The Lived Experiences of COVID-19 Patients in South Korea: A Qualitative Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participant Selection
2.3. Researcher Characteristics and Reflexivity
2.4. Data Collection
2.5. Data Analysis
2.6. Ethical Considerations
2.7. Trustworthiness
2.8. Limitations of the Findings
3. Results
3.1. Theme Cluster 1: Desperate and Uncertain Times during COVID-19 Diagnosis and Treatment
3.1.1. Feeling Anxious about COVID-19 Diagnosis
“I was worried because I didn’t know whether I have confirmed COVID-19 or not. I think I’m not (COVID-19 confirmed), but I don’t know what the results will be.”(Participant 10)
3.1.2. Terrifying Life in Quarantine Room with Everything Blocked
“I just lost my temper. I was like, this isn’t even a disease, and why are you keeping me here? Give me proof I don’t have the disease—give it to me.”(Participant 4)
3.1.3. Conquered by Helplessness
“I asked my dad to bring me my ukulele. So, he brought it, and I played it. Playing an instrument seemed to relieve my stress. Just the fact that I could do something in there relieved my stress and relaxed my body.”(Participant 3)
3.1.4. Appreciation for Medical Personnel
“I think the nurses probably suffered the most. They would sweat like crazy, and you could see that their goggles were foggy from the sweat. I felt so sorry. I mean, wouldn’t they be horrified (of getting COVID-19), too? It must’ve been so terrifying, but when they come in all sweaty, they would try to only say good things and not say bad things. I think that mattered a lot.”(Participant 10)
3.2. Theme Cluster 2: Shock and Complaints Related to the Disinfection Process
3.2.1. Being Completely Stripped of Privacy during the Disinfection Process
“So, I went to the hospital, and people who weren’t transferred don’t know how that felt. It even rained when I was taken. They disinfected the entire house, and I went outside, and I thought about what this would look like to people in my neighborhood. It’s not like I was sick with something else. I caught an infectious disease.”(Participant 13)
“My name, someone told me that my name was out everywhere. My work and department, my apartment, how many kids I have, even my son and daughter. They saw it in the news. I felt like I was being stripped naked. I felt that they were just throwing me out of this land.”(Participant 12)
3.2.2. Unorganized Disinfection System
“I got three calls, from epidemiological investigators, a public health center, and the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA). It was lunch time, but I couldn’t eat. I couldn’t even eat dinner. I was taking these calls, and I talked to the point that my mouth tasted bitter. The same thing, repeatedly.”(Participant 10)
3.2.3. Need for Government Policies
“This isn’t right. What are they going to do by tracing you from 3–4 days before? They said that there’s a week of incubation period, and that some people even have 10 days of incubation. That’s why they’re isolating us like that for a month. For 15 days. I don’t think it’s right not to investigate earlier on and only investigate (contact tracing) for a few days.”(Participant 2)
“As soon as I was isolated after being diagnosed, my mom basically got fired. They told her to take a leave of absence. At first, they would say they’d call her back in a month, and then that became two months, three months. She had to keep waiting.”(Participant 3)
“Well, the public tries to avoid us. They have the wrong perception (about COVID-19 patients). The government should look at the data and at least say that it was okay thus far. Our country has more than 10,000 confirmed patients, right? All of them are knowingly or unknowingly restricted in their activities. They are Korean citizens, too.”(Participant 4)
3.3. Theme Cluster 3: Social Stigma: My “Scarlet Letter”
3.3.1. Accidental COVID-19 Infection
“You know, it (COVID-19) is something that anyone can have in their lives.”(Participant 2)
3.3.2. Guilt: Because of Me
“If that person did not get infected by me, it might have been a little better. Maybe I would have had less of a burden. This burden was too heavy.”(Participant 14)
“I got cursed at, and someone said that his daughter couldn’t get married on the set date because of me. A close friend of mine couldn’t even go home or stay in a hotel, and he had to stay in his car all night for several days. And a lot of my friends stayed in a hotel, and someone checked into an inn and stayed there for several days.”(Participant 10)
3.3.3. Negatively Viewed by Others
“There were so many people there, and there was one person who yelled 00 number seven is here, isn’t that 00 number seven? I really wanted to hide somewhere.”(Participant 10)
“I mean, they criticized me like crazy. Normally, they would say hi like this. It’s not like I’m a heretic or an anti-government terrorist or anything. This happened one time, and it’s been so hard on me. How can a person change like that all of a sudden?”(Participant 2)
3.3.4. Negatively Viewed by Society
“We will only be forgotten after COVID-19 is eradicated. Before then, COVID-19 patients are just COVID-19 patients.”(Participant 9)
3.3.5. Negative Influence of Social and Mass Media
“That is when I realized the cruelty of the press and Internet comments. From “didn’t you go to the Lotte Mall to intentionally spread the virus” to “why did you go there?” I was defined as a scumbag for intentionally spreading it. All the comments were like that in all communities, like mothers’ communities.”(Participant 10)
“I just shut myself off intentionally and disappeared from group chats.”(Participant 9)
3.3.6. Psychological Scars That Cannot Be Healed
“My son tells me mom, let’s go outside, but I just hated it. I was scared and thought, wouldn’t someone recognize me? Being absorbed back into society was really difficult.”(Participant 1)
“I went to see my girlfriend a month later. The biggest problem was whether I could hold her hand and kiss her. I still worry that, what if I still have the virus and she gets infected?”(Participant 3)
“I still armor myself when I go outside. I wear my mask and carry my sanitizer and wash my hands. Why? Because I’m scared because I had it once. You know they say people who have been beaten know it, you know I’m scared. So, I control myself even more.”(Participant 11)
3.4. Theme Cluster 4: Mind and Body Deprived by COVID-19
3.4.1. COVID-19 Symptoms
“I didn’t know that hair loss was even a symptom. I was like, why is my hair falling out so much? It was like I was going through chemo. When I would tie my hair once, the floor would become all dark.”(Participant 9)
“They say when you go into the negative-pressure ward, keep your body warm and don’t take a shower too often. People who used to stink and not take showers were the first ones to go [be discharged], and those who washed frequently couldn’t get out.”(Participant 11)
3.4.2. Fear of Death
“The moment I got in the ambulance, I thought, okay, I’m going to my deathbed. I was so sick, so I was like, okay, I’m going to die. People in the news said that you’re going to die. Oh well, let’s leave it to fate.”(Participant 14)
“By the second month, I developed a serious depression. I wanted to jump out of the window and die, and I often had this urge to jump. I was going to die (sobbing), but I couldn’t because of my poor wife. So, I endured and endured and endured (sobbing).”(Participant 11)
3.5. Theme Cluster 5: Rediscovering Relationships through Experiencing Hardship
3.5.1. Feeling Sorry for Their Family
“My sister-in-law has cancer. That really killed me. I was caught and isolated the day before, and then, until her COVID-19 results came out, I was so psychologically pressured. I felt like dying every second, every minute. That time felt like billions of years.”(Participant 4)
“I just shoved this and that [into a bag], and I didn’t even take my scrunchies. I just shoved everything into my bag and went. I was going out, and I turned back, and my kids were just frozen (tearing up). For my kids, their mom was just gone all of a sudden, so they have this serious trauma.”(Participant 1)
3.5.2. Family Support during Hard Times
“My mom is 91 years old, and she would call me and ask me how I am doing. She would tell me you need to eat a lot and recover and come out. If my mom prays for me like that, then I have this hope that I can recover.”(Participant 14)
3.5.3. Support from Others
“I was really thankful for that person who texted me saying not to worry because I will be fine once I get treated. Not because I received money. So, I can’t forget that in my heart, and it just makes me cry.”(Participant 6)
“We are in the same group and feel similar things, so we can empathize with one another. When this person says one thing, we all get mad for them and share that emotion. That’s the kind of atmosphere we have.”(Participant 9)
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Heo, J.Y. Clinical and Epidemiological Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in the Early Stage of Outbreak. Korean J. Med. 2020, 95, 67–73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhu, N.; Zhang, D.; Wang, W.; Li, X.; Yang, B.; Song, J.; Zhao, X.; Huang, B.; Shi, W.; Lu, R.; et al. A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019. N. Engl. J. Med. 2020, 382, 727–733. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, J.E.; Lee, J.H.; Lee, H.; Moon, S.J.; Nam, E.W. COVID-19 screening center models in South Korea. J. Public Health Policy 2021, 42, 15–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Song, Y.; Zhang, M.; Yin, L.; Wang, K.; Zhou, Y.; Zhou, M.; Lu, Y. COVID-19 treatment: Close to a cure? A rapid review of pharmacotherapies for the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 2020, 56, 106080. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, S.Y. Policy Directions and Challenges for COVID-19 Quarantine Response. Health Welf. Issue Focus 2020, 386, 1–7. [Google Scholar]
- Xiang, Y.T.; Yang, Y.; Li, W.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, Q.; Cheung, T.; Ng, C.H. Timely Mental Health Care for the 2019 Novel Coronavirus Outbreak Is Urgently Needed. Lancet Psychiatry 2020, 7, 228–229. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bo, H.-X.; Li, W.; Yang, Y.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, Q.; Cheung, T.; Xiang, Y.-T. Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms and Attitude Toward Crisis Mental Health Services among Clinically Stable Patients with COVID-19 in China. Psychol. Med. 2020, 1–2. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sahoo, S.; Mehra, A.; Suri, V.; Malhotra, P.; Yaddanapudi, L.N.; Dutt Puri, G.; Grover, S. Lived Experiences of the Corona Survivors (Patients Admitted in COVID Wards): A Narrative Real-Life Documented Summaries of Internalized Guilt, Shame, Stigma, Anger. Asian J. Psychiatry 2020, 53, 102187. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jamieson, A. Why Some People Feel Guilty After Testing Positive for COVID-19. Available online: https://www.healthline.com/health-news/why-some-people-feel-guilty-after-testing-positive-for-covid-19 (accessed on 15 January 2021).
- Bendau, A.; Petzold, M.B.; Pyrkosch, L.; Mascarell Maricic, L.; Betzler, F.; Rogoll, J.; Plag, J. Associations Between COVID-19 Related Media Consumption and Symptoms of Anxiety, Depression and COVID-19 Related Fear in the General Population in Germany. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2020, 271, 283–291. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Choi, S.-H. Preventive Measures during Outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019. Korean J. Med. 2020, 95, 134–140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Thomas, J. Contexting Koreans: Does the High/Low Model Work? Business Commun. Quart. 1998, 61, 9–22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Neubauer, B.E.; Witkop, C.T.; Varpio, L. How Phenomenology Can Help Us Learn from the Experiences of Others. Perspectives Med. Educ. 2019, 8, 90–97. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Colaizzi, P. Psychological Research as a Phenomenologist Views It. In Existential Phenomenological Alternatives for Psychology; Valle, R.S., King, M., Eds.; Open University Press: New York, NY, USA, 1978; pp. 1–2. [Google Scholar]
- Sandelowski, M. The Problem of Rigor in qualitative research. Adv. Nurs. Sci. 1986, 8, 27–37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tong, A.; Sainsbury, P.; Craig, J. Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ): A 32-Item Checklist for Interviews and Focus Groups. Int. J. Quality Health Care 2007, 19, 349–357. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Sun, N.; Wei, L.; Wang, H.; Wang, X.; Gao, M.; Hu, X.; Shi, S. Qualitative Study of the Psychological Experience of COVID-19 Patients During Hospitalization. J. Affect. Disord. 2021, 278, 15–22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fofana, N.K.; Latif, F.; Sarfraz, S.; Bashir, M.F.; Komal, B. Fear and Agony of the Pandemic Leading to Stress and Mental Illness: An Emerging Crisis in the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreak. Psychiatry Res. 2020, 291, 113230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jesmi, A.A.; Mohammadzade-Tabrizi, Z.; Rad, M.; Hosseinzadeh-Younesi, E.; Pourhabib, A. Lived Experiences of Patients with COVID-19 Infection: A Phenomenology Study. Med. Glas. 2021, 18, 18–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shaban, R.Z.; Nahidi, S.; Sotomayor-Castillo, C.; Li, C.; Gilroy, N.; O’Sullivan, M.V.N.; Sorrell, T.C.; White, E.; Hackett, K.; Bag, S. SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19: The Lived Experience and Perceptions of Patients in Isolation and Care in an Australian Healthcare Setting. Am. J. Infect. Control 2020, 48, 1445–1450. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kim, H.E. Coronavirus Privacy: Are South Korea’s Alerts Too Revealing. BBC News Korean, 5 March 2020. Available online: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-51733145(accessed on 4 June 2021).
- Lee, J. COVID-19 and Korea: Emerging Cultural “Borders” and Biopolitics in Times of Extremity. J. Inst. Social Sci. 2020, 36, 121–166. [Google Scholar]
- Ha, J.-Y.; Ban, S. Home Isolation Experience of the People Exposed to Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Positive Patients. J. Qual. Res. 2017, 18, 34–48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cha, K.S.; Shin, M.J.; Lee, J.Y.; Chun, H.K. The Role of Infection Control Nurse during Emerging Infectious Disease Epidemic: Focusing on the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome. Korean J. Healthc. Assoc. Infect. Control Prev. 2017, 22, 31–41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sarikaya, O.; Erbaydar, T. Avian Influenza Outbreak in Turkey through Health personnel’s Views: A Qualitative Study. BMC Public Health 2007, 7, 330. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Bhattacharya, P.; Banerjee, D.; Rao, T.S. The “Untold” Side of COVID-19: Social Stigma and its Consequences in India. Indian J. Psychol. Med. 2020, 42, 382–386. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shreyaswi Sathyanath, M.; Shashwath Sathyanath, M. Stigma Reduction and Provision of Mental Health Services in the Public Health Response to COVID-19. Indian J. Community Health 2020, 32, 269–272. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rubin, G.J.; Wessely, S. The Psychological Effects of Quarantining a City. BMJ 2020, 368. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Bhattacharya, P.; Banerjee, D. “The Fear Within...”: Dimensions of Social Stigma, Othering and Orientalism during COVID-19 in India. Int. Soc. Secur. Rev. 2020, 15, 23–26. [Google Scholar]
- Almutairi, A.F.; Adlan, A.A.; Hanan, H.; Balkhy, H.H.; Oraynab, A.; Abbas, O.A.; Clark, A.M. “It Feels Like I’m the Dirtiest Person in the World.”: Exploring the Experiences of Healthcare Providers who Survived MERS-CoV in Saudi Arabia. J. Infect. Public Health 2018, 11, 187–191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Banerjee, D.; Sathyanarayana Rao, T.S. Psychology of Misinformation and the Media: Insights from the COVID-19 Pandemic. Indian J. Soc. Psychiatry 2020, 36 (Suppl. S1), 131–137. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Participant | Age/Gender | Marital Status | Education | Religion | Employed | Underlying Medical Condition | Smoking | Route of Infection | Hospitalization Period | Clinical Symptoms at the Time of Admission | After Effects |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 45/F | Married | University | None | Yes | Hyperlipidemia | Never | Co-worker | 19 days | Cough, sputum, sore throat | Fatigue, hair loss, aches in the back of the head |
2 | 64/M | Married | University | Yes | Yes | None | None | Overseas entry | 25 days | Body aches, loss of appetite, loss of smell | None |
3 | 25/M | Single | High school | None | None | None | None | Religious meeting | 24 days | Headache, mild fever | Intermittent headache |
4 | 56/M | Married | High school | None | Yes | None | None | Religious meeting | 30 days | Asymptomatic | Hair loss, fatigue, palpitations, fear of covid-19 reinfection |
5 | 42/M | Married | University | Yes | Yes | None | None | Overseas entry | 36 days | Sore throat, dry cough | Memory loss, chest tightness, headache |
6 | 70/M | Married | Elementary school | Yes | None | Hypertension, prostatic hyperplasia | None | Religious facilities | 20 days | Asymptomatic | Shortness of breath while doing some activities |
7 | 22/M | Single | University | Yes | None | None | Smoking | Visited COVID-19-prevalent area | 50 days | Muscle pain | Shortness of breath |
8 | 73/M | Married | High school | None | None | Hypertension, diabetes mellitus | None | Accompanied family member | 24 days | Muscle pain, cough, runny nose | Joint pain, fatigue |
9 | 48/F | Married | University | None | Yes | Hypertension, retinal obstruction | None | Accompanied family member | 40 days | Mild fever, sore throat | Fatigue, hair loss, sleep disorder |
10 | 49/M | Married | University | None | Yes | Reflux esophagitis, allergic rhinitis | None | Unknown | 7 days | Body ache, muscle pain | None |
11 | 68/M | Married | High school | Yes | None | Hypertension | None | Accompanied family member | 54 days | Headache | Fatigue, body ache after exercise, muscle pain, loss of smell, smell of burning food |
12 | 40/F | Married | University | None | None | None | None | Contact with a COVID-19 confirmed patient | 53 days | Muscle pain, sputum | Fatigue, poor concentration, loss of smell and taste; fishy smell, sesame oil smell |
13 | 70/F | Married | Elementary school | Yes | None | Hypertension, hyperlipidemia | None | Religious meeting | 17 days | Sore throat | Fatigue |
14 | 67/F | Widowed | Middle school | Yes | Yes | Hypertension | None | Religious meeting | 33 days | Cough, fever | Fatigue, hair loss, shortness of breath |
15 | 66/F | Married | Middle school | Yes | Yes | Heart failure, diabetes mellitus | None | Religious meeting | 90 days | Cough, body ache | Joint pain, fatigue, hair loss |
16 | 67/F | Married | Middle school | Yes | Yes | None | None | Unknown | 24 days | Body ache | None |
Theme Clusters | Theme | Significant Statement |
---|---|---|
Desperate and uncertain times during COVID-19 diagnosis and treatment | Feeling Anxious about COVID-19 diagnosis |
|
Terrifying life in quarantine room with everything blocked |
| |
Conquered by helplessness |
| |
Appreciation for medical personnel |
| |
Shock and complaints related to the disinfection process | Being completely stripped of privacy during the disinfection process |
|
Unorganized disinfection system |
| |
Need for government policies |
| |
Social stigma: My scarlet letter | Accidental COVID-19 Infection |
|
Guilt: Because of me |
| |
Negatively viewed by others |
| |
Negatively viewed by society |
| |
Negative influence of social and mass media |
| |
Psychological scars that cannot be healed |
| |
Mind and body deprived by COVID-19 | COVID-19 symptoms |
|
Fear of death |
| |
Rediscovering relationships through experiencing hardship | Feeling sorry for their family |
|
Family support during hard times |
| |
Support from others |
|
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Son, H.-M.; Choi, W.-H.; Hwang, Y.-H.; Yang, H.-R. The Lived Experiences of COVID-19 Patients in South Korea: A Qualitative Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 7419. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147419
Son H-M, Choi W-H, Hwang Y-H, Yang H-R. The Lived Experiences of COVID-19 Patients in South Korea: A Qualitative Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(14):7419. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147419
Chicago/Turabian StyleSon, Haeng-Mi, Won-Hee Choi, Young-Hui Hwang, and Hye-Ryun Yang. 2021. "The Lived Experiences of COVID-19 Patients in South Korea: A Qualitative Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 14: 7419. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147419