Mycobiota of Fine Roots of Pseudotsuga menziesii Introduced to the Native Forest Environment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Research Area
2.2. Soil and Roots Samples
2.3. DNA Extraction, Amplification, and Sequencing
2.4. Bioinformatic Analysis
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Site Characteristics and Soil Parameters
3.2. Taxonomic Analyses of Fungal Communities
3.3. Correlations: Fungi and Soil
3.4. Diversity Indices of Fungal Communities
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Forest District | Jedwabno JK 1 | Szczytno SZ 2 | Stare Jabłonki SJ 1 | Dobrocin DR 2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mesoregion | Masurian Plain | Olsztynek Plain | ||
Forest sub-district | Kot 156d 53°45′81.; 20°67′05. | Gizewo 15a 53°54′91.; 20°95′34. | Laski 119g 53°72′19.; 20°11′78. | Roje 209c 53°96′71.; 20°02′81. |
Forest site | Mixed broadleaf conifer forest | Broadleaf forest | Mixed broadleaf-conifer forest | Broadleaf forest |
Co-dominant species in stand | Pinus sylvestris | Fagus sylvatica | Pinus sylvestris | Fagus sylvatica |
Soil type | Brown-rusty soil | Brown-rusty soil | Typical rusty soil | Brown-rusty soil |
Trophic status of forest habitat | Mesotrophic | Oligotrophic | Mesotrophic | Oligotrophic |
Humus type | Mull-moder | Mull-moder | Vermimull | Mull-moder |
Average age (years) | 130 | 132 | 115 | 115 |
Average dbh (cm) | 62.5 | 67.5 | 60.1 | 55.8 |
Average height (m) | 35.0 | 40.6 | 39.4 | 37.2 |
Vegetation cover | Vaccinium myrtillus L. Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott Pleurozium schreberi (Willd. ex Brid.) Mitt. Fragaria vesca L. Oxalis acetosella L. | Pleurozium schreberi (Willd. ex Brid.) Mitt. Oxalis acetosella L. | Vaccinium myrtillus L. Pleurozium schreberi (Willd. ex Brid.) Mitt. Oxalis acetosella L. | Oxalis acetosella L. Maianthemum bifolium (L.) F.W. Schmidt Mycelis muralis (L.) Dumort. Viola reichenbachiana Boreau Polytrichum commune Hedw. Moehringia trinervia (L.) Clairv. |
Plant community | Tilio-Carpinetum calamagrostietosum | Tilio-Carpinetum calamagrostietosum | Tilio-Carpinetum calamagrostietosum | Tilio-Carpinetum calamagrostietosum |
Forest District | Assessed Tree | pH KCl | C (%) | Ntotal (%) | C:N | P2O5 (mg/100 g) | K2O (mg/100 g) | Mg (mg/100 g) | Humus (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jedwabno JK | P. menziesii | 3.5 | 2.75 | 0.168 | 16.37 | 4.8 | 4.5 | 3.6 | 4.74 |
P. sylvestris | 3.3 | 1.79 | 0.116 | 15.43 | 4.1 | 3.5 | 1.7 | 3.09 | |
Szczytno SZ | P. menziesii | 3.8 | 1.12 | 0.068 | 16.47 | 8.3 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.93 |
F. sylvatica | 3.8 | 2.23 | 0.087 | 25.63 | 9.0 | 1.5 | 1.3 | 3.84 | |
Dobrocin DR | P. menziesii | 3.6 | 1.51 | 0.083 | 18.19 | 5.4 | 1.5 | 1.3 | 2.60 |
F. sylvatica | 3.4 | 1.50 | 0.106 | 14.15 | 2.1 | 2.5 | 1.6 | 2.59 | |
St. Jabłonki SJ | P. menziesii | 3.7 | 1.11 | 0.081 | 13.70 | 13.7 | 2.0 | 1.1 | 1.91 |
P. sylvestris | 3.6 | 1.29 | 0.080 | 16.13 | 14.5 | 1.5 | 0.7 | 2.22 |
Mesoregion | Site | Tree Species | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MP | OP | Olig | Meso | Pm | Ps | Fs | ||
pHKCl | 3.60 a | 3.58 a | 3.53 a | 3.65 a | 3.65 a | 3.45 a | 3.60 a | |
SD | 0.23 | 0.12 | 0.16 | 0.18 | 0.13 | 0.21 | 0.28 | |
SE | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.15 | 0.20 | |
V | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 3.53 | 6.15 | 7.86 | |
C (%) | 1.97 a | 1.35 b | 1.74 a | 1.59 a | 1.62 a | 1.54 a | 1.87 a | |
SD | 0.64 | 0.18 | 0.68 | 0.43 | 0.77 | 0.35 | 0.52 | |
SE | 0.23 | 0.06 | 0.24 | 0.15 | 0.39 | 0.25 | 0.37 | |
V | 0.32 | 0.13 | 0.39 | 0.27 | 47.72 | 22.95 | 27.62 | |
Ntotal (%) | 0.110 a | 0.088 a | 0.111 a | 0.086 a | 0.100 a | 0.098 a | 0.097 a | |
SD | 0.040 | 0.011 | 0.038 | 0.014 | 0.050 | 0.030 | 0.010 | |
SE | 0.014 | 0.004 | 0.014 | 0.005 | 0.020 | 0.020 | 0.010 | |
V | 0.37 | 0.13 | 0.34 | 0.17 | 46.13 | 28.28 | 14.14 | |
C:N | 18.48 a | 15.54 a | 15.41 b | 18.61 a | 16.18 a | 15.78 a | 19.89 a | |
SD | 4.44 | 1.90 | 1.12 | 4.60 | 1.85 | 0.49 | 8.12 | |
SE | 1.57 | 0.67 | 0.39 | 1.62 | 0.93 | 0.35 | 5.74 | |
V | 0.24 | 0.12 | 0.07 | 0.25 | 11.46 | 3.14 | 40.81 | |
P205 (mg/100 g) | 6.55 a | 8.93 a | 9.28 a | 6.20 a | 8.05 a | 9.30 a | 5.55 a | |
SD | 2.28 | 5.68 | 5.17 | 2.91 | 4.06 | 7.35 | 4.88 | |
SE | 0.80 | 2.01 | 1.83 | 1.03 | 2.03 | 5.20 | 3.45 | |
V | 0.35 | 0.64 | 0.56 | 0.47 | 50.50 | 79.07 | 87.91 | |
K20 (mg/100 g) | 2.63 a | 1.88 a | 2.88 a | 1.63 b | 2.25 a | 2.50 a | 2.00 a | |
SD | 1.53 | 0.44 | 1.27 | 0.58 | 1.55 | 1.41 | 0.71 | |
SE | 0.54 | 0.16 | 0.45 | 0.21 | 0.78 | 1.00 | 0.50 | |
V | 0.58 | 0.24 | 0.44 | 0.36 | 69.09 | 56.57 | 35.36 | |
Mg (mg/100 g) | 1.93 a | 1.18 a | 1.78 a | 1.33 a | 1.78 a | 1.20 a | 1.45 a | |
SD | 1.06 | 0.35 | 1.19 | 0.19 | 1.22 | 0.71 | 0.21 | |
SE | 0.37 | 0.12 | 0.42 | 0.07 | 0.61 | 0.50 | 0.15 | |
V | 0.55 | 0.30 | 0.67 | 0.14 | 68.75 | 58.93 | 14.63 | |
Humus (%) | 3.40 a | 2.33 b | 2.99 a | 2.74 a | 2.80 a | 2.66 a | 3.22 a | |
SD | 1.10 | 0.31 | 1.17 | 0.74 | 1.34 | 0.62 | 0.88 | |
SE | 0.39 | 0.11 | 0.42 | 0.26 | 0.67 | 0.44 | 0.63 | |
V | 0.32 | 0.13 | 0.39 | 0.27 | 47.79 | 23.17 | 27.49 |
No. | Tree Species | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
On One Tree Species Only | Occurring Together | ||||||
P. menziesii | F. sylvatica | P. sylvestris | P. menziesii, F. sylvatica, and P. sylvestris | P. menziesii and F. sylvatica | P. menziesii and P. sylvestris | F. sylvatica and P. sylvestris | |
1 | Pseudotomentella tristis (P. Karst.) M.J. Larsen (3.74) | Elaphomyces granulatus Fr. (0.36) | Russula laccata Huijsman (0.64) | Acephala applanata Grünig & T.N. Sieber | Cortinarius transatlanticus Ammirati, Liimat. & Niskanen | Amanita xylinivolva Tulloss, Ovrebo & Halling | Amanita olivaceogrisea Kalamees |
2 | Tuber puberulum Berk. & Broome (1.99) | Sarcosphaera coronaria (Jacq.) J. Schröt. (0.31) | Unidentified Tylospora (0.12) | Amanita rubescens Pers. | Lactarius camphoratus (Bull.) Fr. | Endogone lactiflua Berk. | Cortinarius croceus (Schaeff.) Gray |
3 | Unidentified Amphinema (1.21) | Russula aurora Krombh. (0.19) | Amanita wellsii (Murrill) Murril (0.09) | Amphinema byssoides (Pers.) J. Erikss | Lactarius glyciosmus (Fr.) Fr. | Boletus edulis Bull. | Inocybe napipes J.E. Lange |
4 | Lactarius sp. (1.58) | Hydnum repandum L. (0.1) | Lactarius quietus (Fr.) Fr. (0.08) | Cenococcum geophilum Fr. | Lactarius tabidus Fr. | Cortinarius parvannulatus Kühner | Inocybe soluta Velen. |
5 | Piloderma olivaceum (Parmasto) Hjortstam (0.13) | Tuber sp. (0.09) | Tricholoma equestre (L.) P. Kumm. (0.002) | Chloridium paucisporum C.J.K. Wang & H.E. Wilcox | Unidentified Pseudotomentella | Russula velenovskyi Melzer & Zvára | Laccaria laccata (Scop.) Cooke |
6 | Inocybe geophylla P. Kumm. (0.12) | Amanita muscaria (L.) Lam. (0.08) | Clavulina coralloides (L.) J. Schröt. | Russula badia Quél. | Tomentella lapida (Pers.) Stalpers | Lactarius helvus (Fr.) Fr. | |
7 | Russula heterophylla (Fr.) Fr. (0.08) | Amanita submembranacea (Bon) Gröger (0.05) | Genea hispidula Berk. ex Tul. & C. Tul. | Unidentified Tomentella | Wilcoxina rehmii Chin S. Yang & Korf | Lactarius rufus (Scop.) Fr. | |
8 | Tuber anniae W. Colgan & Trappe (0.06) | Hydnotrya tulasnei (Berk.) Berk. & Broome | Unidentified Endogone | Naucoria bohemica Velen. | |||
9 | Sistotrema oblongisporum M.P. Christ. & Hauerslev (0.04) | Inocybe assimilate Britzelm. | Unidentified Hydnum | Ramaria cyaneigranosa Marr & D.E. Stuntz | |||
10 | Unidentified Sistotrema (0.04) | Meliniomyces vraolstadiae (Hambl. & Sigler) Vohník, Fehrer & Réblová | Unidentified Russula | Russula cyanoxantha (Schaeff.) Fr. | |||
11 | Cortinarius scaurus (Fr.) Fr.(0.02) | Russula ionochlora Romagn. | Russula fellea (Fr.) Fr. | ||||
12 | Inocybe rhodella Matheny, Aime & M.E. Sm. (0.02) | Russula ochroleuca Fr. | Russula puellaris Fr. | ||||
13 | Lyophyllum leucophaeatum (P. Karst.) P. Karst. (0.02) | Sistotrema brinkmannii (Bres.) J. Erikss. | Unidentified Cenococcum | ||||
14 | Phaeocollybia fallax A.H. Sm. (0.02) | Tomentella stuposa (Link) Stalpers | Unidentified Clavulina | ||||
15 | Tylospora fibrillosa(Burt) Donk (0.02) | Xerocomellus cisalpinus (Simonini, H. Ladurner & Peintner) Klofac | Unidentified Craterellus | ||||
16 | Scleroderma camassuense M.P. Martín, Baseia & B.D.B. Silva (0.003) | Unidentified Meliniomyces | Unidentified Lactifluus | ||||
17 | Unidentified Piloderma | Unidentified Sebacina | |||||
18 | Unidentified Atheliaceae | Unidentified Thelephora | |||||
19 | Unidentified Thelephoraceae | Unidentified Wilcoxina | |||||
20 | Unidentified Helotiaceae | ||||||
21 | Unidentified Inocybaceae |
Tree Species | Observed Species | Chao1 | Faith PD | Shannon | Simpson |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
P. sylvestris | 536.50 ± 439.11 a | 614.29 ± 449.13 a | 127.80 ± 88.18 a | 4.32 ± 0.45 a | 0.90 ± 0.00 a |
F. sylvatica | 506.00 ± 622.25 a | 532.68 ± 608.88 a | 115.48 ± 140.60 a | 4.02 ± 3.74 a | 0.72 ± 0.36 a |
P. menziesii | 215.25 ± 24.60 a | 266.00 ± 43.81 a | 63.40 ± 10.11 a | 3.17 ± 0.69 a | 0.79 ± 0.07 a |
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Damszel, M.; Szmidla, H.; Sikora, K.; Młodzińska, A.; Piętka, S.; Sierota, Z. Mycobiota of Fine Roots of Pseudotsuga menziesii Introduced to the Native Forest Environment. Forests 2021, 12, 1766. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12121766
Damszel M, Szmidla H, Sikora K, Młodzińska A, Piętka S, Sierota Z. Mycobiota of Fine Roots of Pseudotsuga menziesii Introduced to the Native Forest Environment. Forests. 2021; 12(12):1766. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12121766
Chicago/Turabian StyleDamszel, Marta, Hanna Szmidla, Katarzyna Sikora, Agata Młodzińska, Sławomir Piętka, and Zbigniew Sierota. 2021. "Mycobiota of Fine Roots of Pseudotsuga menziesii Introduced to the Native Forest Environment" Forests 12, no. 12: 1766. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12121766