43 | Vwf | 0.043 |
Cxcl1 | 43 | Ifit1 | 0.10 | Hck | 22.70 | Icam1 | 1297.18 | Vav1 | 0.043 |
Oasl2 | 43 | Psmb8 | 0.10 | Fcgr3 | 22.60 | Serpine1 | 1273.40 | C1qb | 0.043 |
Cd48 | 42 | Lcp2 | 0.10 | Tlr2 | 22.52 | Gbp7 | 1255.33 | Ptpn6 | 0.043 |
Vav1 | 42 | Trim30a | 0.10 | Laptm5 | 22.4 | Ctss | 1219.90 | Cd48 | 0.043 |
Ifit3 | 42 | Rac2 | 0.09 | Fcgr4 | 22 | Cdkn1a | 1208.70 | C3ar1 | 0.043 |
Rtp4 | 42 | Csf1 | 0.09 | Rac2 | 21.68 | B2m | 1202.51 | Nckap1l | 0.043 |
Csf1 | 41 | Ccl3 | 0.09 | Cd48 | 21.67 | Hbb-bs | 1200.55 | Cx3cr1 | 0.043 |
Rsad2 | 41 | C3ar1 | 0.09 | Cybb | 21.56 | Pou4f1 | 1195.79 | Ifih1 | 0.043 |
Psmb9 | 40 | Cxcl1 | 0.09 | Bst2 | 21.44 | Hexb | 1156.12 | Psmb9 | 0.043 |
C1qc | 40 | Laptm5 | 0.09 | Cxcl9 | 21.13 | Pola2 | 1154.03 | Cd53 | 0.043 |
C3ar1 | 39 | Psmb9 | 0.09 | Eif2ak2 | 20.93 | Lrrc2 | 1126 | Lcp2 | 0.043 |
Igtp | 39 | C1qc | 0.09 | Irf8 | 20.85 | Prkg2 | 1126 | Ly86 | 0.043 |
Irf9 | 39 | Trem2 | 0.09 | Lyz2 | 20.70 | Ahr | 1124 | Fcgr3 | 0.043 |
Parp14 | 39 | Irgm1 | 0.09 | Psmb8 | 20.5 | Map3k8 | 1124 | Clec7a | 0.043 |
Irgm1 | 38 | Igtp | 0.09 | Slc11a1 | 20.27 | Irx4 | 1124 | Fas | 0.043 |
Gbp2 | 38 | Oasl2 | 0.09 | C1qa | 20.22 | Nes | 1109.62 | C1qc | 0.043 |
Rnf213 | 38 | Gbp2 | 0.08 | Psmb9 | 20.15 | Fcgr2b | 1042.78 | Atf3 | 0.043 |
B2m | 38 | Ifit3 | 0.08 | Cd52 | 20.08 | Nckap1l | 1029.29 | Trem2 | 0.043 |
Slc11a1 | 37 | Rtp4 | 0.08 | Myo1f | 19.48 | Casp1 | 1026.18 | Slc11a1 | 0.043 |
Hck | 37 | Irf9 | 0.08 | Vav1 | 19.43 | C3ar1 | 979.36 | Cyba | 0.043 |
Rac2 | 37 | Rsad2 | 0.08 | Casp1 | 19.23 | Psmb8 | 891.35 | Lcp1 | 0.043 |
Irgm2 | 37 | Cyba | 0.08 | Ptpn6 | 19.23 | Ifih1 | 883.81 | Hck | 0.043 |
Cluster | Score | Nodes | Edges | Node IDs |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 27.357 | 29 | 383 | Herc6, Irf1, Irf9, Ifih1, Oasl2, Gbp7, Parp9, Gbp2, Ddx60, Rsad2, Psmb9, Bst2, Gbp3, Irgm2, Rnf213, Ifit1, Trim21, Samd9l, Gbp6, Trim30a, Irgm1, Eif2ak2, Ddx58, Cxcl10, Rtp4, Igtp, Parp14, Psmb8, Ifit3 |
2 | 20.968 | 32 | 325 | Ptpn6, Ly86, Ifi203, Lyz2, Ctss, Cybb, Inpp5d, Tyrobp, Irf8, Laptm5, Ifi204, Csf2rb2, C1qa, Cxcl9, Cd68, Fcgr3, Nckap1l, Hck, Lcp2, Slc11a1, Gbp4, Fcer1g, Cd52, Cd48, Fcgr1, Rac2, Sash3, Pld4, Aif1, Myo1g, Cd53, Fcgr4 |
3 | 9.692 | 27 | 126 | Stat3, H2-Q6, Tlr2, Cd93, Casp1, Icam1, Myo1f, Arg1, Timp1, Ifitm3, Fcgr2b, Cyba, Ccl2, Unc93b1, Itgax, Csf1, C1qc, H2-Q7, Ccl3, C1qb, Tnfrsf1a, C3ar1, Vav1, H2-D1, Arhgap30, H2-T23, H2-M3 |
4 | 4.8 | 6 | 12 | Gfap, Pvalb, Calb2, Pou4f1, Tubb3, Lif |
5 | 4.4 | 16 | 33 | Cx3cr1, Fas, H2-K1, Syk, Fgf2, Serpine1, Cd44, Ccl12, Ikzf1, Lcp1, Wdfy4, B2m, Cxcl1, Cyth4, Spp1, Trem2 |
CMap Name | Mean | Enrichment | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
5182598 | −0.66 | −0.97 | 2.03 × 103 |
Tocainide | −0.58 | −0.92 | 6.00 × 105 |
NU-1025 | −0.38 | −0.88 | 2.88 × 102 |
Harpagoside | −0.37 | −0.88 | 5.20 × 104 |
Cloxacillin | −0.24 | −0.83 | 1.55 × 103 |
Prestwick-1103 | −0.26 | −0.80 | 3.18 × 103 |
Benzathine benzylpenicillin | −0.27 | −0.79 | 4.08 × 103 |
Folic acid | −0.25 | −0.78 | 4.44 × 103 |
Prestwick-967 | −0.50 | −0.77 | 5.61 × 103 |
Timolol | −0.25 | −0.77 | 5.89 × 103 |
Prestwick-675 | −0.26 | −0.77 | 6.15 × 103 |
Indoprofen | −0.21 | −0.75 | 7.70 × 103 |
Atractyloside | −0.33 | −0.71 | 4.45 × 103 |
Arcaine | −0.41 | −0.69 | 2.01 × 102 |
Retrorsine | −0.38 | −0.69 | 2.14 × 102 |
Prestwick-689 | −0.38 | −0.68 | 2.32 × 102 |
Fursultiamine | −0.51 | −0.67 | 2.72 × 102 |
Isometheptene | −0.23 | −0.65 | 3.44 × 102 |
Diphenylpyraline | −0.29 | −0.56 | 2.94 × 102 |
Vincamine | −0.20 | −0.54 | 3.79 × 102 |
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Xie, D.; Hu, J.; Wu, T.; Cao, K.; Luo, X. Potential Biomarkers and Drugs for Nanoparticle-Induced Cytotoxicity in the Retina: Based on Regulation of Inflammatory and Apoptotic Genes. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 5664. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095664
Xie D, Hu J, Wu T, Cao K, Luo X. Potential Biomarkers and Drugs for Nanoparticle-Induced Cytotoxicity in the Retina: Based on Regulation of Inflammatory and Apoptotic Genes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(9):5664. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095664
Chicago/Turabian StyleXie, Dongli, Jianchen Hu, Tong Wu, Kangli Cao, and Xiaogang Luo. 2022. "Potential Biomarkers and Drugs for Nanoparticle-Induced Cytotoxicity in the Retina: Based on Regulation of Inflammatory and Apoptotic Genes" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 9: 5664. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095664