A One-Year Prospective Follow-Up Study on the Health Profile of Hikikomori Living in Hong Kong
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Setting
2.2. Procedures of the Follow-Up Interviews
2.3. The Instrument and Anthropometric Measurements
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. The Follow-Up Cohort
3.2. Improvements in the Health Profile and Lifestyle Practice
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Time Point 1 (n = 104) | Time Point 2 (n = 73) | Time Point 3 (n = 55) | X2 p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number (Percentage) | |||||
Gender | Male | 62 (59.6) | 42 (57.5) | 31 (56.4) | 0.916 |
Age (years) | Mean ± SD | 19.02 ± 3.62 | 20.21 ± 3.50 | 20.84 ± 3.64 | 0.006 ∆ |
Range | 13–31 | 13–31 | 14–32 | ||
Age group 13–17 | 41 (39.4) | 18 (26.0) | 11 (20.0) | 0.090 | |
Age group 18–24 | 54 (51.9) | 47 (63.0) | 37 (67.3) | ||
Age group 25–34 | 9 (8.7) | 8 (11.0) | 7 (12.7) | ||
Duration of being hikikomori (Months) | Mean ± SD | 16.14 ± 20.16 | 25.16 ± 22.73 | 34.96 ± 25.76 | <0.001 ∆ |
Range | 3–120 ‡ | 7–127 | 13–132 | ||
Living | Alone | 2 (1.9) | 3 (4.1) | 1 (1.8) | 0.874 |
With immediate family | 100 (96.2) | 68 (93.2) | 54 (98.2) | ||
With relative †/friends | 2 (1.9) | 2 (2.8) | 0 (0) | ||
Residential | Self-owned/self-rented | 2 (1.9) | 2 (2.7) | 1 (1.8) | 0.773 |
Not self-owned/Not self-rented | 102 (98.1) | 71 (97.3) | 54 (98.2) | ||
Financial source | Self | 23 (22.1) | 25 (34.2) | 21 (38.2) | 0.297 |
Family/relatives | 80 (76.9) | 47 (64.4) | 34 (61.8) | ||
Smoker | Current | 13 (12.5) | 6 (8.2) | 5 (9.1) | 0.861 |
Quitted | 10 (9.6) | 7 (9.6) | 4 (7.3) | ||
Never | 81 (77.9) | 60 (82.2) | 46 (83.6) |
Variables | Time Point 1 | Time Point 2 | Time Point 3 | RMANOVA F | (Imputed) p-Value | GEE Beta | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 104) | (n = 73) | (n = 55) | ||||||
Mean ± SD | ||||||||
Social † support | SNI score (0–7) a | 2.79 ± 1.80 | 2.93 ± 2.06 | 3.09 ± 1.87 | 12.174 | <0.001 | 0.275 | 0.009 |
ISEL total score (0–48) b | 24.60 ± 6.30 | 24.63 ± 5.99 | 24.75 ± 6.89 | 1.074 | 0.302 | 0.269 | 0.493 | |
Appraisal (0–12) b | 6.81 ± 2.16 | 6.90 ± 1.87 | 7.11 ± 2.18 | 2.463 | 0.096 | 0.170 | 0.267 | |
Tangible (0–12) b | 6.20 ± 1.71 | 6.29 ± 1.53 | 6.20 ± 1.73 | 0.618 | 0.496 | −0.010 | 0.933 | |
Belonging (0–12) b | 6.00 ± 2.45 | 5.89 ± 2.53 | 6.05 ± 2.44 | 2.343 | 0.104 | 0.136 | 0.342 | |
Self-esteem (0–12) b | 5.59 ± 2.08 | 5.55 ± 2.14 | 5.38 ± 2.39 | 0.544 | 0.577 | −0.052 | 0.685 | |
Psychological † | Perceived stress (0–40) c | 21.18 ± 5.87 | 20.18 ± 6.25 | 20.11 ± 5.79 | 3.437 | 0.045 | −0.709 | 0.028 |
Depression (0–63) d | 17.17 ± 11.49 | 16.48 ± 10.87 | 15.76 ± 11.80 | 1.327 | 0.265 | −0.658 | 0.241 | |
T-anxiety (20–80) e | 44.22 ± 12.17 | 46.48 ± 12.97 | 42.45 ± 11.16 | 2.105 | 0.131 | −0.621 | 0.291 | |
Physical | SBP (mmHg) | 118 ± 16 | 117 ± 15 | 115 ± 13 | 0.955 | 0.386 | −1.212 | 0.108 |
DBP (mmHg) | 75 ± 10 | 73 ± 9 | 71 ± 9 | 10.223 | <0.001 | −2.058 | <0.001 | |
BMI (kg/m2) f | 22.28 ± 6.88 | 22.02 ± 5.75 | 22.71 ± 6.58 | 1.753 | 0.180 | 0.127 | 0.156 | |
Waist circumference (cm) g | 77.64 ± 16.87 | 76.26 ± 12.13 | 76.37 ± 15.44 | 2.043 | 0.138 | −0.643 | 0.050 | |
Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.82 ± 0.09 | 0.81 ± 0.75 | 0.81 ± 0.09 | 3.967 | 0.024 | −0.009 | 0.012 |
Variables | Time Point 1 | Time Point 2 | Time Point 3 | RMANOVA | Imputed | GEE | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | F | p-Value | Beta | ||||
PSQI score | 6.57 ± 2.98 | 7.44 ± 6.24 | 6.45 ± 2.97 | 1.622 | 0.208 | 0.009 | 0.953 |
Weekly Leisure Activity | 24.88 ± 31.81 | 25.51 ± 25.42 | 23.44 ± 30.31 | 2.731 | 0.081 | 0.826 | 0.638 |
Healthy Eating score | 12.57 ± 4.85 | 12.21 ± 5.22 | 12.25 ± 4.98 | 0.200 | 0.813 | −0.017 | 0.928 |
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Yuen, J.W.M.; Wong, V.C.W.; Tam, W.W.S.; So, K.W.; Chien, W.T. A One-Year Prospective Follow-Up Study on the Health Profile of Hikikomori Living in Hong Kong. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 546. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16040546
Yuen JWM, Wong VCW, Tam WWS, So KW, Chien WT. A One-Year Prospective Follow-Up Study on the Health Profile of Hikikomori Living in Hong Kong. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(4):546. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16040546
Chicago/Turabian StyleYuen, John W. M., Victor C. W. Wong, Wilson W. S. Tam, Ka Wing So, and Wai Tong Chien. 2019. "A One-Year Prospective Follow-Up Study on the Health Profile of Hikikomori Living in Hong Kong" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 4: 546. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16040546